Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-862

Allowed-with-Review

Missing Authorization

Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete

The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.

14602 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-6V6W-H8M6-7MV2

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-02-29 12:31 – Updated: 2025-05-06 18:00
VLAI
Summary
Apache Airflow: DAG Code and Import Error Permissions Ignored
Details

Apache Airflow, versions before 2.8.2, has a vulnerability that allows authenticated users to view DAG code and import errors of DAGs they do not have permission to view through the API and the UI.

Users of Apache Airflow are recommended to upgrade to version 2.8.2 or newer to mitigate the risk associated with this vulnerability

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 2.8.1"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "apache-airflow"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2.8.2"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-27906"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-668",
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2024-02-29T23:27:11Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-02-29T11:15:08Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Apache Airflow, versions before 2.8.2, has a vulnerability that allows authenticated users to view DAG code and import errors of DAGs they do not have permission to view through the API and the UI.\n\nUsers of Apache Airflow are recommended to upgrade to version 2.8.2 or newer to mitigate the risk associated with this vulnerability",
  "id": "GHSA-6v6w-h8m6-7mv2",
  "modified": "2025-05-06T18:00:48Z",
  "published": "2024-02-29T12:31:06Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-27906"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/apache/airflow/pull/37290"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/apache/airflow/pull/37468"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/apache/airflow/commit/08d25607abe8593ecb90a84e338896bb79692d7b"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/apache/airflow/commit/0a95299691e2d6a9b874adfae94d246a7f681ec9"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/apache/airflow/commit/2adbe882e68df0e2b1084bc869616bb01e416aa7"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/apache/airflow/commit/2cb6027280bcf5e2b561f3ee7f55980f6ec4cc3a"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/apache/airflow/commit/90255d9d44a649025f588497f6c82177dad48326"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/apache/airflow/commit/9c4defa08268322b9db80123a22d7b56b2063446"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/apache/airflow/commit/a7fa258ba1c69a18e0f620499625f6026768dc24"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/apache/airflow/commit/bc2646be043f71b4d1ab7eefd2af65a60bf919f2"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/apache/airflow/commit/d944eb0de216d9e1d125fae5ce4af7440154deb4"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/apache/airflow"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/apache-airflow/PYSEC-2024-245.yaml"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread/on4f7t5sqr3vfgp1pvkck79wv7mq9st5"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2024/02/29/1"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Apache Airflow: DAG Code and Import Error Permissions Ignored"
}

GHSA-6V87-78CW-PW29

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-20 18:31 – Updated: 2026-02-23 21:31
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in Marcus (aka @msykes) WP FullCalendar wp-fullcalendar allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects WP FullCalendar: from n/a through <= 1.6.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-22351"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-02-20T16:22:34Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Marcus (aka @msykes) WP FullCalendar wp-fullcalendar allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects WP FullCalendar: from n/a through \u003c= 1.6.",
  "id": "GHSA-6v87-78cw-pw29",
  "modified": "2026-02-23T21:31:23Z",
  "published": "2026-02-20T18:31:38Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-22351"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/wp-fullcalendar/vulnerability/wordpress-wp-fullcalendar-plugin-1-6-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-6V8G-VWWV-97GG

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-08-31 06:30 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:36
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in UkrSolution Barcode Scanner with Inventory & Order Manager.This issue affects Barcode Scanner with Inventory & Order Manager: from n/a through 1.5.3.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-32589"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-08-31T04:15:34Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in UkrSolution Barcode Scanner with Inventory \u0026 Order Manager.This issue affects Barcode Scanner with Inventory \u0026 Order Manager: from n/a through 1.5.3.",
  "id": "GHSA-6v8g-vwwv-97gg",
  "modified": "2026-04-01T18:36:01Z",
  "published": "2025-08-31T06:30:32Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-32589"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/barcode-scanner-lite-pos-to-manage-products-inventory-and-orders/vulnerability/wordpress-barcode-scanner-and-inventory-manager-plugin-1-5-3-broken-access-control-to-xss-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-6VCV-Q8RQ-GC32

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-20 15:35 – Updated: 2026-05-20 15:35
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in WP Chill Image Photo Gallery Final Tiles Grid allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.

This issue affects Image Photo Gallery Final Tiles Grid: from n/a through 3.6.11.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-27424"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-05-20T13:16:16Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in WP Chill Image Photo Gallery Final Tiles Grid allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.\n\nThis issue affects Image Photo Gallery Final Tiles Grid: from n/a through 3.6.11.",
  "id": "GHSA-6vcv-q8rq-gc32",
  "modified": "2026-05-20T15:35:30Z",
  "published": "2026-05-20T15:35:30Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-27424"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/final-tiles-grid-gallery-lite/vulnerability/wordpress-image-photo-gallery-final-tiles-grid-plugin-3-6-11-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-6VCX-5CHV-MVQ3

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:16 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:16
VLAI
Details

This document describes a security vulnerability in Blade Maintenance Entity, Integrated Maintenance Entity and Maintenance Entity products. All J/H-series NonStop systems have a security vulnerability associated with an open UDP port 17185 on the Maintenance LAN which could result in information disclosure, denial-of-service attacks or local memory corruption against the affected system and a complete control of the system may also be possible. This vulnerability exists only if one gains access to the Maintenance LAN to which Blade Maintenance Entity, Integrated Maintenance Entity or Maintenance Entity product is connected. Workaround: Block the UDP port 17185(In the Maintenance LAN Network Switch/Firewall). Fix: Install following SPRs, which are already available: * T1805A01^AAI (Integrated Maintenance Entity) * T4805A01^AAZ (Blade Maintenance Entity). These SPRs are also usable with the following RVUs: * J06.19.00 ? J06.23.01. No fix planned for the following RVUs: J06.04.00 ? J06.18.01. No fix planned for H-Series NonStop systems. No fix planned for the product T2805 (Maintenance Entity).

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-7131"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2020-04-24T18:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "This document describes a security vulnerability in Blade Maintenance Entity, Integrated Maintenance Entity and Maintenance Entity products. All J/H-series NonStop systems have a security vulnerability associated with an open UDP port 17185 on the Maintenance LAN which could result in information disclosure, denial-of-service attacks or local memory corruption against the affected system and a complete control of the system may also be possible. This vulnerability exists only if one gains access to the Maintenance LAN to which Blade Maintenance Entity, Integrated Maintenance Entity or Maintenance Entity product is connected. **Workaround:** Block the UDP port 17185(In the Maintenance LAN Network Switch/Firewall). Fix: Install following SPRs, which are already available: * T1805A01^AAI (Integrated Maintenance Entity) * T4805A01^AAZ (Blade Maintenance Entity). These SPRs are also usable with the following RVUs: * J06.19.00 ? J06.23.01. No fix planned for the following RVUs: J06.04.00 ? J06.18.01. No fix planned for H-Series NonStop systems. No fix planned for the product T2805 (Maintenance Entity).",
  "id": "GHSA-6vcx-5chv-mvq3",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T17:16:28Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:16:28Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-7131"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.hpe.com/hpsc/doc/public/display?docLocale=en_US\u0026docId=emr_na-hpesbns03996en_us"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-6VF4-WFFF-PGWX

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-06-20 15:30 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:35
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in mahabub81 User Roles and Capabilities allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects User Roles and Capabilities: from n/a through 1.2.6.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-49981"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-06-20T15:15:23Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in mahabub81 User Roles and Capabilities allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects User Roles and Capabilities: from n/a through 1.2.6.",
  "id": "GHSA-6vf4-wfff-pgwx",
  "modified": "2026-04-01T18:35:31Z",
  "published": "2025-06-20T15:30:39Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-49981"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/user-roles-and-capabilities/vulnerability/wordpress-user-roles-and-capabilities-plugin-1-2-6-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-6VFC-PV6M-F4JG

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-19 18:31 – Updated: 2026-02-20 18:31
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in MailerLite MailerLite official-mailerlite-sign-up-forms allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects MailerLite: from n/a through <= 1.7.18.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-25420"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-02-19T09:16:23Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in MailerLite MailerLite official-mailerlite-sign-up-forms allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects MailerLite: from n/a through \u003c= 1.7.18.",
  "id": "GHSA-6vfc-pv6m-f4jg",
  "modified": "2026-02-20T18:31:27Z",
  "published": "2026-02-19T18:31:53Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-25420"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/official-mailerlite-sign-up-forms/vulnerability/wordpress-mailerlite-plugin-1-7-18-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-6VFQ-34CW-634X

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-13 21:31 – Updated: 2026-03-16 15:30
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in raratheme Rara Academic rara-academic allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Rara Academic: from n/a through <= 1.2.2.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-32379"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-03-13T19:54:52Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in raratheme Rara Academic rara-academic allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Rara Academic: from n/a through \u003c= 1.2.2.",
  "id": "GHSA-6vfq-34cw-634x",
  "modified": "2026-03-16T15:30:35Z",
  "published": "2026-03-13T21:31:48Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-32379"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Theme/rara-academic/vulnerability/wordpress-rara-academic-theme-1-2-2-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-6VG7-562R-MH4W

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-06-21 03:30 – Updated: 2024-06-21 03:30
VLAI
Details

The WP Child Theme Generator plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the wctg_easy_child_theme() function in all versions up to, and including, 1.1.1. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to create a blank child theme and activate it cause the site to whitescreen.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-3610"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-06-21T02:15:10Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The WP Child Theme Generator plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the wctg_easy_child_theme() function in all versions up to, and including, 1.1.1. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to create a blank child theme and activate it cause the site to whitescreen.",
  "id": "GHSA-6vg7-562r-mh4w",
  "modified": "2024-06-21T03:30:33Z",
  "published": "2024-06-21T03:30:33Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-3610"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/wp-child-theme-generator/trunk/wp-easy-child/wp-easy-child.php#L60"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?old_path=/wp-child-theme-generator/tags/1.1.1\u0026new_path=/wp-child-theme-generator/tags/1.1.2\u0026sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail="
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/581e6686-a103-43f6-aa99-6a9862d98837?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-6VH7-QP6R-H896

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-22 18:30 – Updated: 2026-01-27 00:31
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in Mario Peshev WP-CRM System wp-crm-system allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects WP-CRM System: from n/a through <= 3.4.5.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-62106"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-01-22T17:15:59Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Mario Peshev WP-CRM System wp-crm-system allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects WP-CRM System: from n/a through \u003c= 3.4.5.",
  "id": "GHSA-6vh7-qp6r-h896",
  "modified": "2026-01-27T00:31:10Z",
  "published": "2026-01-22T18:30:33Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-62106"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/wp-crm-system/vulnerability/wordpress-wp-crm-system-plugin-3-4-5-broken-access-control-vulnerability-2?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
  • Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].

Mitigation MIT-4.4
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

  • Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
  • For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
  • One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
System Configuration Installation

Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.

CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws

An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.