CWE-77
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product constructs all or part of a command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended command when it is sent to a downstream component.
5416 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-MR6Q-W873-6JFR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-24 15:30 – Updated: 2026-02-24 15:30A vulnerability was determined in exiftool up to 13.49 on macOS. This issue affects the function SetMacOSTags of the file lib/Image/ExifTool/MacOS.pm of the component PNG File Parser. This manipulation of the argument DateTimeOriginal causes os command injection. The attack is possible to be carried out remotely. The exploit has been publicly disclosed and may be utilized. Upgrading to version 13.50 is capable of addressing this issue. Patch name: e9609a9bcc0d32bd252a709a562fb822d6dd86f7. Upgrading the affected component is recommended.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-3102"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77",
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-02-24T15:21:41Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was determined in exiftool up to 13.49 on macOS. This issue affects the function SetMacOSTags of the file lib/Image/ExifTool/MacOS.pm of the component PNG File Parser. This manipulation of the argument DateTimeOriginal causes os command injection. The attack is possible to be carried out remotely. The exploit has been publicly disclosed and may be utilized. Upgrading to version 13.50 is capable of addressing this issue. Patch name: e9609a9bcc0d32bd252a709a562fb822d6dd86f7. Upgrading the affected component is recommended.",
"id": "GHSA-mr6q-w873-6jfr",
"modified": "2026-02-24T15:30:33Z",
"published": "2026-02-24T15:30:33Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-3102"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/exiftool/exiftool/commit/e9609a9bcc0d32bd252a709a562fb822d6dd86f7"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/exiftool/exiftool"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/exiftool/exiftool/releases/tag/13.50"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.347528"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.347528"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.758146"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=akk0vmilfb4"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-MR6W-W4MW-JJP4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:31 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:31The Alcatel Lucent I-240W-Q GPON ONT using firmware version 3FE54567BOZJ19 is vulnerable to authenticated command injection via crafted HTTP request sent by a remote, authenticated attacker to /GponForm/device_Form?script/.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-3920"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-03-05T21:29:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The Alcatel Lucent I-240W-Q GPON ONT using firmware version 3FE54567BOZJ19 is vulnerable to authenticated command injection via crafted HTTP request sent by a remote, authenticated attacker to /GponForm/device_Form?script/.",
"id": "GHSA-mr6w-w4mw-jjp4",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:31:15Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:31:15Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-3920"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.tenable.com/security/research/tra-2019-09"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-MRFV-4V7G-63C2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-08-11 00:00 – Updated: 2022-08-13 00:00WAVLINK WN572HP3, WN533A8, WN530H4, WN535G3, WN531P3 adm.cgi has no filtering on parameters: web_pskValue, wl_Method, wlan_ssid, EncrypType, rwan_ip, rwan_mask, rwan_gateway, ppp_username, ppp_passwd and ppp_setver, which leads to command injection in page /wizard_router_mesh.shtml.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-35517"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-08-10T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "WAVLINK WN572HP3, WN533A8, WN530H4, WN535G3, WN531P3 adm.cgi has no filtering on parameters: web_pskValue, wl_Method, wlan_ssid, EncrypType, rwan_ip, rwan_mask, rwan_gateway, ppp_username, ppp_passwd and ppp_setver, which leads to command injection in page /wizard_router_mesh.shtml.",
"id": "GHSA-mrfv-4v7g-63c2",
"modified": "2022-08-13T00:00:25Z",
"published": "2022-08-11T00:00:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-35517"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/TyeYeah/othercveinfo/blob/main/wavlink/README.md#wavlink-router-ac1200-page-wizard_router_meshshtml-command-injection-in-admcgi"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-MRG6-MW3Q-4CQ7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-10-25 19:00 – Updated: 2022-10-26 12:00A denial of service vulnerability exists in the web_server hashFirst functionality of Robustel R1510 3.1.16 and 3.3.0. A specially-crafted network request can lead to denial of service. An attacker can send a sequence of requests to trigger this vulnerability.The /action/import_authorized_keys/ API is affected by command injection vulnerability.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-35261"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125",
"CWE-20",
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-10-25T17:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A denial of service vulnerability exists in the web_server hashFirst functionality of Robustel R1510 3.1.16 and 3.3.0. A specially-crafted network request can lead to denial of service. An attacker can send a sequence of requests to trigger this vulnerability.The `/action/import_authorized_keys/` API is affected by command injection vulnerability.",
"id": "GHSA-mrg6-mw3q-4cq7",
"modified": "2022-10-26T12:00:29Z",
"published": "2022-10-25T19:00:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-35261"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://talosintelligence.com/vulnerability_reports/TALOS-2022-1575"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-MRHH-3GGQ-23P2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-20 12:32 – Updated: 2025-10-15 16:00Horovod versions up to and including v0.28.1 are vulnerable to unauthenticated remote code execution. The vulnerability is due to improper handling of base64-encoded data in the ElasticRendezvousHandler, a subclass of KVStoreHandler. Specifically, the _put_value method in ElasticRendezvousHandler calls codec.loads_base64(value), which eventually invokes cloudpickle.loads(decoded). This allows an attacker to send a malicious pickle object via a PUT request, leading to arbitrary code execution on the server.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "horovod"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "0.28.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-10190"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-502",
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-03-20T18:53:09Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-03-20T10:15:15Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Horovod versions up to and including v0.28.1 are vulnerable to unauthenticated remote code execution. The vulnerability is due to improper handling of base64-encoded data in the `ElasticRendezvousHandler`, a subclass of `KVStoreHandler`. Specifically, the `_put_value` method in `ElasticRendezvousHandler` calls `codec.loads_base64(value)`, which eventually invokes `cloudpickle.loads(decoded)`. This allows an attacker to send a malicious pickle object via a PUT request, leading to arbitrary code execution on the server.",
"id": "GHSA-mrhh-3ggq-23p2",
"modified": "2025-10-15T16:00:23Z",
"published": "2025-03-20T12:32:38Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-10190"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/horovod/horovod"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://huntr.com/bounties/3e398d1f-70c2-4e05-ae22-f5d66b19a754"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Horovod Vulnerable to Command Injection"
}
GHSA-MRQM-RWX3-RR78
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-03-27 18:32 – Updated: 2024-03-27 18:32A vulnerability has been found in Tenda FH1202 1.2.0.14(408) and classified as critical. Affected by this vulnerability is the function formWriteFacMac of the file /goform/WriteFacMac. The manipulation of the argument mac leads to command injection. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The associated identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-258151. NOTE: The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-2982"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-03-27T16:15:10Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability has been found in Tenda FH1202 1.2.0.14(408) and classified as critical. Affected by this vulnerability is the function formWriteFacMac of the file /goform/WriteFacMac. The manipulation of the argument mac leads to command injection. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The associated identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-258151. NOTE: The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
"id": "GHSA-mrqm-rwx3-rr78",
"modified": "2024-03-27T18:32:38Z",
"published": "2024-03-27T18:32:38Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-2982"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/abcdefg-png/IoT-vulnerable/blob/main/Tenda/FH/FH1202/formWriteFacMac.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.258151"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.258151"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.301273"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-MRVW-4M65-76P9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-17 09:31 – Updated: 2025-03-17 09:31A vulnerability has been found in Oiwtech OIW-2431APGN-HP 2.5.3-B20131128 and classified as critical. This vulnerability affects unknown code of the file /boafrm/formScript of the component Personal Script Submenu. The manipulation leads to os command injection. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-2367"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-03-17T08:15:11Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability has been found in Oiwtech OIW-2431APGN-HP 2.5.3-B20131128 and classified as critical. This vulnerability affects unknown code of the file /boafrm/formScript of the component Personal Script Submenu. The manipulation leads to os command injection. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
"id": "GHSA-mrvw-4m65-76p9",
"modified": "2025-03-17T09:31:02Z",
"published": "2025-03-17T09:31:02Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-2367"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.299866"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.299866"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.515126"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-MRXM-9RWR-QW4F
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-09-25 03:30 – Updated: 2024-09-25 03:30A specially crafted POST request to the ProGauge MAGLINK LX CONSOLE UTILITY sub-menu can allow a remote attacker to inject arbitrary commands.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-43693"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-09-25T01:15:43Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "A specially crafted POST request to the ProGauge MAGLINK LX CONSOLE \nUTILITY sub-menu can allow a remote attacker to inject arbitrary \ncommands.",
"id": "GHSA-mrxm-9rwr-qw4f",
"modified": "2024-09-25T03:30:36Z",
"published": "2024-09-25T03:30:35Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-43693"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/icsa-24-268-04"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-MRXV-PR4H-963Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-08-03 00:00 – Updated: 2022-08-10 17:58A command injection vulnerability affects the package image-tiler before version 2.0.2.
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c 2.0.2"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "image-tiler"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-28451"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-08-10T17:58:03Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2022-08-02T14:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "A command injection vulnerability affects the package image-tiler before version 2.0.2.",
"id": "GHSA-mrxv-pr4h-963q",
"modified": "2022-08-10T17:58:03Z",
"published": "2022-08-03T00:00:57Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-28451"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/MrP/image-tiler/commit/f4a0b13a4bf43655fc4013e04bbceaf77aecbeb8"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/MrP/image-tiler"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-JS-IMAGETILER-1051029"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "image-tiler susceptible to command injection"
}
GHSA-MV2W-4JQC-6FG4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-03-15 00:00 – Updated: 2024-09-27 21:36The package libvcs before 0.11.1 are vulnerable to Command Injection via argument injection. When calling the update_repo function (when using hg), the url parameter is passed to the hg clone command. By injecting some hg options it was possible to get arbitrary command execution.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "libvcs"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.11.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "vcspull"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.11.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-21187"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-74",
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-03-15T17:05:10Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2022-03-14T18:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "The package libvcs before 0.11.1 are vulnerable to Command Injection via argument injection. When calling the update_repo function (when using hg), the url parameter is passed to the hg clone command. By injecting some hg options it was possible to get arbitrary command execution.",
"id": "GHSA-mv2w-4jqc-6fg4",
"modified": "2024-09-27T21:36:54Z",
"published": "2022-03-15T00:00:53Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-21187"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/vcs-python/libvcs/pull/306"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/vcs-python/vcspull/commit/e1b77128a1fa0754625b5f43d8bc47956f21f33e"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/libvcs/PYSEC-2022-163.yaml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/vcs-python/libvcs/blob/master/CHANGES#libvcs-0111-2022-03-12"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/vcs-python/libvcs/blob/v0.11.1/CHANGES%23libvcs-0111-2022-03-12"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/vcs-python/vcspull/blob/master/CHANGES#vcspull-1111-2022-03-12"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-PYTHON-LIBVCS-2421204"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Command injection in libvcs and vcspull"
}
Mitigation
If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.
Mitigation
If possible, ensure that all external commands called from the program are statically created.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation
Run time: Run time policy enforcement may be used in an allowlist fashion to prevent use of any non-sanctioned commands.
Mitigation
Assign permissions that prevent the user from accessing/opening privileged files.
CAPEC-136: LDAP Injection
An attacker manipulates or crafts an LDAP query for the purpose of undermining the security of the target. Some applications use user input to create LDAP queries that are processed by an LDAP server. For example, a user might provide their username during authentication and the username might be inserted in an LDAP query during the authentication process. An attacker could use this input to inject additional commands into an LDAP query that could disclose sensitive information. For example, entering a * in the aforementioned query might return information about all users on the system. This attack is very similar to an SQL injection attack in that it manipulates a query to gather additional information or coerce a particular return value.
CAPEC-15: Command Delimiters
An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that allows an attacker's commands to be concatenated onto a legitimate command with the intent of targeting other resources such as the file system or database. The system that uses a filter or denylist input validation, as opposed to allowlist validation is vulnerable to an attacker who predicts delimiters (or combinations of delimiters) not present in the filter or denylist. As with other injection attacks, the attacker uses the command delimiter payload as an entry point to tunnel through the application and activate additional attacks through SQL queries, shell commands, network scanning, and so on.
CAPEC-183: IMAP/SMTP Command Injection
An adversary exploits weaknesses in input validation on web-mail servers to execute commands on the IMAP/SMTP server. Web-mail servers often sit between the Internet and the IMAP or SMTP mail server. User requests are received by the web-mail servers which then query the back-end mail server for the requested information and return this response to the user. In an IMAP/SMTP command injection attack, mail-server commands are embedded in parts of the request sent to the web-mail server. If the web-mail server fails to adequately sanitize these requests, these commands are then sent to the back-end mail server when it is queried by the web-mail server, where the commands are then executed. This attack can be especially dangerous since administrators may assume that the back-end server is protected against direct Internet access and therefore may not secure it adequately against the execution of malicious commands.
CAPEC-248: Command Injection
An adversary looking to execute a command of their choosing, injects new items into an existing command thus modifying interpretation away from what was intended. Commands in this context are often standalone strings that are interpreted by a downstream component and cause specific responses. This type of attack is possible when untrusted values are used to build these command strings. Weaknesses in input validation or command construction can enable the attack and lead to successful exploitation.
CAPEC-40: Manipulating Writeable Terminal Devices
This attack exploits terminal devices that allow themselves to be written to by other users. The attacker sends command strings to the target terminal device hoping that the target user will hit enter and thereby execute the malicious command with their privileges. The attacker can send the results (such as copying /etc/passwd) to a known directory and collect once the attack has succeeded.
CAPEC-43: Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers
An attacker supplies the target software with input data that contains sequences of special characters designed to bypass input validation logic. This exploit relies on the target making multiples passes over the input data and processing a "layer" of special characters with each pass. In this manner, the attacker can disguise input that would otherwise be rejected as invalid by concealing it with layers of special/escape characters that are stripped off by subsequent processing steps. The goal is to first discover cases where the input validation layer executes before one or more parsing layers. That is, user input may go through the following logic in an application: <parser1> --> <input validator> --> <parser2>. In such cases, the attacker will need to provide input that will pass through the input validator, but after passing through parser2, will be converted into something that the input validator was supposed to stop.
CAPEC-75: Manipulating Writeable Configuration Files
Generally these are manually edited files that are not in the preview of the system administrators, any ability on the attackers' behalf to modify these files, for example in a CVS repository, gives unauthorized access directly to the application, the same as authorized users.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.