CWE-77
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product constructs all or part of a command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended command when it is sent to a downstream component.
5379 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-XMJV-8G3F-2PPC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-12 21:31 – Updated: 2026-05-12 21:31Command injection vulnerabilities exist in the web-based management interface of AOS-8 and AOS-10 Operating Systems. Successful exploitation of these vulnerabilities could allow an authenticated remote attacker to execute arbitrary commands on the underlying operating system.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-44865"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-12T20:16:45Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Command injection vulnerabilities exist in the web-based management interface of AOS-8 and AOS-10 Operating Systems. Successful exploitation of these vulnerabilities could allow an authenticated remote attacker to execute arbitrary commands on the underlying operating system.",
"id": "GHSA-xmjv-8g3f-2ppc",
"modified": "2026-05-12T21:31:35Z",
"published": "2026-05-12T21:31:35Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-44865"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.hpe.com/hpesc/public/docDisplay?docId=hpesbnw05048en_us\u0026docLocale=en_US"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-XMQW-GC65-WJ6Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:48 – Updated: 2024-04-04 00:59An issue was discovered on Securifi Almond, Almond+, and Almond 2015 devices with firmware AL-R096. The device provides a user with the capability of adding new routes to the device. It seems that the POST parameters passed in this request to set up routes on the device can be set in such a way that would result in passing commands to a "popen" API in the function and thus result in command injection on the device. If the firmware version AL-R096 is dissected using binwalk tool, we obtain a cpio-root archive which contains the filesystem set up on the device that contains all the binaries. The binary "goahead" is the one that has the vulnerable function that receives the values sent by the POST request. If we open this binary in IDA-pro we will notice that this follows a MIPS little endian format. The function sub_00420F38 in IDA pro is identified to be receiving the values sent in the POST request and the value set in POST parameter "dest" is extracted at address 0x00420FC4. The POST parameter "dest is concatenated in a route add command and this is passed to a "popen" function at address 0x00421220. This allows an attacker to provide the payload of his/her choice and finally take control of the device.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-8333"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-06-18T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered on Securifi Almond, Almond+, and Almond 2015 devices with firmware AL-R096. The device provides a user with the capability of adding new routes to the device. It seems that the POST parameters passed in this request to set up routes on the device can be set in such a way that would result in passing commands to a \"popen\" API in the function and thus result in command injection on the device. If the firmware version AL-R096 is dissected using binwalk tool, we obtain a cpio-root archive which contains the filesystem set up on the device that contains all the binaries. The binary \"goahead\" is the one that has the vulnerable function that receives the values sent by the POST request. If we open this binary in IDA-pro we will notice that this follows a MIPS little endian format. The function sub_00420F38 in IDA pro is identified to be receiving the values sent in the POST request and the value set in POST parameter \"dest\" is extracted at address 0x00420FC4. The POST parameter \"dest is concatenated in a route add command and this is passed to a \"popen\" function at address 0x00421220. This allows an attacker to provide the payload of his/her choice and finally take control of the device.",
"id": "GHSA-xmqw-gc65-wj6q",
"modified": "2024-04-04T00:59:23Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:48:14Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-8333"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ethanhunnt/IoT_vulnerabilities/blob/master/Securifi_Almond_plus_sec_issues.pdf"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://seclists.org/bugtraq/2019/Jun/8"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/153227/Securifi-Almond-2015-Buffer-Overflow-Command-Injection-XSS-CSRF.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-XMX8-GMFW-PV3C
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-08-03 21:30 – Updated: 2024-08-03 21:30** UNSUPPORTED WHEN ASSIGNED ** A vulnerability classified as critical has been found in Vivotek IB8367A VVTK-0100b. Affected is the function getenv of the file upload_file.cgi. The manipulation of the argument QUERY_STRING leads to command injection. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-273528. NOTE: This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer. NOTE: Vendor was contacted early and confirmed that the affected release tree is end-of-life.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-7443"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-08-03T19:15:42Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "** UNSUPPORTED WHEN ASSIGNED ** A vulnerability classified as critical has been found in Vivotek IB8367A VVTK-0100b. Affected is the function getenv of the file upload_file.cgi. The manipulation of the argument QUERY_STRING leads to command injection. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-273528. NOTE: This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer. NOTE: Vendor was contacted early and confirmed that the affected release tree is end-of-life.",
"id": "GHSA-xmx8-gmfw-pv3c",
"modified": "2024-08-03T21:30:34Z",
"published": "2024-08-03T21:30:34Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-7443"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.273528"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.273528"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.383844"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://yjz233.notion.site/vivotek-IB8367A-has-command-injection-vulnerability-in-upload_file-cgi-899e5d529fb14b4189534b2b9830bfff?pvs=4"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-XP4X-J9VH-C3WF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-02-10 20:20 – Updated: 2026-06-18 18:09The kill-port-process package prior to version 2.2.0 is vulnerable to a Command Injection.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "kill-port-process"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.2.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-15609"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77",
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2021-04-19T16:43:07Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2020-02-28T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "The kill-port-process package prior to version 2.2.0 is vulnerable to a Command Injection.",
"id": "GHSA-xp4x-j9vh-c3wf",
"modified": "2026-06-18T18:09:57Z",
"published": "2022-02-10T20:20:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-15609"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://hackerone.com/reports/661959"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/hilleer/kill-port-process"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "OS Command Injection and Command Injection in kill-port-process"
}
GHSA-XP9R-JMVF-J4FJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-07-13 00:01 – Updated: 2022-07-20 00:00A vulnerability has been identified in RUGGEDCOM ROX MX5000 (All versions < 2.15.1), RUGGEDCOM ROX MX5000RE (All versions < 2.15.1), RUGGEDCOM ROX RX1400 (All versions < 2.15.1), RUGGEDCOM ROX RX1500 (All versions < 2.15.1), RUGGEDCOM ROX RX1501 (All versions < 2.15.1), RUGGEDCOM ROX RX1510 (All versions < 2.15.1), RUGGEDCOM ROX RX1511 (All versions < 2.15.1), RUGGEDCOM ROX RX1512 (All versions < 2.15.1), RUGGEDCOM ROX RX1524 (All versions < 2.15.1), RUGGEDCOM ROX RX1536 (All versions < 2.15.1), RUGGEDCOM ROX RX5000 (All versions < 2.15.1). Affected devices do not properly validate user input, making them susceptible to command injection. An attacker with access to either the shell or the web CLI with administrator privileges could access the underlying operating system as the root user.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-29560"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-07-12T10:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A vulnerability has been identified in RUGGEDCOM ROX MX5000 (All versions \u003c 2.15.1), RUGGEDCOM ROX MX5000RE (All versions \u003c 2.15.1), RUGGEDCOM ROX RX1400 (All versions \u003c 2.15.1), RUGGEDCOM ROX RX1500 (All versions \u003c 2.15.1), RUGGEDCOM ROX RX1501 (All versions \u003c 2.15.1), RUGGEDCOM ROX RX1510 (All versions \u003c 2.15.1), RUGGEDCOM ROX RX1511 (All versions \u003c 2.15.1), RUGGEDCOM ROX RX1512 (All versions \u003c 2.15.1), RUGGEDCOM ROX RX1524 (All versions \u003c 2.15.1), RUGGEDCOM ROX RX1536 (All versions \u003c 2.15.1), RUGGEDCOM ROX RX5000 (All versions \u003c 2.15.1). Affected devices do not properly validate user input, making them susceptible to command injection. An attacker with access to either the shell or the web CLI with administrator privileges could access the underlying operating system as the root user.",
"id": "GHSA-xp9r-jmvf-j4fj",
"modified": "2022-07-20T00:00:19Z",
"published": "2022-07-13T00:01:56Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-29560"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/pdf/ssa-599506.pdf"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-XPCM-7RJR-9H29
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:48 – Updated: 2022-08-06 00:00A command injection vulnerability in Avaya Session Border Controller for Enterprise could allow an authenticated, remote attacker to send specially crafted messages and execute arbitrary commands with the affected system privileges. Affected versions of Avaya Session Border Controller for Enterprise include 7.x, 8.0 through 8.1.1.x
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-7034"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77",
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-04-23T21:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A command injection vulnerability in Avaya Session Border Controller for Enterprise could allow an authenticated, remote attacker to send specially crafted messages and execute arbitrary commands with the affected system privileges. Affected versions of Avaya Session Border Controller for Enterprise include 7.x, 8.0 through 8.1.1.x",
"id": "GHSA-xpcm-7rjr-9h29",
"modified": "2022-08-06T00:00:43Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:48:22Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-7034"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://downloads.avaya.com/css/P8/documents/101075451"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-XPG8-7M6M-JF56
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-25 19:12 – Updated: 2026-02-25 19:12An attacker can inject arbitrary MVG (Magick Vector Graphics) drawing commands in an SVG file that is read by the internal SVG decoder of ImageMagick. The injected MVG commands execute during rendering.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "NuGet",
"name": "Magick.NET-Q16-AnyCPU"
},
"ranges": [
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"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
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],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
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]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "NuGet",
"name": "Magick.NET-Q16-HDRI-AnyCPU"
},
"ranges": [
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"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
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"fixed": "14.10.3"
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],
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]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "NuGet",
"name": "Magick.NET-Q16-HDRI-OpenMP-arm64"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
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"fixed": "14.10.3"
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],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
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]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "NuGet",
"name": "Magick.NET-Q16-HDRI-OpenMP-x64"
},
"ranges": [
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"events": [
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"fixed": "14.10.3"
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],
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{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "NuGet",
"name": "Magick.NET-Q16-HDRI-arm64"
},
"ranges": [
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"introduced": "0"
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"fixed": "14.10.3"
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],
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"ecosystem": "NuGet",
"name": "Magick.NET-Q16-HDRI-x64"
},
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"fixed": "14.10.3"
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},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "NuGet",
"name": "Magick.NET-Q16-HDRI-x86"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
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"package": {
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"name": "Magick.NET-Q16-OpenMP-arm64"
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"ranges": [
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{
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"name": "Magick.NET-Q16-OpenMP-x64"
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"introduced": "0"
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],
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]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "NuGet",
"name": "Magick.NET-Q16-OpenMP-x86"
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"name": "Magick.NET-Q16-x64"
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"name": "Magick.NET-Q16-x86"
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},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "NuGet",
"name": "Magick.NET-Q8-AnyCPU"
},
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"fixed": "14.10.3"
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"ecosystem": "NuGet",
"name": "Magick.NET-Q8-OpenMP-arm64"
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"name": "Magick.NET-Q8-OpenMP-x64"
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],
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]
},
{
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"ecosystem": "NuGet",
"name": "Magick.NET-Q8-arm64"
},
"ranges": [
{
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{
"introduced": "0"
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]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "NuGet",
"name": "Magick.NET-Q8-x64"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "14.10.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "NuGet",
"name": "Magick.NET-Q8-x86"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "14.10.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-116",
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-02-25T19:12:48Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "An attacker can inject arbitrary MVG (Magick Vector Graphics) drawing commands in an SVG file that is read by the internal SVG decoder of ImageMagick. The injected MVG commands execute during rendering.",
"id": "GHSA-xpg8-7m6m-jf56",
"modified": "2026-02-25T19:12:48Z",
"published": "2026-02-25T19:12:48Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ImageMagick/ImageMagick/security/advisories/GHSA-xpg8-7m6m-jf56"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ImageMagick/ImageMagick/commit/9db96365ecab5de69cdec81b9359672b3a827aaa"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ImageMagick/ImageMagick/commit/f63c78b3828933f1cc7cf499390248981af765aa"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/ImageMagick/ImageMagick"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "ImageMagick: SVG-to-MVG Command Injection via coders/svg.c"
}
GHSA-XPGP-WC89-MC9M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-10-25 21:30 – Updated: 2023-11-01 18:30TOTOLINK X6000R v9.4.0cu.652_B20230116 was discovered to contain a command execution vulnerability via the sub_ The 416F60 function.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-46410"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-10-25T20:15:12Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "TOTOLINK X6000R v9.4.0cu.652_B20230116 was discovered to contain a command execution vulnerability via the sub_ The 416F60 function.",
"id": "GHSA-xpgp-wc89-mc9m",
"modified": "2023-11-01T18:30:32Z",
"published": "2023-10-25T21:30:32Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-46410"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/XYIYM/Digging/blob/main/TOTOLINK/X6000R/10/1.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.totolink.cn/index.php/home/menu/detail.html?menu_listtpl=download\u0026id=88\u0026ids=36"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-XPHQ-HXJQ-7X4C
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-12-27 00:00 – Updated: 2022-01-06 00:00Certain NETGEAR devices are affected by command injection by an authenticated user. This affects CBR40 before 2.5.0.24, CBR750 before 4.6.3.6, RBK852 before 3.2.17.12, RBR850 before 3.2.17.12, and RBS850 before 3.2.17.12.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-45599"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-12-26T01:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Certain NETGEAR devices are affected by command injection by an authenticated user. This affects CBR40 before 2.5.0.24, CBR750 before 4.6.3.6, RBK852 before 3.2.17.12, RBR850 before 3.2.17.12, and RBS850 before 3.2.17.12.",
"id": "GHSA-xphq-hxjq-7x4c",
"modified": "2022-01-06T00:00:56Z",
"published": "2021-12-27T00:00:59Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-45599"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://kb.netgear.com/000064145/Security-Advisory-for-Post-Authentication-Command-Injection-on-Some-WiFi-Systems-PSV-2020-0546"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-XPHX-JP87-55X8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:14 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:14A vulnerability in the local CLI of the Cisco SD-WAN Solution could allow an authenticated, local attacker to escalate privileges and modify device configuration files. The vulnerability exists because user input is not properly sanitized for certain commands at the CLI. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending crafted commands to the CLI of an affected device. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to establish an interactive session with elevated privileges. The attacker could then use the elevated privileges to further compromise the device or obtain additional configuration data from the device.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-1646"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-01-24T15:29:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A vulnerability in the local CLI of the Cisco SD-WAN Solution could allow an authenticated, local attacker to escalate privileges and modify device configuration files. The vulnerability exists because user input is not properly sanitized for certain commands at the CLI. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending crafted commands to the CLI of an affected device. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to establish an interactive session with elevated privileges. The attacker could then use the elevated privileges to further compromise the device or obtain additional configuration data from the device.",
"id": "GHSA-xphx-jp87-55x8",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:14:59Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:14:59Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-1646"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-20190123-sdwan-escal"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/106723"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.
Mitigation
If possible, ensure that all external commands called from the program are statically created.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation
Run time: Run time policy enforcement may be used in an allowlist fashion to prevent use of any non-sanctioned commands.
Mitigation
Assign permissions that prevent the user from accessing/opening privileged files.
CAPEC-136: LDAP Injection
An attacker manipulates or crafts an LDAP query for the purpose of undermining the security of the target. Some applications use user input to create LDAP queries that are processed by an LDAP server. For example, a user might provide their username during authentication and the username might be inserted in an LDAP query during the authentication process. An attacker could use this input to inject additional commands into an LDAP query that could disclose sensitive information. For example, entering a * in the aforementioned query might return information about all users on the system. This attack is very similar to an SQL injection attack in that it manipulates a query to gather additional information or coerce a particular return value.
CAPEC-15: Command Delimiters
An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that allows an attacker's commands to be concatenated onto a legitimate command with the intent of targeting other resources such as the file system or database. The system that uses a filter or denylist input validation, as opposed to allowlist validation is vulnerable to an attacker who predicts delimiters (or combinations of delimiters) not present in the filter or denylist. As with other injection attacks, the attacker uses the command delimiter payload as an entry point to tunnel through the application and activate additional attacks through SQL queries, shell commands, network scanning, and so on.
CAPEC-183: IMAP/SMTP Command Injection
An adversary exploits weaknesses in input validation on web-mail servers to execute commands on the IMAP/SMTP server. Web-mail servers often sit between the Internet and the IMAP or SMTP mail server. User requests are received by the web-mail servers which then query the back-end mail server for the requested information and return this response to the user. In an IMAP/SMTP command injection attack, mail-server commands are embedded in parts of the request sent to the web-mail server. If the web-mail server fails to adequately sanitize these requests, these commands are then sent to the back-end mail server when it is queried by the web-mail server, where the commands are then executed. This attack can be especially dangerous since administrators may assume that the back-end server is protected against direct Internet access and therefore may not secure it adequately against the execution of malicious commands.
CAPEC-248: Command Injection
An adversary looking to execute a command of their choosing, injects new items into an existing command thus modifying interpretation away from what was intended. Commands in this context are often standalone strings that are interpreted by a downstream component and cause specific responses. This type of attack is possible when untrusted values are used to build these command strings. Weaknesses in input validation or command construction can enable the attack and lead to successful exploitation.
CAPEC-40: Manipulating Writeable Terminal Devices
This attack exploits terminal devices that allow themselves to be written to by other users. The attacker sends command strings to the target terminal device hoping that the target user will hit enter and thereby execute the malicious command with their privileges. The attacker can send the results (such as copying /etc/passwd) to a known directory and collect once the attack has succeeded.
CAPEC-43: Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers
An attacker supplies the target software with input data that contains sequences of special characters designed to bypass input validation logic. This exploit relies on the target making multiples passes over the input data and processing a "layer" of special characters with each pass. In this manner, the attacker can disguise input that would otherwise be rejected as invalid by concealing it with layers of special/escape characters that are stripped off by subsequent processing steps. The goal is to first discover cases where the input validation layer executes before one or more parsing layers. That is, user input may go through the following logic in an application: <parser1> --> <input validator> --> <parser2>. In such cases, the attacker will need to provide input that will pass through the input validator, but after passing through parser2, will be converted into something that the input validator was supposed to stop.
CAPEC-75: Manipulating Writeable Configuration Files
Generally these are manually edited files that are not in the preview of the system administrators, any ability on the attackers' behalf to modify these files, for example in a CVS repository, gives unauthorized access directly to the application, the same as authorized users.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.