CWE-77
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product constructs all or part of a command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended command when it is sent to a downstream component.
5412 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-4VGM-CQ4R-3FHG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-10 06:30 – Updated: 2026-05-10 06:30A security vulnerability has been detected in Wavlink NU516U1 240425. Impacted is the function advance of the file /cgi-bin/wireless.cgi. Such manipulation of the argument wlan_conf/Channel/skiplist/ieee_80211h leads to os command injection. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed publicly and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-8228"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-10T05:16:12Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "A security vulnerability has been detected in Wavlink NU516U1 240425. Impacted is the function advance of the file /cgi-bin/wireless.cgi. Such manipulation of the argument wlan_conf/Channel/skiplist/ieee_80211h leads to os command injection. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed publicly and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure.",
"id": "GHSA-4vgm-cq4r-3fhg",
"modified": "2026-05-10T06:30:20Z",
"published": "2026-05-10T06:30:20Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-8228"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/wudipjq/my_vuln/blob/main/Wavlink/vuln_7/7.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/800733"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/362445"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/362445/cti"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-4VJ9-2VVG-M523
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-17 12:30 – Updated: 2025-09-16 18:31Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command vulnerability allows OS Command Injection via RCE.
This issue affects Pandora FMS from 700 to 777.6
.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-12992"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-03-17T10:15:16Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command vulnerability allows OS Command Injection via RCE. \n\nThis issue affects Pandora FMS from 700 to 777.6\n\n.",
"id": "GHSA-4vj9-2vvg-m523",
"modified": "2025-09-16T18:31:19Z",
"published": "2025-03-17T12:30:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-12992"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://pandorafms.com/en/security/common-vulnerabilities-and-exposures"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:L/SC:L/SI:L/SA:L/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:N/AU:Y/R:U/V:C/RE:M/U:Amber",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-4VW8-623P-RPV2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-01-20 21:30 – Updated: 2024-08-06 21:30In Ruckus R310 10.5.1.0.199, Ruckus R500 10.5.1.0.199, Ruckus R600 10.5.1.0.199, Ruckus T300 10.5.1.0.199, Ruckus T301n 10.5.1.0.199, Ruckus T301s 10.5.1.0.199, SmartCell Gateway 200 (SCG200) before 3.6.2.0.795, SmartZone 100 (SZ-100) before 3.6.2.0.795, SmartZone 300 (SZ300) before 3.6.2.0.795, Virtual SmartZone (vSZ) before 3.6.2.0.795, ZoneDirector 1100 9.10.2.0.130, ZoneDirector 1200 10.2.1.0.218, ZoneDirector 3000 10.2.1.0.218, ZoneDirector 5000 10.0.1.0.151, a vulnerability allows attackers to change and set unauthorized "illegal region code" by remote code Execution command injection which leads to run illegal frequency with maxi output power. Vulnerability allows attacker to create an arbitrary amount of ssid wlans interface per radio which creates overhead over noise (the default max limit is 8 ssid only per radio in solo AP). Vulnerability allows attacker to unlock hidden regions by privilege command injection in WEB GUI.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-22662"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-01-20T19:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In Ruckus R310 10.5.1.0.199, Ruckus R500 10.5.1.0.199, Ruckus R600 10.5.1.0.199, Ruckus T300 10.5.1.0.199, Ruckus T301n 10.5.1.0.199, Ruckus T301s 10.5.1.0.199, SmartCell Gateway 200 (SCG200) before 3.6.2.0.795, SmartZone 100 (SZ-100) before 3.6.2.0.795, SmartZone 300 (SZ300) before 3.6.2.0.795, Virtual SmartZone (vSZ) before 3.6.2.0.795, ZoneDirector 1100 9.10.2.0.130, ZoneDirector 1200 10.2.1.0.218, ZoneDirector 3000 10.2.1.0.218, ZoneDirector 5000 10.0.1.0.151, a vulnerability allows attackers to change and set unauthorized \"illegal region code\" by remote code Execution command injection which leads to run illegal frequency with maxi output power. Vulnerability allows attacker to create an arbitrary amount of ssid wlans interface per radio which creates overhead over noise (the default max limit is 8 ssid only per radio in solo AP). Vulnerability allows attacker to unlock hidden regions by privilege command injection in WEB GUI.",
"id": "GHSA-4vw8-623p-rpv2",
"modified": "2024-08-06T21:30:47Z",
"published": "2023-01-20T21:30:32Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-22662"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://hdhrmi.blogspot.com/2020/03/multiple-vulnerabilities-in-ruckus.html?m=1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.ruckuswireless.com/security_bulletins/302"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-4W4W-JRGW-JR5H
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-07-23 00:00 – Updated: 2022-07-30 00:00The affected product is vulnerable to two instances of command injection, which may allow an attacker to remotely execute arbitrary code.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-2143"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-07-22T15:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "The affected product is vulnerable to two instances of command injection, which may allow an attacker to remotely execute arbitrary code.",
"id": "GHSA-4w4w-jrgw-jr5h",
"modified": "2022-07-30T00:00:43Z",
"published": "2022-07-23T00:00:22Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-2143"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/uscert/ics/advisories/icsa-22-179-03"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/168108/Advantech-iView-NetworkServlet-Command-Injection.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-4W5R-XGQV-25RR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:31 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:31Improper neutralization of argument delimiters in a command in Nagios XI 5.7.3 allows a remote, authenticated admin user to write to arbitrary files and ultimately execute code with the privileges of the apache user.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-5792"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77",
"CWE-88"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-10-20T22:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Improper neutralization of argument delimiters in a command in Nagios XI 5.7.3 allows a remote, authenticated admin user to write to arbitrary files and ultimately execute code with the privileges of the apache user.",
"id": "GHSA-4w5r-xgqv-25rr",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:31:51Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:31:51Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-5792"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.tenable.com/security/research/tra-2020-58"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/162284/Nagios-XI-5.7.3-Remote-Code-Execution.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-4W64-5P7Q-5Q96
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:17 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:17A remote arbitrary command execution vulnerability was discovered in Aruba ClearPass Policy Manager version(s): ClearPass Policy Manager 6.10.x prior to 6.10.2 - - ClearPass Policy Manager 6.9.x prior to 6.9.7-HF1 - - ClearPass Policy Manager 6.8.x prior to 6.8.9-HF1. Aruba has released patches for ClearPass Policy Manager that address this security vulnerability.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-40999"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-10-15T12:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A remote arbitrary command execution vulnerability was discovered in Aruba ClearPass Policy Manager version(s): ClearPass Policy Manager 6.10.x prior to 6.10.2 - - ClearPass Policy Manager 6.9.x prior to 6.9.7-HF1 - - ClearPass Policy Manager 6.8.x prior to 6.8.9-HF1. Aruba has released patches for ClearPass Policy Manager that address this security vulnerability.",
"id": "GHSA-4w64-5p7q-5q96",
"modified": "2022-05-24T19:17:45Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:17:45Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-40999"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.arubanetworks.com/assets/alert/ARUBA-PSA-2021-018.txt"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-4W7H-GPMH-M45H
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-03-27 21:30 – Updated: 2024-03-27 21:30A vulnerability has been found in Tenda FH1203 2.0.1.6 and classified as critical. This vulnerability affects the function formWriteFacMac of the file /goform/WriteFacMac. The manipulation of the argument mac leads to command injection. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-258160. NOTE: The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-2991"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-03-27T19:15:49Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability has been found in Tenda FH1203 2.0.1.6 and classified as critical. This vulnerability affects the function formWriteFacMac of the file /goform/WriteFacMac. The manipulation of the argument mac leads to command injection. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-258160. NOTE: The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
"id": "GHSA-4w7h-gpmh-m45h",
"modified": "2024-03-27T21:30:47Z",
"published": "2024-03-27T21:30:47Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-2991"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/abcdefg-png/IoT-vulnerable/blob/main/Tenda/FH/FH1203/formWriteFacMac.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.258160"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.258160"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.301366"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-4W7Q-F6RR-2P4R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-15 18:31 – Updated: 2026-04-15 18:31A vulnerability in Cisco Identity Services Engine (ISE) could allow an authenticated, remote attacker to execute arbitrary commands on the underlying operating system of an affected device. To exploit this vulnerability, the attacker must have at least Read Only Admin credentials.
This vulnerability is due to insufficient validation of user-supplied input. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending a crafted HTTP request to an affected device. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to obtain user-level access to the underlying operating system and then elevate privileges to root. In single-node ISE deployments, successful exploitation of these vulnerabilities could cause the affected ISE node to become unavailable, resulting in a denial of service (DoS) condition. In that condition, endpoints that have not already authenticated would be unable to access the network until the node is restored.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-20186"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-15T17:17:03Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "A vulnerability in Cisco Identity Services Engine (ISE) could allow an authenticated, remote attacker to execute arbitrary commands on the underlying operating system of an affected device. To exploit this vulnerability, the attacker must have at least Read Only Admin credentials.\n\nThis vulnerability is due to insufficient validation of user-supplied input. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending a crafted HTTP request to an affected device. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to obtain user-level access to the underlying operating system and then elevate privileges to\u0026nbsp;root. In single-node ISE deployments, successful exploitation of these vulnerabilities could cause the affected ISE node to become unavailable, resulting in a denial of service (DoS) condition. In that condition, endpoints that have not already authenticated would be unable to access the network until the node is restored.",
"id": "GHSA-4w7q-f6rr-2p4r",
"modified": "2026-04-15T18:31:58Z",
"published": "2026-04-15T18:31:58Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-20186"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://sec.cloudapps.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-ise-rce-4fverepv"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-4WCM-7HJF-6XW5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-10 21:37 – Updated: 2025-09-10 21:37The npm package interactive-git-checkout is an interactive command-line tool that allows users to checkout a git branch while it prompts for the branch name on the command-line. It is available as an npm package and can be installed via npm install -g interactive-git-checkout.
Resources: * Project's npm package: https://www.npmjs.com/package/interactive-git-checkout
Command Injection Vulnerability
The interactive-git-checkout tool is vulnerable to a command injection vulnerability because it passes the branch name to the git checkout command using the Node.js child process module's exec() function without proper input validation or sanitization.
The following vulnerable code snippets demonstrates the issue:
const { exec: execCb } = require('child_process');
const { promisify } = require('util');
const exec = promisify(execCb);
module.exports = async (targetBranch) => {
const { stdout, stderr } = await exec(`git checkout ${targetBranch}`);
process.stderr.write(stderr);
process.stdout.write(stdout);
};
Exploit Proof of Concept
- Install the
interactive-git-checkoutpackage (as suggested by the package's README):
npm install --global interactive-git-checkout
- Run the executable exposed by the installed package:
$ igc
- When prompted, enter the following branch name:
hello ; echo 'Command Injection Vulnerability Exploited!' > /tmp/command-injection.txt; #
Vulnerable versions
All versions of interactive-git-checkout are vulnerable to this issue, up to and including to the latest version of 1.1.4.
Author
Liran Tal
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "interactive-git-checkout"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "1.1.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-59046"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-09-10T21:37:00Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-09-09T23:15:37Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "The npm package `interactive-git-checkout` is an interactive command-line tool that allows users to checkout a git branch while it prompts for the branch name on the command-line. It is available as an npm package and can be installed via `npm install -g interactive-git-checkout`.\n\nResources: \n * Project\u0027s npm package: https://www.npmjs.com/package/interactive-git-checkout\n \n## Command Injection Vulnerability\n\nThe `interactive-git-checkout` tool is vulnerable to a command injection vulnerability because it passes the branch name to the `git checkout` command using the Node.js child process module\u0027s `exec()` function without proper input validation or sanitization.\n\nThe following vulnerable code snippets demonstrates the issue:\n\n```js\nconst { exec: execCb } = require(\u0027child_process\u0027);\nconst { promisify } = require(\u0027util\u0027);\n\nconst exec = promisify(execCb);\n\nmodule.exports = async (targetBranch) =\u003e {\n const { stdout, stderr } = await exec(`git checkout ${targetBranch}`);\n process.stderr.write(stderr);\n process.stdout.write(stdout);\n};\n```\n\n## Exploit Proof of Concept\n\n1. Install the `interactive-git-checkout` package (as suggested by the package\u0027s README):\n\n```bash\nnpm install --global interactive-git-checkout\n```\n\n2. Run the executable exposed by the installed package:\n\n```bash\n$ igc\n```\n\n3. When prompted, enter the following branch name:\n\n```bash\nhello ; echo \u0027Command Injection Vulnerability Exploited!\u0027 \u003e /tmp/command-injection.txt; #\n```\n\n## Vulnerable versions\n\nAll versions of interactive-git-checkout are vulnerable to this issue, up to and including to the latest version of `1.1.4`.\n\n# Author\n\nLiran Tal",
"id": "GHSA-4wcm-7hjf-6xw5",
"modified": "2025-09-10T21:37:00Z",
"published": "2025-09-10T21:37:00Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ninofiliu/interactive-git-checkout/security/advisories/GHSA-4wcm-7hjf-6xw5"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-59046"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ninofiliu/interactive-git-checkout/commit/8dd832dd302af287a61611f4f85e157cd1c6bb41"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/ninofiliu/interactive-git-checkout"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "interactive-git-checkout has a Command Injection vulnerability"
}
GHSA-4WFV-VF72-F6XJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:43 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:43Insufficient data validation in crosh could lead to a command injection under chronos privileges in Networking in Google Chrome on Chrome OS prior to 61.0.3163.113 allowed a local attacker to execute arbitrary code via a crafted HTML page.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-15403"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-01-09T19:29:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Insufficient data validation in crosh could lead to a command injection under chronos privileges in Networking in Google Chrome on Chrome OS prior to 61.0.3163.113 allowed a local attacker to execute arbitrary code via a crafted HTML page.",
"id": "GHSA-4wfv-vf72-f6xj",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:43:45Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:43:45Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-15403"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2017/10/stable-channel-updates-for-chrome-os.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://crbug.com/766271"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.
Mitigation
If possible, ensure that all external commands called from the program are statically created.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation
Run time: Run time policy enforcement may be used in an allowlist fashion to prevent use of any non-sanctioned commands.
Mitigation
Assign permissions that prevent the user from accessing/opening privileged files.
CAPEC-136: LDAP Injection
An attacker manipulates or crafts an LDAP query for the purpose of undermining the security of the target. Some applications use user input to create LDAP queries that are processed by an LDAP server. For example, a user might provide their username during authentication and the username might be inserted in an LDAP query during the authentication process. An attacker could use this input to inject additional commands into an LDAP query that could disclose sensitive information. For example, entering a * in the aforementioned query might return information about all users on the system. This attack is very similar to an SQL injection attack in that it manipulates a query to gather additional information or coerce a particular return value.
CAPEC-15: Command Delimiters
An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that allows an attacker's commands to be concatenated onto a legitimate command with the intent of targeting other resources such as the file system or database. The system that uses a filter or denylist input validation, as opposed to allowlist validation is vulnerable to an attacker who predicts delimiters (or combinations of delimiters) not present in the filter or denylist. As with other injection attacks, the attacker uses the command delimiter payload as an entry point to tunnel through the application and activate additional attacks through SQL queries, shell commands, network scanning, and so on.
CAPEC-183: IMAP/SMTP Command Injection
An adversary exploits weaknesses in input validation on web-mail servers to execute commands on the IMAP/SMTP server. Web-mail servers often sit between the Internet and the IMAP or SMTP mail server. User requests are received by the web-mail servers which then query the back-end mail server for the requested information and return this response to the user. In an IMAP/SMTP command injection attack, mail-server commands are embedded in parts of the request sent to the web-mail server. If the web-mail server fails to adequately sanitize these requests, these commands are then sent to the back-end mail server when it is queried by the web-mail server, where the commands are then executed. This attack can be especially dangerous since administrators may assume that the back-end server is protected against direct Internet access and therefore may not secure it adequately against the execution of malicious commands.
CAPEC-248: Command Injection
An adversary looking to execute a command of their choosing, injects new items into an existing command thus modifying interpretation away from what was intended. Commands in this context are often standalone strings that are interpreted by a downstream component and cause specific responses. This type of attack is possible when untrusted values are used to build these command strings. Weaknesses in input validation or command construction can enable the attack and lead to successful exploitation.
CAPEC-40: Manipulating Writeable Terminal Devices
This attack exploits terminal devices that allow themselves to be written to by other users. The attacker sends command strings to the target terminal device hoping that the target user will hit enter and thereby execute the malicious command with their privileges. The attacker can send the results (such as copying /etc/passwd) to a known directory and collect once the attack has succeeded.
CAPEC-43: Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers
An attacker supplies the target software with input data that contains sequences of special characters designed to bypass input validation logic. This exploit relies on the target making multiples passes over the input data and processing a "layer" of special characters with each pass. In this manner, the attacker can disguise input that would otherwise be rejected as invalid by concealing it with layers of special/escape characters that are stripped off by subsequent processing steps. The goal is to first discover cases where the input validation layer executes before one or more parsing layers. That is, user input may go through the following logic in an application: <parser1> --> <input validator> --> <parser2>. In such cases, the attacker will need to provide input that will pass through the input validator, but after passing through parser2, will be converted into something that the input validator was supposed to stop.
CAPEC-75: Manipulating Writeable Configuration Files
Generally these are manually edited files that are not in the preview of the system administrators, any ability on the attackers' behalf to modify these files, for example in a CVS repository, gives unauthorized access directly to the application, the same as authorized users.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.