Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-79

Allowed

Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')

Abstraction: Base · Status: Stable

The product does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes user-controllable input before it is placed in output that is used as a web page that is served to other users.

66712 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2026-34231 (GCVE-0-2026-34231)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-31 15:33 – Updated: 2026-03-31 17:21

Title

Slippers: Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) in `attrs` Template Tag

Summary

Slippers is a UI component framework for Django. Prior to version 0.6.3, a Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability exists in the {% attrs %} template tag of the slippers Django package. When a context variable containing untrusted data is passed to {% attrs %}, the value is interpolated into an HTML attribute string without escaping, allowing an attacker to break out of the attribute context and inject arbitrary HTML or JavaScript into the rendered page. This issue has been patched in version 0.6.3.

Severity

6.1 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)

CWE

CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')

Assigner

GitHub_M

References

3 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/mixxorz/slippers/security/advi…	x_refsource_CONFIRM
https://github.com/mixxorz/slippers/commit/16cc4e…	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/mixxorz/slippers/releases/tag/0.6.3	x_refsource_MISC

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
mixxorz	slippers	Affected: < 0.6.3

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-34229 (GCVE-0-2026-34229)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-03 22:31 – Updated: 2026-04-06 19:02

Title

Emlog: Stored XSS in Comment Module via URI Scheme Validation Bypass

Summary

Emlog is an open source website building system. Prior to version 2.6.8, there is a stored cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in emlog comment module via URI scheme validation bypass. This issue has been patched in version 2.6.8.

Severity

6.1 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N

SSVC

Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)

CWE

CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')

Assigner

GitHub_M

References

2 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/emlog/emlog/security/advisorie…	x_refsource_CONFIRM
https://github.com/emlog/emlog/commit/a12ab1b1a27…	x_refsource_MISC

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
emlog	emlog	Affected: < 2.6.8

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-34212 (GCVE-0-2026-34212)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-14 21:42 – Updated: 2026-04-15 20:02

Title

Docmost page content has stored XSS via unsanitized attachment URLs

Summary

Docmost is open-source collaborative wiki and documentation software. In versions prior to 0.71.0, improper neutralization of attachment URLs in Docmost allows a low-privileged authenticated user to store a malicious `javascript:` URL inside an attachment node in page content. When another user views the page and activates the attachment link/icon, attacker-controlled JavaScript executes in the context of the Docmost origin. Version 0.71.0 patches the issue.

Severity

5.4 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)

CWE

CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')

Assigner

GitHub_M

References

1 reference

URL	Tags
https://github.com/docmost/docmost/security/advis…	x_refsource_CONFIRM

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
docmost	docmost	Affected: < 0.71.0

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-34206 (GCVE-0-2026-34206)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-31 19:34 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:41

Title

Captcha Protect: Reflected XSS in challenge page via unsanitized destination rendered with text/template

Summary

Captcha Protect is a Traefik middleware to add an anti-bot challenge to individual IPs in a subnet when traffic spikes are detected from that subnet. Prior to version 1.12.2, a reflected cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability exists in github.com/libops/captcha-protect. The challenge page accepted a client-supplied destination value and rendered it into HTML using Go's text/template. Because text/template does not perform contextual HTML escaping, an attacker could supply a crafted destination value that breaks out of the hidden input attribute and injects arbitrary script into the challenge page. This issue has been patched in version 1.12.2.

Severity

6.1 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)

CWE

CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')

Assigner

GitHub_M

References

3 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/libops/captcha-protect/securit…	x_refsource_CONFIRM
https://github.com/libops/captcha-protect/commit/…	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/libops/captcha-protect/release…	x_refsource_MISC

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
libops	captcha-protect	Affected: < 1.12.2

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-34161 (GCVE-0-2026-34161)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-14 21:12 – Updated: 2026-04-16 13:49

Title

Chamilo LMS: Stored XSS via Malicious File Upload in Social Post Attachments Leads to Arbitrary JavaScript Execution

Summary

Chamilo LMS is an open-source learning management system. In versions prior to 2.0.0-RC.3, a Stored Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability exists in the social post attachment upload functionality, where an authenticated user can upload a malicious HTML file containing JavaScript via the /api/social_post_attachments endpoint. The uploaded file is served back from the application at the generated contentUrl without sanitization, content type restrictions, or a Content-Disposition: attachment header, causing the JavaScript to execute in the browser within the application's origin. Because the payload is stored server-side and runs in the trusted origin, an attacker can perform session hijacking, account takeover, privilege escalation (if an admin views the link), and arbitrary actions on behalf of the victim. This issue has been fixed in version 2.0.0-RC.3.

Severity

5.1 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:P/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)

CWE

CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')

Assigner

GitHub_M

References

4 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/chamilo/chamilo-lms/security/a…	x_refsource_CONFIRM
https://github.com/chamilo/chamilo-lms/commit/7c4…	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/chamilo/chamilo-lms/commit/da6…	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/chamilo/chamilo-lms/releases/t…	x_refsource_MISC

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
chamilo	chamilo-lms	Affected: < 2.0.0-RC.3

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-34127 (GCVE-0-2026-34127)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-29 18:59 – Updated: 2026-05-29 19:50

Title

Stored Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) via Configuration File Import on TP-Link's TL-SG108PE

Summary

A stored cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability has been identified in the web management interface of TP-Link's TL-SG108PE v5 switch due to improper sanitation of the SYSNAM configuration parameter during configuration file import. An attacker with administrator access can inject malicious script into the device configuration, which may be stored and executed in the administrator’s browser when the affected interface is viewed. Successful exploitation may allow session cookie theft, unauthorized configuration changes, or access to sensitive information exposed through the management interface.

Severity

5.3 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:A/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:P/VC:H/VI:L/VA:H/SC:L/SI:N/SA:L

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)

CWE

CWE-79 - Improper neutralization of input during web page generation ('cross-site scripting')

Assigner

TPLink

References

3 references

URL	Tags
https://www.tp-link.com/en/support/download/tl-sg…	patch
https://www.tp-link.com/us/support/download/tl-sg…	patch
https://www.tp-link.com/us/support/faq/5110/	vendor-advisory

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
TP-Link Systems Inc.	TL-SG108PE v5	Affected: 0 , < 1.0.1 Build 260330 (custom)

Credits

Christopher Walker

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-34098 (GCVE-0-2026-34098)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-01 16:04 – Updated: 2026-07-14 18:40 X_Open Source

Title

Guardian Language-System XSS via id Parameter in media.php

Summary

Guardian language-system fails to sanitize the id GET parameter before inserting it into HTML source and form action attributes in media.php (lines 119, 129). An authenticated attacker can craft a URL that injects script tags executing in the victim's browser session.

Severity

4.8 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:A/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N

4.6 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N

SSVC

Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)

CWE

CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')

Assigner

VulnCheck

References

2 references

URL	Tags
https://gist.github.com/cyberinforepo/d5b2771d82e…	technical-descriptionexploit
https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/guardian-lan…	third-party-advisory

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
guardian	language-system	Affected: 0 , ≤ e42c395ec4b03fe62973a669c9209a673838b8a4 (git)

Date Public

2026-07-01 00:00

Credits

philopentest

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-34097 (GCVE-0-2026-34097)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-01 16:02 – Updated: 2026-07-14 18:40 X_Open Source

Title

Guardian Language-System XSS via id Parameter in text_file.php

Summary

Guardian language-system fails to sanitize the id GET parameter before inserting it into multiple HTML form action attributes in text_file.php (lines 94, 101, 323, 403, 826, 852). An authenticated attacker can craft a URL that injects script tags executing in the victim's browser session.

Severity

4.8 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:A/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N

4.6 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N

SSVC

Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)

CWE

CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')

Assigner

VulnCheck

References

2 references

URL	Tags
https://gist.github.com/cyberinforepo/d5b2771d82e…	technical-descriptionexploit
https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/guardian-lan…	third-party-advisory

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
guardian	language-system	Affected: 0 , ≤ e42c395ec4b03fe62973a669c9209a673838b8a4 (git)

Date Public

2026-07-01 00:00

Credits

philopentest

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-34096 (GCVE-0-2026-34096)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-01 15:53 – Updated: 2026-07-14 18:40 X_Open Source

Title

Guardian Language-System XSS via name Parameter in designer.php

Summary

Guardian language-system fails to sanitize the name GET parameter before outputting it into an HTML input value attribute in designer.php (line 57). An authenticated attacker can craft a URL containing script tags that execute in the victim's browser session.

Severity

4.8 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:A/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N

4.6 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N

SSVC

Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)

CWE

CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')

Assigner

VulnCheck

References

2 references

URL	Tags
https://gist.github.com/cyberinforepo/d5b2771d82e…	technical-descriptionexploit
https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/guardian-lan…	third-party-advisory

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
guardian	language-system	Affected: 0 , ≤ e42c395ec4b03fe62973a669c9209a673838b8a4 (git)

Date Public

2026-07-01 00:00

Credits

philopentest

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-34071 (GCVE-0-2026-34071)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-26 17:00 – Updated: 2026-03-26 19:52

Title

Stirling-PDF has Stored Cross Site Scripting (XSS) via EML-to-HTML Export

Summary

Stirling-PDF is a locally hosted web application that allows you to perform various operations on PDF files. In version 2.7.3, the /api/v1/convert/eml/pdf endpoint with parameter downloadHtml=true returns unsanitized HTML from the email body with Content-Type: text/html. An attacker who sends a malicious email to a Stirling-PDF user can achieve JavaScript execution when that user exports the email using the "Download HTML intermediate file" feature. Version 2.8.0 fixes the issue.

Severity

5.4 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N

SSVC

Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)

CWE

CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')

Assigner

GitHub_M

References

1 reference

URL	Tags
https://github.com/Stirling-Tools/Stirling-PDF/se…	x_refsource_CONFIRM

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
Stirling-Tools	Stirling-PDF	Affected: = 2.7.3

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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Mitigation MIT-4

Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
Examples of libraries and frameworks that make it easier to generate properly encoded output include Microsoft's Anti-XSS library, the OWASP ESAPI Encoding module, and Apache Wicket.

Mitigation

Implementation Architecture and Design

Understand the context in which your data will be used and the encoding that will be expected. This is especially important when transmitting data between different components, or when generating outputs that can contain multiple encodings at the same time, such as web pages or multi-part mail messages. Study all expected communication protocols and data representations to determine the required encoding strategies.
For any data that will be output to another web page, especially any data that was received from external inputs, use the appropriate encoding on all non-alphanumeric characters.
Parts of the same output document may require different encodings, which will vary depending on whether the output is in the:
etc. Note that HTML Entity Encoding is only appropriate for the HTML body.
Consult the XSS Prevention Cheat Sheet [REF-724] for more details on the types of encoding and escaping that are needed.
HTML body
Element attributes (such as src="XYZ")
URIs
JavaScript sections
Cascading Style Sheets and style property

Mitigation MIT-6

Architecture and Design Implementation

Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction

Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.

Mitigation MIT-15

Architecture and Design

For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.

Mitigation MIT-27

Architecture and Design

Strategy: Parameterization

If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.

Mitigation MIT-30.1

Implementation

Strategy: Output Encoding

Use and specify an output encoding that can be handled by the downstream component that is reading the output. Common encodings include ISO-8859-1, UTF-7, and UTF-8. When an encoding is not specified, a downstream component may choose a different encoding, either by assuming a default encoding or automatically inferring which encoding is being used, which can be erroneous. When the encodings are inconsistent, the downstream component might treat some character or byte sequences as special, even if they are not special in the original encoding. Attackers might then be able to exploit this discrepancy and conduct injection attacks; they even might be able to bypass protection mechanisms that assume the original encoding is also being used by the downstream component.
The problem of inconsistent output encodings often arises in web pages. If an encoding is not specified in an HTTP header, web browsers often guess about which encoding is being used. This can open up the browser to subtle XSS attacks.

Mitigation MIT-43

Implementation

With Struts, write all data from form beans with the bean's filter attribute set to true.

Mitigation MIT-31

Implementation

Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction

To help mitigate XSS attacks against the user's session cookie, set the session cookie to be HttpOnly. In browsers that support the HttpOnly feature (such as more recent versions of Internet Explorer and Firefox), this attribute can prevent the user's session cookie from being accessible to malicious client-side scripts that use document.cookie. This is not a complete solution, since HttpOnly is not supported by all browsers. More importantly, XmlHttpRequest and other powerful browser technologies provide read access to HTTP headers, including the Set-Cookie header in which the HttpOnly flag is set.

Mitigation MIT-5

Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
When dynamically constructing web pages, use stringent allowlists that limit the character set based on the expected value of the parameter in the request. All input should be validated and cleansed, not just parameters that the user is supposed to specify, but all data in the request, including hidden fields, cookies, headers, the URL itself, and so forth. A common mistake that leads to continuing XSS vulnerabilities is to validate only fields that are expected to be redisplayed by the site. It is common to see data from the request that is reflected by the application server or the application that the development team did not anticipate. Also, a field that is not currently reflected may be used by a future developer. Therefore, validating ALL parts of the HTTP request is recommended.
Note that proper output encoding, escaping, and quoting is the most effective solution for preventing XSS, although input validation may provide some defense-in-depth. This is because it effectively limits what will appear in output. Input validation will not always prevent XSS, especially if you are required to support free-form text fields that could contain arbitrary characters. For example, in a chat application, the heart emoticon ("<3") would likely pass the validation step, since it is commonly used. However, it cannot be directly inserted into the web page because it contains the "<" character, which would need to be escaped or otherwise handled. In this case, stripping the "<" might reduce the risk of XSS, but it would produce incorrect behavior because the emoticon would not be recorded. This might seem to be a minor inconvenience, but it would be more important in a mathematical forum that wants to represent inequalities.
Even if you make a mistake in your validation (such as forgetting one out of 100 input fields), appropriate encoding is still likely to protect you from injection-based attacks. As long as it is not done in isolation, input validation is still a useful technique, since it may significantly reduce your attack surface, allow you to detect some attacks, and provide other security benefits that proper encoding does not address.
Ensure that you perform input validation at well-defined interfaces within the application. This will help protect the application even if a component is reused or moved elsewhere.

Mitigation MIT-21

Architecture and Design

Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion

When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.

Mitigation MIT-29

Operation

Strategy: Firewall

Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].

Mitigation MIT-16

Operation Implementation

Strategy: Environment Hardening

When using PHP, configure the application so that it does not use register_globals. During implementation, develop the application so that it does not rely on this feature, but be wary of implementing a register_globals emulation that is subject to weaknesses such as CWE-95, CWE-621, and similar issues.

CAPEC-209: XSS Using MIME Type Mismatch

An adversary creates a file with scripting content but where the specified MIME type of the file is such that scripting is not expected. The adversary tricks the victim into accessing a URL that responds with the script file. Some browsers will detect that the specified MIME type of the file does not match the actual type of its content and will automatically switch to using an interpreter for the real content type. If the browser does not invoke script filters before doing this, the adversary's script may run on the target unsanitized, possibly revealing the victim's cookies or executing arbitrary script in their browser.

CAPEC-588: DOM-Based XSS

This type of attack is a form of Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) where a malicious script is inserted into the client-side HTML being parsed by a web browser. Content served by a vulnerable web application includes script code used to manipulate the Document Object Model (DOM). This script code either does not properly validate input, or does not perform proper output encoding, thus creating an opportunity for an adversary to inject a malicious script launch a XSS attack. A key distinction between other XSS attacks and DOM-based attacks is that in other XSS attacks, the malicious script runs when the vulnerable web page is initially loaded, while a DOM-based attack executes sometime after the page loads. Another distinction of DOM-based attacks is that in some cases, the malicious script is never sent to the vulnerable web server at all. An attack like this is guaranteed to bypass any server-side filtering attempts to protect users.

CAPEC-591: Reflected XSS

This type of attack is a form of Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) where a malicious script is "reflected" off a vulnerable web application and then executed by a victim's browser. The process starts with an adversary delivering a malicious script to a victim and convincing the victim to send the script to the vulnerable web application.

CAPEC-592: Stored XSS

An adversary utilizes a form of Cross-site Scripting (XSS) where a malicious script is persistently "stored" within the data storage of a vulnerable web application as valid input.

CAPEC-63: Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)

An adversary embeds malicious scripts in content that will be served to web browsers. The goal of the attack is for the target software, the client-side browser, to execute the script with the users' privilege level. An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that are brought on by allowing remote hosts to execute code and scripts. Web browsers, for example, have some simple security controls in place, but if a remote attacker is allowed to execute scripts (through injecting them in to user-generated content like bulletin boards) then these controls may be bypassed. Further, these attacks are very difficult for an end user to detect.

CAPEC-85: AJAX Footprinting

This attack utilizes the frequent client-server roundtrips in Ajax conversation to scan a system. While Ajax does not open up new vulnerabilities per se, it does optimize them from an attacker point of view. A common first step for an attacker is to footprint the target environment to understand what attacks will work. Since footprinting relies on enumeration, the conversational pattern of rapid, multiple requests and responses that are typical in Ajax applications enable an attacker to look for many vulnerabilities, well-known ports, network locations and so on. The knowledge gained through Ajax fingerprinting can be used to support other attacks, such as XSS.

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