Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-183

Permissive List of Allowed Inputs

The product implements a protection mechanism that relies on a list of inputs (or properties of inputs) that are explicitly allowed by policy because the inputs are assumed to be safe, but the list is too permissive - that is, it allows an input that is unsafe, leading to resultant weaknesses.

CVE-2026-35649 (GCVE-0-2026-35649)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-10 16:03 – Updated: 2026-06-23 16:16 X_Open Source
VLAI
Title
OpenClaw < 2026.3.22 - Settings Reconciliation Bypass via Empty Allowlist
Summary
OpenClaw before 2026.3.22 contains a settings reconciliation vulnerability that allows attackers to bypass intended deny-all revocations by exploiting empty allowlist handling. The vulnerability treats explicit empty allowlists as unset during reconciliation, silently undoing intended access control denials and restoring previously revoked permissions.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-183 - Permissive List of Allowed Inputs
Assigner
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
OpenClaw OpenClaw Affected: 0 , < 2026.3.22 (semver)
Unaffected: 2026.3.22 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-03-24 00:00
Credits
Peng Zhou (@zpbrent)
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-40899 (GCVE-0-2026-40899)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-16 19:48 – Updated: 2026-04-18 02:43
VLAI
Title
DataEase has an Arbitrary File Read Vulnerability
Summary
DataEase is an open-source data visualization and analytics platform. Versions 2.10.20 and below contain a JDBC parameter blocklist bypass vulnerability in the MySQL datasource configuration. The Mysql class uses Lombok's @Data annotation, which auto-generates a public setter for the illegalParameters field that contains the JDBC security blocklist. When a datasource configuration is submitted as JSON, Jackson deserialization calls setIllegalParameters with an attacker-supplied empty list, replacing the blocklist before getJdbc() validation runs. This allows an authenticated attacker to include dangerous JDBC parameters such as allowLoadLocalInfile=true, and by pointing the datasource at a rogue MySQL server, exploit the LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE protocol feature to read arbitrary files from the DataEase server filesystem, including sensitive environment variables and database credentials. This issue has been fixed in version 2.10.21.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-183 - Permissive List of Allowed Inputs
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
dataease dataease Affected: < 2.10.21
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-41240 (GCVE-0-2026-41240)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-23 14:54 – Updated: 2026-04-23 17:21
VLAI
Title
DOMPurify: FORBID_TAGS bypassed by function-based ADD_TAGS predicate (asymmetry with FORBID_ATTR fix)
Summary
DOMPurify is a DOM-only cross-site scripting sanitizer for HTML, MathML, and SVG. Versions prior to 3.4.0 have an inconsistency between FORBID_TAGS and FORBID_ATTR handling when function-based ADD_TAGS is used. Commit c361baa added an early exit for FORBID_ATTR at line 1214. The same fix was not applied to FORBID_TAGS. At line 1118-1123, when EXTRA_ELEMENT_HANDLING.tagCheck returns true, the short-circuit evaluation skips the FORBID_TAGS check entirely. This allows forbidden elements to survive sanitization with their attributes intact. Version 3.4.0 patches the issue.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-183 - Permissive List of Allowed Inputs
  • CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
cure53 DOMPurify Affected: < 3.4.0
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-41387 (GCVE-0-2026-41387)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-28 18:09 – Updated: 2026-04-30 12:50 X_Open Source
VLAI
Title
OpenClaw < 2026.3.22 - Supply Chain Redirection via Incomplete Host Environment Sanitization
Summary
OpenClaw before 2026.3.22 contains an incomplete host environment variable sanitization vulnerability in host-env-security-policy.json and host-env-security.ts that allows package-manager environment overrides. Attackers can exploit approved exec requests to redirect package resolution or runtime bootstrap to attacker-controlled infrastructure and execute trojanized content.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-183 - Permissive List of Allowed Inputs
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
OpenClaw OpenClaw Affected: 0 , < 2026.3.22 (semver)
Unaffected: 2026.3.22 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-03-29 00:00
Credits
tdjackey
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-42042 (GCVE-0-2026-42042)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-24 18:03 – Updated: 2026-04-27 17:35
VLAI
Title
Axios: XSRF Token Cross-Origin Leakage via Prototype Pollution Gadget in `withXSRFToken` Boolean Coercion
Summary
Axios is a promise based HTTP client for the browser and Node.js. Prior to 1.15.1 and 0.31.1, the Axios library's XSRF token protection logic uses JavaScript truthy/falsy semantics instead of strict boolean comparison for the withXSRFToken config property. When this property is set to any truthy non-boolean value (via prototype pollution or misconfiguration), the same-origin check (isURLSameOrigin) is short-circuited, causing XSRF tokens to be sent to all request targets including cross-origin servers controlled by an attacker. This vulnerability is fixed in 1.15.1 and 0.31.1.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-183 - Permissive List of Allowed Inputs
  • CWE-201 - Insertion of Sensitive Information Into Sent Data
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
axios axios Affected: >= 1.0.0, < 1.15.1
Affected: < 0.31.1
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-42043 (GCVE-0-2026-42043)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-24 17:54 – Updated: 2026-07-01 12:04
VLAI
Title
Axios: Incomplete Fix for CVE-2025-62718 — NO_PROXY Protection Bypassed via RFC 1122 Loopback Subnet (127.0.0.0/8) in Axios 1.15.0
Summary
Axios is a promise based HTTP client for the browser and Node.js. Prior to 1.15.1 and 0.31.1, an attacker who can influence the target URL of an Axios request can use any address in the 127.0.0.0/8 range (other than 127.0.0.1) to completely bypass the NO_PROXY protection. This vulnerability is due to an incomplete for CVE-2025-62718, This vulnerability is fixed in 1.15.1 and 0.31.1.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-183 - Permissive List of Allowed Inputs
  • CWE-441 - Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
  • CWE-918 - Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)
Assigner
References
URL Tags
https://github.com/axios/axios/security/advisorie… x_refsource_CONFIRM
https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-42043 vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2461626 issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT
https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/v… x_sadp-csaf-vex
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:25089 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:16874 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:24539 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:25273 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:20889 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:20938 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:22619 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:21338 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:33574 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:26234 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:14937 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:25041 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:24977 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:17468 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:17474 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:21772 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:16476 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:16534 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:16532 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:16535 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:16542 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:22840 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:22629 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:21017 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:24853 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:19375 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:22465 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:23361 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:26214 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:26232 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:26225 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:24536 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:25271 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:17657 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:17699 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:19109 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
axios axios Affected: >= 1.0.0, < 1.15.1
Affected: < 0.31.1
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat HawtIO HawtIO 4.4.0     cpe:/a:redhat:apache_camel_hawtio:4.4::el9
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Network Observability (NETOBSERV) 1.11.2     cpe:/a:redhat:network_observ_optr:1.11::el9
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2.15     cpe:/a:redhat:acm:2.15::el9
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2.16     cpe:/a:redhat:acm:2.16::el9
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat Advanced Cluster Security for Kubernetes 4.10     cpe:/a:redhat:advanced_cluster_security:4.10::el8
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat Advanced Cluster Security for Kubernetes 4.9     cpe:/a:redhat:advanced_cluster_security:4.9::el8
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat Data Grid 8.6.1     cpe:/a:redhat:jboss_data_grid:8
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat Developer Hub 1.8     cpe:/a:redhat:rhdh:1.8::el9
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat Developer Hub 1.9     cpe:/a:redhat:rhdh:1.9::el9
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat Discovery 2     cpe:/a:redhat:discovery:2::el9
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat Migration Toolkit 1.8     cpe:/a:redhat:rhmt:1.8::el8
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift AI 2.25     cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai:2.25::el9
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4.20     cpe:/a:redhat:openshift:4.20::el9
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4.21     cpe:/a:redhat:openshift:4.21::el9
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift Dev Spaces 3.28     cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_devspaces:3.28::el9
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift Service Mesh 2.6     cpe:/a:redhat:service_mesh:2.6::el8
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift Service Mesh 3.0     cpe:/a:redhat:service_mesh:3.0::el9
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift Service Mesh 3.1     cpe:/a:redhat:service_mesh:3.1::el9
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift Service Mesh 3.2     cpe:/a:redhat:service_mesh:3.2::el9
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift Service Mesh 3.3     cpe:/a:redhat:service_mesh:3.3::el9
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat Quay 3.10     cpe:/a:redhat:quay:3.10::el8
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat Quay 3.12     cpe:/a:redhat:quay:3.12::el8
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat Quay 3.14     cpe:/a:redhat:quay:3.14::el8
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat Quay 3.15     cpe:/a:redhat:quay:3.15::el8
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat Quay 3.16     cpe:/a:redhat:quay:3.16::el9
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat Quay 3.17     cpe:/a:redhat:quay:3.17::el9
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat Quay 3.9     cpe:/a:redhat:quay:3.9::el8
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat Satellite 6.18     cpe:/a:redhat:satellite:6.18::el9
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat multicluster engine for Kubernetes 2.10     cpe:/a:redhat:multicluster_engine:2.10::el9
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat multicluster engine for Kubernetes 2.11     cpe:/a:redhat:multicluster_engine:2.11::el9
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat multicluster engine for Kubernetes 2.6     cpe:/a:redhat:multicluster_engine:2.6::el9
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat multicluster engine for Kubernetes 2.8     cpe:/a:redhat:multicluster_engine:2.8::el9
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat multicluster engine for Kubernetes 2.9     cpe:/a:redhat:multicluster_engine:2.9::el9
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Red Hat OpenShift Pipelines     cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_pipelines:1
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Red Hat Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2     cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_automation_platform:2
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Red Hat Red Hat build of Apicurio Registry 2     cpe:/a:redhat:service_registry:2
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Red Hat Red Hat build of Apicurio Registry 3     cpe:/a:redhat:apicurio_registry:3
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Red Hat Red Hat Build of Podman Desktop - Tech Preview     cpe:/a:redhat:podman_desktop:0
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Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8     cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8
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Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux AI (RHEL AI) 3     cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux_ai:3
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Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift AI (RHOAI)     cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai
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Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4     cpe:/a:redhat:openshift:4
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Red Hat Self-service automation portal 2     cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_portal:2
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Red Hat Cryostat 4     cpe:/a:redhat:cryostat:4
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Red Hat Gatekeeper 3     cpe:/a:redhat:gatekeeper:3
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Red Hat Migration Toolkit for Applications 8     cpe:/a:redhat:migration_toolkit_applications:8
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Red Hat OpenShift Service Mesh 3     cpe:/a:redhat:service_mesh:3
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat 3scale API Management Platform 2     cpe:/a:redhat:red_hat_3scale_amp:2
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Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9     cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:9
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Red Hat Red Hat Fuse 7     cpe:/a:redhat:jboss_fuse:7
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Red Hat Red Hat Hardened Images     cpe:/a:redhat:hummingbird:1
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Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift Virtualization 4     cpe:/a:redhat:container_native_virtualization:4
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Red Hat Red Hat Process Automation 7     cpe:/a:redhat:jboss_enterprise_bpms_platform:7
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Red Hat Red Hat Trusted Artifact Signer     cpe:/a:redhat:trusted_artifact_signer:1
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Red Hat Red Hat Trusted Profile Analyzer     cpe:/a:redhat:trusted_profile_analyzer:2
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Red Hat streams for Apache Kafka 2     cpe:/a:redhat:amq_streams:2
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat streams for Apache Kafka 3     cpe:/a:redhat:amq_streams:3
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-43574 (GCVE-0-2026-43574)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-05 11:25 – Updated: 2026-05-05 12:19 X_Open Source
VLAI
Title
OpenClaw < 2026.4.12 - Improper Authorization via Empty Approver Lists
Summary
OpenClaw before 2026.4.12 contains an improper authorization vulnerability in helper-backed channels where empty resolved approver lists are interpreted as explicit approval authorization. Attackers can resolve pending approvals without proper authorization by exploiting this logic flaw if they know an approval id.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-183 - Permissive List of Allowed Inputs
Assigner
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
OpenClaw OpenClaw Affected: 0 , < 2026.4.12 (semver)
Unaffected: 2026.4.12 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-04-16 00:00
Credits
Anshuman Bhartiya (@anshumanbh)
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-44111 (GCVE-0-2026-44111)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-06 19:49 – Updated: 2026-05-07 13:36 X_Open Source
VLAI
Title
OpenClaw < 2026.4.15 - Arbitrary Markdown File Read via QMD memory_get
Summary
OpenClaw before 2026.4.15 contains an arbitrary file read vulnerability in the QMD backend memory_get function that allows callers to read any Markdown files within the workspace root. Attackers with access to the memory tool can bypass path restrictions by providing arbitrary workspace Markdown paths to read files outside canonical memory locations or indexed QMD result sets.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-183 - Permissive List of Allowed Inputs
Assigner
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
OpenClaw OpenClaw Affected: 0 , < 2026.4.15 (semver)
Unaffected: 2026.4.15 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-04-16 00:00
Credits
zsx (@zsxsoft) KeenSecurityLab qclawer
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-4509 (GCVE-0-2026-4509)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-21 06:02 – Updated: 2026-03-24 14:04
VLAI
Title
PbootCMS File Upload file.php incomplete blacklist
Summary
A security flaw has been discovered in PbootCMS up to 3.2.12. This affects an unknown function of the file core/function/file.php of the component File Upload. The manipulation of the argument black results in incomplete blacklist. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been released to the public and may be used for attacks.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-184 - Incomplete Blacklist
  • CWE-183 - Permissive List of Allowed Inputs
Assigner
References
URL Tags
https://vuldb.com/?id.352075 vdb-entrytechnical-description
https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.352075 signaturepermissions-required
https://vuldb.com/?submit.773901 third-party-advisory
https://github.com/zzj-create/cvetest/blob/main/V… exploit
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
n/a PbootCMS Affected: 3.2.0
Affected: 3.2.1
Affected: 3.2.2
Affected: 3.2.3
Affected: 3.2.4
Affected: 3.2.5
Affected: 3.2.6
Affected: 3.2.7
Affected: 3.2.8
Affected: 3.2.9
Affected: 3.2.10
Affected: 3.2.11
Affected: 3.2.12
    cpe:2.3:a:pbootcms:pbootcms:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Credits
zmjjkk (VulDB User)
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-46391 (GCVE-0-2026-46391)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-05 18:18 – Updated: 2026-06-08 16:18
VLAI
Title
HAX open-apis: Credential Theft via Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) in open-apis
Summary
HAX CMS helps manage microsite universe with PHP or NodeJs backends. Starting in version 9.0.1 and prior to version 26.0.0 of @haxtheweb/open-apis, multiple functions conduct substring-only matching to validate hostnames to which basic authorization should be sent. An attacker can append the matched substrings to an attacker-controlled endpoint and capture authentication. Version 26.0.0 fixes the issue.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-183 - Permissive List of Allowed Inputs
  • CWE-918 - Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
haxtheweb @haxtheweb/open-apis Affected: >= 9.0.1, < 26.0.0
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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No mitigation information available for this CWE.

CAPEC-120: Double Encoding

The adversary utilizes a repeating of the encoding process for a set of characters (that is, character encoding a character encoding of a character) to obfuscate the payload of a particular request. This may allow the adversary to bypass filters that attempt to detect illegal characters or strings, such as those that might be used in traversal or injection attacks. Filters may be able to catch illegal encoded strings, but may not catch doubly encoded strings. For example, a dot (.), often used in path traversal attacks and therefore often blocked by filters, could be URL encoded as %2E. However, many filters recognize this encoding and would still block the request. In a double encoding, the % in the above URL encoding would be encoded again as %25, resulting in %252E which some filters might not catch, but which could still be interpreted as a dot (.) by interpreters on the target.

CAPEC-3: Using Leading 'Ghost' Character Sequences to Bypass Input Filters

Some APIs will strip certain leading characters from a string of parameters. An adversary can intentionally introduce leading "ghost" characters (extra characters that don't affect the validity of the request at the API layer) that enable the input to pass the filters and therefore process the adversary's input. This occurs when the targeted API will accept input data in several syntactic forms and interpret it in the equivalent semantic way, while the filter does not take into account the full spectrum of the syntactic forms acceptable to the targeted API.

CAPEC-43: Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers

An attacker supplies the target software with input data that contains sequences of special characters designed to bypass input validation logic. This exploit relies on the target making multiples passes over the input data and processing a "layer" of special characters with each pass. In this manner, the attacker can disguise input that would otherwise be rejected as invalid by concealing it with layers of special/escape characters that are stripped off by subsequent processing steps. The goal is to first discover cases where the input validation layer executes before one or more parsing layers. That is, user input may go through the following logic in an application: <parser1> --> <input validator> --> <parser2>. In such cases, the attacker will need to provide input that will pass through the input validator, but after passing through parser2, will be converted into something that the input validator was supposed to stop.

CAPEC-71: Using Unicode Encoding to Bypass Validation Logic

An attacker may provide a Unicode string to a system component that is not Unicode aware and use that to circumvent the filter or cause the classifying mechanism to fail to properly understanding the request. That may allow the attacker to slip malicious data past the content filter and/or possibly cause the application to route the request incorrectly.

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