CWE-862
Allowed-with-ReviewMissing Authorization
Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete
The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.
14996 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-G5HP-GQMX-38HJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-06-08 09:33 – Updated: 2024-06-08 09:33The Salon booking system plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized access and modification of data due to a missing capability check on several functions hooked into admin_init in all versions up to, and including, 9.9. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers with subscriber access or higher to modify plugin settings and view discount codes intended for other users.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-4468"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-280",
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-06-08T08:15:08Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Salon booking system plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized access and modification of data due to a missing capability check on several functions hooked into admin_init in all versions up to, and including, 9.9. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers with subscriber access or higher to modify plugin settings and view discount codes intended for other users.",
"id": "GHSA-g5hp-gqmx-38hj",
"modified": "2024-06-08T09:33:26Z",
"published": "2024-06-08T09:33:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-4468"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/salon-booking-system/trunk/src/SLB_Discount/Admin/ExportDiscountsCsv.php#L10"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/salon-booking-system/trunk/src/SLB_Discount/Admin/ExportDiscountsCsv.php#L16"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/salon-booking-system/trunk/src/SLB_Discount/Admin/ExportDiscountsCsv.php#L7"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/salon-booking-system/trunk/src/SLN/Admin/Tools.php#L12"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/salon-booking-system/trunk/src/SLN/Admin/Tools.php#L16"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/salon-booking-system/trunk/src/SLN/Admin/Tools.php#L231"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3098413/salon-booking-system/trunk/src/SLB_Discount/Admin/ExportDiscountsCsv.php"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3098413/salon-booking-system/trunk/src/SLN/Admin/Tools.php"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/8b73f864-68b5-4ba8-93a3-37f2564cc240?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-G5J2-GFCP-4WF8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-07 03:30 – Updated: 2024-12-07 03:30The If Menu plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of the plugin's license key due to a missing capability check on the 'actions' function in versions up to, and including, 0.19.1. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to modify delete or modify the license key.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-7894"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-12-07T02:15:19Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The If Menu plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of the plugin\u0027s license key due to a missing capability check on the \u0027actions\u0027 function in versions up to, and including, 0.19.1. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to modify delete or modify the license key.",
"id": "GHSA-g5j2-gfcp-4wf8",
"modified": "2024-12-07T03:30:37Z",
"published": "2024-12-07T03:30:37Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-7894"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/if-menu/trunk/src/Admin.php#L16"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=\u0026reponame=\u0026old=3203054%40if-menu\u0026new=3203054%40if-menu\u0026sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail="
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/ff6ebf45-4617-44dd-94d8-28aa8bc1609b?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-G5JX-RVPR-CWQR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-01-24 18:31 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:33Missing Authorization vulnerability in Kadence WP Gutenberg Blocks by Kadence Blocks allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects Gutenberg Blocks by Kadence Blocks: from n/a through 3.3.1.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-24753"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-01-24T18:15:48Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Kadence WP Gutenberg Blocks by Kadence Blocks allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects Gutenberg Blocks by Kadence Blocks: from n/a through 3.3.1.",
"id": "GHSA-g5jx-rvpr-cwqr",
"modified": "2026-04-01T18:33:29Z",
"published": "2025-01-24T18:31:16Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-24753"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/kadence-blocks/vulnerability/wordpress-kadence-blocks-plugin-3-3-1-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-G5P9-FM5V-5QQF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-29 15:32 – Updated: 2026-06-29 15:32Subscriber Broken Access Control in Ads by WPQuads <= 3.0.3 versions.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-57335"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-29T15:16:43Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Subscriber Broken Access Control in Ads by WPQuads \u003c= 3.0.3 versions.",
"id": "GHSA-g5p9-fm5v-5qqf",
"modified": "2026-06-29T15:32:07Z",
"published": "2026-06-29T15:32:07Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-57335"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/quick-adsense-reloaded/vulnerability/wordpress-ads-by-wpquads-plugin-3-0-3-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-G5Q7-XV5F-9XR9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-10-04 12:30 – Updated: 2023-10-04 12:30Sensitive information disclosure and manipulation due to missing authorization. The following products are affected: Acronis Cyber Protect Home Office (Windows) before build 40713.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-44208"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-10-04T12:15:10Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Sensitive information disclosure and manipulation due to missing authorization. The following products are affected: Acronis Cyber Protect Home Office (Windows) before build 40713.",
"id": "GHSA-g5q7-xv5f-9xr9",
"modified": "2023-10-04T12:30:14Z",
"published": "2023-10-04T12:30:14Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-44208"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security-advisory.acronis.com/advisories/SEC-6587"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-G5QH-PX86-XW7J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:46 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:46A vulnerability in the role-based access control (RBAC) functionality of Cisco Prime Data Center Network Manager (DCNM) could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to access sensitive information or execute arbitrary code with root privileges on an affected system. The vulnerability is due to the lack of authentication and authorization mechanisms for a debugging tool that was inadvertently enabled in the affected software. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by remotely connecting to the debugging tool via TCP. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to access sensitive information about the affected software or execute arbitrary code with root privileges on the affected system. This vulnerability affects Cisco Prime Data Center Network Manager (DCNM) Software Releases 10.1(1) and 10.1(2) for Microsoft Windows, Linux, and Virtual Appliance platforms. Cisco Bug IDs: CSCvd09961.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-6639"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-06-08T13:29:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "A vulnerability in the role-based access control (RBAC) functionality of Cisco Prime Data Center Network Manager (DCNM) could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to access sensitive information or execute arbitrary code with root privileges on an affected system. The vulnerability is due to the lack of authentication and authorization mechanisms for a debugging tool that was inadvertently enabled in the affected software. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by remotely connecting to the debugging tool via TCP. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to access sensitive information about the affected software or execute arbitrary code with root privileges on the affected system. This vulnerability affects Cisco Prime Data Center Network Manager (DCNM) Software Releases 10.1(1) and 10.1(2) for Microsoft Windows, Linux, and Virtual Appliance platforms. Cisco Bug IDs: CSCvd09961.",
"id": "GHSA-g5qh-px86-xw7j",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:46:42Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:46:42Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-6639"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://h20566.www2.hpe.com/hpsc/doc/public/display?docLocale=en_US\u0026docId=emr_na-hpesb3p03762en_us"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-20170607-dcnm1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/98935"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1038626"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-G5VM-525Q-R66C
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-01-18 21:30 – Updated: 2023-02-01 01:37Rapid7 Velociraptor allows users to be created with different privileges on the server. Administrators are generally allowed to run any command on the server including writing arbitrary files. However, lower privilege users are generally forbidden from writing or modifying files on the server. The VQL copy() function applies permission checks for reading files but does not check for permission to write files. This allows a low privilege user (usually, users with the Velociraptor "investigator" role) to overwrite files on the server, including Velociraptor configuration files. To exploit this vulnerability, the attacker must already have a Velociraptor user account at a low privilege level (at least "analyst") and be able to log into the GUI and create a notebook where they can run the VQL query invoking the copy() VQL function. Typically, most users deploy Velociraptor with limited access to a trusted group (most users will be administrators within the GUI). This vulnerability is associated with program files https://github.Com/Velocidex/velociraptor/blob/master/vql/filesystem/copy.go https://github.Com/Velocidex/velociraptor/blob/master/vql/filesystem/copy.go and program routines copy(). This issue affects Velociraptor versions before 0.6.7-5. Version 0.6.7-5, released January 16, 2023, fixes the issue.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "www.velocidex.com/golang/velociraptor"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.6.7-5"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-0242"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-269",
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-02-01T01:37:19Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2023-01-18T21:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Rapid7 Velociraptor allows users to be created with different privileges on the server. Administrators are generally allowed to run any command on the server including writing arbitrary files. However, lower privilege users are generally forbidden from writing or modifying files on the server. The VQL copy() function applies permission checks for reading files but does not check for permission to write files. This allows a low privilege user (usually, users with the Velociraptor \"investigator\" role) to overwrite files on the server, including Velociraptor configuration files. To exploit this vulnerability, the attacker must already have a Velociraptor user account at a low privilege level (at least \"analyst\") and be able to log into the GUI and create a notebook where they can run the VQL query invoking the copy() VQL function. Typically, most users deploy Velociraptor with limited access to a trusted group (most users will be administrators within the GUI). This vulnerability is associated with program files https://github.Com/Velocidex/velociraptor/blob/master/vql/filesystem/copy.go https://github.Com/Velocidex/velociraptor/blob/master/vql/filesystem/copy.go and program routines copy(). This issue affects Velociraptor versions before 0.6.7-5. Version 0.6.7-5, released January 16, 2023, fixes the issue.",
"id": "GHSA-g5vm-525q-r66c",
"modified": "2023-02-01T01:37:19Z",
"published": "2023-01-18T21:30:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-0242"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.velociraptor.app/announcements/2023-cves/#:~:text=to%20upgrade%20clients.-,CVE%2D2023%2D0242,-Insufficient%20Permission%20Check"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/Velocidex/velociraptor"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Velociraptor vulnerable to Missing Authorization"
}
GHSA-G5WR-MQVX-5C3V
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-20 18:31 – Updated: 2026-02-25 21:31Missing Authorization vulnerability in Travelpayouts Travelpayouts travelpayouts allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Travelpayouts: from n/a through <= 1.2.1.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-68042"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-02-20T16:22:08Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Travelpayouts Travelpayouts travelpayouts allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Travelpayouts: from n/a through \u003c= 1.2.1.",
"id": "GHSA-g5wr-mqvx-5c3v",
"modified": "2026-02-25T21:31:17Z",
"published": "2026-02-20T18:31:34Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-68042"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/travelpayouts/vulnerability/wordpress-travelpayouts-plugin-1-2-1-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-G5X4-6WRJ-6J37
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-09 15:31 – Updated: 2026-04-23 15:33Missing Authorization vulnerability in Tips and Tricks HQ, wptipsntricks Stripe Payments allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Stripe Payments: from n/a through 2.0.79.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-48286"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-12-09T13:15:33Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in Tips and Tricks HQ, wptipsntricks Stripe Payments allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Stripe Payments: from n/a through 2.0.79.",
"id": "GHSA-g5x4-6wrj-6j37",
"modified": "2026-04-23T15:33:36Z",
"published": "2024-12-09T15:31:35Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-48286"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/stripe-payments/vulnerability/wordpress-accept-stripe-payments-plugin-2-0-79-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-G5XX-X6V3-G4G8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:55 – Updated: 2024-04-04 01:55Dino before 2019-09-10 does not check roster push authorization in module/roster/module.vala.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-16236"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-09-11T19:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Dino before 2019-09-10 does not check roster push authorization in module/roster/module.vala.",
"id": "GHSA-g5xx-x6v3-g4g8",
"modified": "2024-04-04T01:55:15Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:55:56Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-16236"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/dino/dino/commit/dd33f5f949248d87d34f399e8846d5ee5b8823d9"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gultsch.de/dino_multiple.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/5TMGQ5Q6QMIFG4NVUWMOWW3GIPGWQZVF"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/WZBNQAOBWTIOKNO4PIYNX624ACGUXSXQ"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/YUBM7GDZBB6MZZALDWYRAPNV6HJNLNMC"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/5TMGQ5Q6QMIFG4NVUWMOWW3GIPGWQZVF"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/WZBNQAOBWTIOKNO4PIYNX624ACGUXSXQ"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/YUBM7GDZBB6MZZALDWYRAPNV6HJNLNMC"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://seclists.org/bugtraq/2019/Sep/31"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://usn.ubuntu.com/4306-1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.debian.org/security/2019/dsa-4524"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2019/09/12/5"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
- Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
- Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].
Mitigation MIT-4.4
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
- For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
- One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.
CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws
An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.