Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-862

Allowed-with-Review

Missing Authorization

Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete

The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.

14839 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-58W8-2MHP-H5R5

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-04-04 18:31 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:34
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in Ateeq Rafeeq RepairBuddy allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects RepairBuddy: from n/a through 3.8211.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-32277"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-04-04T16:15:39Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Ateeq Rafeeq RepairBuddy allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects RepairBuddy: from n/a through 3.8211.",
  "id": "GHSA-58w8-2mhp-h5r5",
  "modified": "2026-04-01T18:34:33Z",
  "published": "2025-04-04T18:31:07Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-32277"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/computer-repair-shop/vulnerability/wordpress-repairbuddy-plugin-3-8211-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-58XJ-93QQ-MMVG

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-14 00:31 – Updated: 2026-04-14 00:31
VLAI
Details

Due to missing authorization checks in the SAP S/4HANA OData Service (Manage Reference Equipment), an attacker could update and delete child entities via OData services without proper authorization. This vulnerability has a high impact on integrity, while confidentiality and availability are not impacted.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-27677"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-04-14T00:16:06Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Due to missing authorization checks in the SAP S/4HANA OData Service (Manage Reference Equipment), an attacker could update and delete child entities via OData services without proper authorization. This vulnerability has a high impact on integrity, while confidentiality and availability are not impacted.",
  "id": "GHSA-58xj-93qq-mmvg",
  "modified": "2026-04-14T00:31:13Z",
  "published": "2026-04-14T00:31:13Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-27677"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://me.sap.com/notes/3715097"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://url.sap/sapsecuritypatchday"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-58XM-MXJF-254G

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:19 – Updated: 2024-03-15 16:10
VLAI
Summary
Multiple vulnerabilities allow bypassing path filtering of agent-to-controller access control in Jenkins
Details

The agent-to-controller security subsystem limits which files on the Jenkins controller can be accessed by agent processes.

Multiple vulnerabilities in the file path filtering implementation of Jenkins 2.318 and earlier, LTS 2.303.2 and earlier allow agent processes to read and write arbitrary files on the Jenkins controller file system, and obtain some information about Jenkins controller file systems.

SECURITY-2427 / CVE-2021-21685: FilePath#mkdirs does not check permission to create parent directories.

We expect that most of these vulnerabilities have been present since SECURITY-144 was addressed in the 2014-10-30 security advisory.

Jenkins 2.319, LTS 2.303.3 addresses these security vulnerabilities.

SECURITY-2427 / CVE-2021-21685: FilePath#mkdirs checks permission to create parent directories.

As some common operations are now newly subject to access control, it is expected that plugins sending commands from agents to the controller may start failing. Additionally, the newly introduced path canonicalization means that instances using a custom builds directory (Java system property jenkins.model.Jenkins.buildsDir) or partitioning JENKINS_HOME using symbolic links may fail access control checks. See the documentation for how to customize the configuration in case of problems.

If you are unable to immediately upgrade to Jenkins 2.319, LTS 2.303.3, you can install the Remoting Security Workaround Plugin. It will prevent all agent-to-controller file access using FilePath APIs. Because it is more restrictive than Jenkins 2.319, LTS 2.303.3, more plugins are incompatible with it. Make sure to read the plugin documentation before installing it.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c 2.303.2"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "org.jenkins-ci.main:jenkins-core"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2.303.3"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 2.318"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "org.jenkins-ci.main:jenkins-core"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "2.304"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2.319"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-21685"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2022-06-23T06:49:18Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-11-04T17:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "The agent-to-controller security subsystem limits which files on the Jenkins controller can be accessed by agent processes.\n\nMultiple vulnerabilities in the file path filtering implementation of Jenkins 2.318 and earlier, LTS 2.303.2 and earlier allow agent processes to read and write arbitrary files on the Jenkins controller file system, and obtain some information about Jenkins controller file systems.\n\nSECURITY-2427 / CVE-2021-21685: `FilePath#mkdirs` does not check permission to create parent directories.\n\nWe expect that most of these vulnerabilities have been present since [SECURITY-144 was addressed in the 2014-10-30 security advisory](https://www.jenkins.io/security/advisory/2014-10-30/).\n\nJenkins 2.319, LTS 2.303.3 addresses these security vulnerabilities.\n\nSECURITY-2427 / CVE-2021-21685: `FilePath#mkdirs` checks permission to create parent directories.\n\nAs some common operations are now newly subject to access control, it is expected that plugins sending commands from agents to the controller may start failing. Additionally, the newly introduced path canonicalization means that instances using a custom builds directory ([Java system property jenkins.model.Jenkins.buildsDir](https://www.jenkins.io/doc/book/managing/system-properties/#jenkins-model-jenkins-buildsdir)) or partitioning `JENKINS_HOME` using symbolic links may fail access control checks. See [the documentation](https://www.jenkins.io/doc/book/security/controller-isolation/agent-to-controller/#file-access-rules) for how to customize the configuration in case of problems.\n\nIf you are unable to immediately upgrade to Jenkins 2.319, LTS 2.303.3, you can install the [Remoting Security Workaround Plugin](https://www.jenkins.io/redirect/remoting-security-workaround/). It will prevent all agent-to-controller file access using `FilePath` APIs. Because it is more restrictive than Jenkins 2.319, LTS 2.303.3, more plugins are incompatible with it. Make sure to read the plugin documentation before installing it.",
  "id": "GHSA-58xm-mxjf-254g",
  "modified": "2024-03-15T16:10:43Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T19:19:44Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-21685"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/jenkinsci/jenkins/commit/104c751d907919dd53f5090f84d53c671a66457b"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/jenkinsci/jenkins/commit/5a245e42979abe4a26d41727c839521e36cedd74"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/jenkinsci/jenkins/commit/63cde2daadc705edf086f2213b48c8c547f98358"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/jenkinsci/jenkins"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.jenkins.io/security/advisory/2021-11-04/#SECURITY-2455"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2021/11/04/3"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Multiple vulnerabilities allow bypassing path filtering of agent-to-controller access control in Jenkins"
}

GHSA-5925-5V57-58HQ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-09 18:30 – Updated: 2026-01-20 15:32
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in VanKarWai Lobo lobo allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Lobo: from n/a through <= 2.8.6.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-66527"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-12-09T16:18:19Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in VanKarWai Lobo lobo allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Lobo: from n/a through \u003c= 2.8.6.",
  "id": "GHSA-5925-5v57-58hq",
  "modified": "2026-01-20T15:32:04Z",
  "published": "2025-12-09T18:30:41Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-66527"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Theme/lobo/vulnerability/wordpress-lobo-theme-2-8-6-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vdp.patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Theme/lobo/vulnerability/wordpress-lobo-theme-2-8-6-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-5928-M5RW-JQ7J

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-11-11 03:30 – Updated: 2025-11-11 03:30
VLAI
Details

Due to a missing authorization check in SAP NetWeaver Application Server for ABAP, an authenticated attacker with basic privileges could execute a specific function module in ABAP to retrieve restricted technical information from the system. This disclosure of environment details of the system could further assist this attacker to plan subsequent attacks. As a result, this vulnerability has a low impact on confidentiality, with no impact on the integrity or availability of the application.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-42882"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-11-11T01:15:36Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Due to a missing authorization check in SAP NetWeaver Application Server for ABAP, an authenticated attacker with basic privileges could execute a specific function module in ABAP to retrieve restricted technical information from the system. This disclosure of environment details of the system could further assist this attacker to plan subsequent attacks. As a result, this vulnerability has a low impact on confidentiality, with no impact on the integrity or availability of the application.",
  "id": "GHSA-5928-m5rw-jq7j",
  "modified": "2025-11-11T03:30:28Z",
  "published": "2025-11-11T03:30:28Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-42882"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://me.sap.com/notes/3643337"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://url.sap/sapsecuritypatchday"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-592F-74MM-M922

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-15 21:30 – Updated: 2026-06-15 21:30
VLAI
Details

Unauthenticated Broken Access Control in Hippoo Mobile App for WooCommerce <= 1.9.5 versions.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-49065"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-06-15T21:17:19Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Unauthenticated Broken Access Control in Hippoo Mobile App for WooCommerce \u003c= 1.9.5 versions.",
  "id": "GHSA-592f-74mm-m922",
  "modified": "2026-06-15T21:30:49Z",
  "published": "2026-06-15T21:30:49Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-49065"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/hippoo/vulnerability/wordpress-hippoo-mobile-app-for-woocommerce-plugin-1-9-5-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-593C-9J3C-8378

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-01 15:31 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:32
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in Team Emilia Projects Progress Planner allows Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs.This issue affects Progress Planner: from n/a through 0.9.1.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-37411"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-11-01T15:15:23Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Team Emilia Projects Progress Planner allows Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs.This issue affects Progress Planner: from n/a through 0.9.1.",
  "id": "GHSA-593c-9j3c-8378",
  "modified": "2026-04-01T18:32:15Z",
  "published": "2024-11-01T15:31:57Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-37411"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/progress-planner/vulnerability/wordpress-progress-planner-plugin-0-9-1-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/progress-planner/wordpress-progress-planner-plugin-0-9-1-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-593P-XC9R-FQP9

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-08-21 06:32 – Updated: 2026-04-08 18:33
VLAI
Details

The Event Espresso 4 Decaf – Event Registration Event Ticketing plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to limited unauthorized plugin settings modification due to a missing capability check on the saveTimezoneString and some other functions in all versions up to, and including, 5.0.22.decaf. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to modify some of the plugin settings.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-6883"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-08-21T06:15:09Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The Event Espresso 4 Decaf \u2013 Event Registration Event Ticketing plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to limited unauthorized plugin settings modification due to a missing capability check on the saveTimezoneString and some other functions in all versions up to, and including, 5.0.22.decaf. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to modify some of the plugin settings.",
  "id": "GHSA-593p-xc9r-fqp9",
  "modified": "2026-04-08T18:33:34Z",
  "published": "2024-08-21T06:32:18Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-6883"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/event-espresso-decaf/tags/4.10.46.decaf/admin_pages/events/Events_Admin_Page.core.php#L2800"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/689abb68-0c19-4f89-91db-fd15ab8bca8e?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-595V-7J6W-538P

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:16 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:16
VLAI
Details

A unauthorized remote access vulnerability was discovered in HPE IOT + GCP version(s): 1.4.0, 1.4.1, 1.4.2, 1.2.4.2.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-7133"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2020-04-24T19:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "A unauthorized remote access vulnerability was discovered in HPE IOT + GCP version(s): 1.4.0, 1.4.1, 1.4.2, 1.2.4.2.",
  "id": "GHSA-595v-7j6w-538p",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T17:16:28Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:16:28Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-7133"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.hpe.com/hpsc/doc/public/display?docLocale=en_US\u0026docId=emr_na-hpesbhf03947en_us"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-5962-78VP-WH3J

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-13 21:31 – Updated: 2026-03-13 21:31
VLAI
Details

Missing Authorization vulnerability in Ex-Themes WP Food wp-food allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects WP Food: from n/a through < 2.7.1.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-32440"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-862"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-03-13T19:55:04Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Ex-Themes WP Food wp-food allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects WP Food: from n/a through \u003c 2.7.1.",
  "id": "GHSA-5962-78vp-wh3j",
  "modified": "2026-03-13T21:31:50Z",
  "published": "2026-03-13T21:31:50Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-32440"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/wp-food/vulnerability/wordpress-wp-food-plugin-2-7-1-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
  • Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].

Mitigation MIT-4.4
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

  • Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
  • For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
  • One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
System Configuration Installation

Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.

CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws

An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.