CWE-693
DiscouragedProtection Mechanism Failure
Abstraction: Pillar · Status: Draft
The product does not use or incorrectly uses a protection mechanism that provides sufficient defense against directed attacks against the product.
1283 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-5JVH-F3CF-9V22
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-22 21:32 – Updated: 2026-07-24 21:32An issue in OhSoft CoffeeZip v4.8.0.0 allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via downloading and executing a crafted archive file.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-44090"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-693"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-07-22T21:17:11Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An issue in OhSoft CoffeeZip v4.8.0.0 allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via downloading and executing a crafted archive file.",
"id": "GHSA-5jvh-f3cf-9v22",
"modified": "2026-07-24T21:32:21Z",
"published": "2026-07-22T21:32:08Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-44090"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/OV-0-VO/Public-references/blob/main/CVE-2025-44090.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://ohsoft.net/update/download.php"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-5P5M-29W3-GFF8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-15 21:31 – Updated: 2026-09-15 21:31In multiple functions of arm-smmu-v3.c, there is a possible escalation of privilege due to a logic error in the code. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with System execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-58767"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-693"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-09-15T19:17:34Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In multiple functions of arm-smmu-v3.c, there is a possible escalation of privilege due to a logic error in the code. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with System execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.",
"id": "GHSA-5p5m-29w3-gff8",
"modified": "2026-09-15T21:31:19Z",
"published": "2026-09-15T21:31:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-58767"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://source.android.com/docs/security/bulletin/pixel/2026/2026-09-01"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-5P65-6HM5-C89P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-04 12:30 – Updated: 2026-07-04 12:30A security flaw has been discovered in NousResearch hermes-agent up to 0.15.2. The affected element is the function shell.exec of the file tui_gateway/server.py. The manipulation results in protection mechanism failure. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit has been released to the public and may be used for attacks. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-14625"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-693"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-07-04T12:16:53Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "A security flaw has been discovered in NousResearch hermes-agent up to 0.15.2. The affected element is the function shell.exec of the file tui_gateway/server.py. The manipulation results in protection mechanism failure. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit has been released to the public and may be used for attacks. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
"id": "GHSA-5p65-6hm5-c89p",
"modified": "2026-07-04T12:30:28Z",
"published": "2026-07-04T12:30:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-14625"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gist.github.com/YLChen-007/3b11589740dcf16b152b0929e1b3d024"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-14625"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/845595"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/376141"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/376141/cti"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-5Q8C-4C69-36XR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-14 21:32 – Updated: 2026-07-14 21:32Protection mechanism failure in Visual Studio allows an unauthorized attacker to execute code locally.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-47305"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-693"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-07-14T19:17:08Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Protection mechanism failure in Visual Studio allows an unauthorized attacker to execute code locally.",
"id": "GHSA-5q8c-4c69-36xr",
"modified": "2026-07-14T21:32:16Z",
"published": "2026-07-14T21:32:16Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-47305"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2026-47305"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-5QFR-J674-96HC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:35 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:35A vulnerability in the detection engine of Cisco Firepower System Software could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to bypass file policies that are configured to block files transmitted to an affected device via the BitTorrent protocol. The vulnerability exists because the affected software does not detect BitTorrent handshake messages correctly. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending a crafted BitTorrent connection request to an affected device. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to bypass file policies that are configured to block files transmitted to the affected device via the BitTorrent protocol. Cisco Bug IDs: CSCve26946.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-0138"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-693"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-02-08T07:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability in the detection engine of Cisco Firepower System Software could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to bypass file policies that are configured to block files transmitted to an affected device via the BitTorrent protocol. The vulnerability exists because the affected software does not detect BitTorrent handshake messages correctly. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending a crafted BitTorrent connection request to an affected device. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to bypass file policies that are configured to block files transmitted to the affected device via the BitTorrent protocol. Cisco Bug IDs: CSCve26946.",
"id": "GHSA-5qfr-j674-96hc",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:35:45Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:35:45Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-0138"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-20180207-fss"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/102978"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-5QJ7-CV36-4GXH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-16 15:32 – Updated: 2025-11-03 21:34This vulnerability affects Firefox < 143, Firefox ESR < 140.3, Thunderbird < 143, and Thunderbird < 140.3.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-10528"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-693"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-09-16T13:15:45Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "This vulnerability affects Firefox \u003c 143, Firefox ESR \u003c 140.3, Thunderbird \u003c 143, and Thunderbird \u003c 140.3.",
"id": "GHSA-5qj7-cv36-4gxh",
"modified": "2025-11-03T21:34:34Z",
"published": "2025-09-16T15:32:34Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-10528"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1986185"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/09/msg00020.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/09/msg00026.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2025-73"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2025-75"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2025-77"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2025-78"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-5R37-CPM2-C6PR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-01 00:34 – Updated: 2026-07-01 18:31Inappropriate implementation in Safe Browsing in Google Chrome on iOS prior to 150.0.7871.47 allowed a remote attacker to bypass navigation restrictions via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-13904"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-693"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-30T23:17:04Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Inappropriate implementation in Safe Browsing in Google Chrome on iOS prior to 150.0.7871.47 allowed a remote attacker to bypass navigation restrictions via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: Medium)",
"id": "GHSA-5r37-cpm2-c6pr",
"modified": "2026-07-01T18:31:32Z",
"published": "2026-07-01T00:34:05Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-13904"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2026/06/stable-channel-update-for-desktop_0175352312.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://issues.chromium.org/issues/504185807"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-5R74-PGMQ-92MM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:15 – Updated: 2022-06-01 19:46A sandbox bypass vulnerability exists in Jenkins Job DSL Plugin 1.71 and earlier in job-dsl-core/src/main/groovy/javaposse/jobdsl/dsl/AbstractDslScriptLoader.groovy, job-dsl-plugin/build.gradle, job-dsl-plugin/src/main/groovy/javaposse/jobdsl/plugin/JobDslWhitelist.groovy, job-dsl-plugin/src/main/groovy/javaposse/jobdsl/plugin/SandboxDslScriptLoader.groovy that allows attackers with control over Job DSL definitions to execute arbitrary code on the Jenkins master JVM.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.jenkins-ci.plugins:job-dsl"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.72"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-1003034"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-693"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-06-01T19:46:05Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2019-03-08T21:29:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "A sandbox bypass vulnerability exists in Jenkins Job DSL Plugin 1.71 and earlier in job-dsl-core/src/main/groovy/javaposse/jobdsl/dsl/AbstractDslScriptLoader.groovy, job-dsl-plugin/build.gradle, job-dsl-plugin/src/main/groovy/javaposse/jobdsl/plugin/JobDslWhitelist.groovy, job-dsl-plugin/src/main/groovy/javaposse/jobdsl/plugin/SandboxDslScriptLoader.groovy that allows attackers with control over Job DSL definitions to execute arbitrary code on the Jenkins master JVM.",
"id": "GHSA-5r74-pgmq-92mm",
"modified": "2022-06-01T19:46:05Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:15:07Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-1003034"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/jenkinsci/job-dsl-plugin/commit/a2dc2def098cd6e91df0981fdf838fb44a991496"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2019:0739"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/jenkinsci/job-dsl-plugin"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://jenkins.io/security/advisory/2019-03-06/#SECURITY-1342"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/107476"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Script security sandbox bypass in Jenkins Job DSL Plugin"
}
GHSA-5V5V-WW74-355V
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-30 18:42 – Updated: 2026-06-30 18:42Description
This is a residual bypass of CVE-2026-47732 / GHSA-pr2w-4gpj-cpq4 left after the initial fix for unguarded __toString() calls.
In 3.26.0 the sandbox visitor was extended to wrap every child node that its parent will string-coerce at runtime with CheckToStringNode, gated by the new CoercesChildrenToStringInterface. ArrayExpression did not implement the interface for its mapping keys: when a dynamic key expression resolves to a Stringable object, ArrayExpression::compile() emits a raw (string) cast (via StringCastUnary for ContextVariable keys, and no cast at all for richer key expressions). PHP then invokes __toString() directly, without ever calling SandboxExtension::ensureToStringAllowed().
A sandboxed template author can therefore trigger __toString() on any object reachable in the render context by using it as a dynamic mapping key, for example:
{% set arr = {(obj): "value"} %}
Direct output of the same object is correctly blocked, which makes this a clear policy enforcement gap. The reliable demonstrated impact is unauthorised disclosure of data returned by __toString().
Resolution
ArrayExpression now declares its dynamic mapping keys as string-coercion sites through CoercesChildrenToStringInterface, so the sandbox visitor wraps them with CheckToStringNode and the policy is consulted before PHP coerces the key to a string. The compiler also keeps an explicit (string) cast around the wrapped expression so PHP type errors on non-string keys are preserved.
As a side effect, any expression is now accepted as a dynamic mapping key (not only context variables); this is documented as a new feature on the 3.x branch.
Credits
Twig would like to thank El Kharoubi Iosif for reporting the issue and Fabien Potencier for providing the fix.
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 3.26.0"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "twig/twig"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.27.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-48806"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-693",
"CWE-863"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-06-30T18:42:49Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Description\n\nThis is a residual bypass of CVE-2026-47732 / GHSA-pr2w-4gpj-cpq4 left after the initial fix for unguarded `__toString()` calls.\n\nIn 3.26.0 the sandbox visitor was extended to wrap every child node that its parent will string-coerce at runtime with `CheckToStringNode`, gated by the new `CoercesChildrenToStringInterface`. `ArrayExpression` did not implement the interface for its mapping keys: when a dynamic key expression resolves to a `Stringable` object, `ArrayExpression::compile()` emits a raw `(string)` cast (via `StringCastUnary` for `ContextVariable` keys, and no cast at all for richer key expressions). PHP then invokes `__toString()` directly, without ever calling `SandboxExtension::ensureToStringAllowed()`.\n\nA sandboxed template author can therefore trigger `__toString()` on any object reachable in the render context by using it as a dynamic mapping key, for example:\n\n```twig\n{% set arr = {(obj): \"value\"} %}\n```\n\nDirect output of the same object is correctly blocked, which makes this a clear policy enforcement gap. The reliable demonstrated impact is unauthorised disclosure of data returned by `__toString()`.\n\n### Resolution\n\n`ArrayExpression` now declares its dynamic mapping keys as string-coercion sites through `CoercesChildrenToStringInterface`, so the sandbox visitor wraps them with `CheckToStringNode` and the policy is consulted before PHP coerces the key to a string. The compiler also keeps an explicit `(string)` cast around the wrapped expression so PHP type errors on non-string keys are preserved.\n\nAs a side effect, any expression is now accepted as a dynamic mapping key (not only context variables); this is documented as a new feature on the 3.x branch.\n\n### Credits\n\nTwig would like to thank El Kharoubi Iosif for reporting the issue and Fabien Potencier for providing the fix.",
"id": "GHSA-5v5v-ww74-355v",
"modified": "2026-06-30T18:42:49Z",
"published": "2026-06-30T18:42:49Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/twigphp/Twig/security/advisories/GHSA-5v5v-ww74-355v"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/FriendsOfPHP/security-advisories/blob/master/twig/twig/CVE-2026-48806.yaml"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/twigphp/Twig"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/twigphp/Twig/releases/tag/v3.27.0"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://symfony.com/blog/cve-2026-48806-sandbox-tostring-policy-bypass-via-dynamic-mapping-keys"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [],
"summary": "Twig: Sandbox `__toString()` policy bypass via dynamic mapping keys"
}
GHSA-5VM9-9XJM-4755
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-16 15:30 – Updated: 2026-03-16 15:30HCL AION is affected by a vulnerability where untrusted file parsing operations are not executed within a properly isolated sandbox environment. This may expose the application to potential security risks, including unintended behaviour or integrity impact when processing specially crafted files.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-52643"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-693"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-03-16T15:16:18Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "HCL AION is affected by a vulnerability where untrusted file parsing operations are not executed within a properly isolated sandbox environment. This may expose the application to potential security risks, including unintended behaviour or integrity impact when processing specially crafted files.",
"id": "GHSA-5vm9-9xjm-4755",
"modified": "2026-03-16T15:30:46Z",
"published": "2026-03-16T15:30:46Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-52643"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.hcl-software.com/csm?id=kb_article\u0026sysparm_article=KB0129410"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:H/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
No mitigation information available for this CWE.
CAPEC-1: Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs
In applications, particularly web applications, access to functionality is mitigated by an authorization framework. This framework maps Access Control Lists (ACLs) to elements of the application's functionality; particularly URL's for web apps. In the case that the administrator failed to specify an ACL for a particular element, an attacker may be able to access it with impunity. An attacker with the ability to access functionality not properly constrained by ACLs can obtain sensitive information and possibly compromise the entire application. Such an attacker can access resources that must be available only to users at a higher privilege level, can access management sections of the application, or can run queries for data that they otherwise not supposed to.
CAPEC-107: Cross Site Tracing
Cross Site Tracing (XST) enables an adversary to steal the victim's session cookie and possibly other authentication credentials transmitted in the header of the HTTP request when the victim's browser communicates to a destination system's web server.
CAPEC-127: Directory Indexing
An adversary crafts a request to a target that results in the target listing/indexing the content of a directory as output. One common method of triggering directory contents as output is to construct a request containing a path that terminates in a directory name rather than a file name since many applications are configured to provide a list of the directory's contents when such a request is received. An adversary can use this to explore the directory tree on a target as well as learn the names of files. This can often end up revealing test files, backup files, temporary files, hidden files, configuration files, user accounts, script contents, as well as naming conventions, all of which can be used by an attacker to mount additional attacks.
CAPEC-17: Using Malicious Files
An attack of this type exploits a system's configuration that allows an adversary to either directly access an executable file, for example through shell access; or in a possible worst case allows an adversary to upload a file and then execute it. Web servers, ftp servers, and message oriented middleware systems which have many integration points are particularly vulnerable, because both the programmers and the administrators must be in synch regarding the interfaces and the correct privileges for each interface.
CAPEC-20: Encryption Brute Forcing
An attacker, armed with the cipher text and the encryption algorithm used, performs an exhaustive (brute force) search on the key space to determine the key that decrypts the cipher text to obtain the plaintext.
CAPEC-22: Exploiting Trust in Client
An attack of this type exploits vulnerabilities in client/server communication channel authentication and data integrity. It leverages the implicit trust a server places in the client, or more importantly, that which the server believes is the client. An attacker executes this type of attack by communicating directly with the server where the server believes it is communicating only with a valid client. There are numerous variations of this type of attack.
CAPEC-237: Escaping a Sandbox by Calling Code in Another Language
The attacker may submit malicious code of another language to obtain access to privileges that were not intentionally exposed by the sandbox, thus escaping the sandbox. For instance, Java code cannot perform unsafe operations, such as modifying arbitrary memory locations, due to restrictions placed on it by the Byte code Verifier and the JVM. If allowed, Java code can call directly into native C code, which may perform unsafe operations, such as call system calls and modify arbitrary memory locations on their behalf. To provide isolation, Java does not grant untrusted code with unmediated access to native C code. Instead, the sandboxed code is typically allowed to call some subset of the pre-existing native code that is part of standard libraries.
CAPEC-36: Using Unpublished Interfaces or Functionality
An adversary searches for and invokes interfaces or functionality that the target system designers did not intend to be publicly available. If interfaces fail to authenticate requests, the attacker may be able to invoke functionality they are not authorized for.
CAPEC-477: Signature Spoofing by Mixing Signed and Unsigned Content
An attacker exploits the underlying complexity of a data structure that allows for both signed and unsigned content, to cause unsigned data to be processed as though it were signed data.
CAPEC-480: Escaping Virtualization
An adversary gains access to an application, service, or device with the privileges of an authorized or privileged user by escaping the confines of a virtualized environment. The adversary is then able to access resources or execute unauthorized code within the host environment, generally with the privileges of the user running the virtualized process. Successfully executing an attack of this type is often the first step in executing more complex attacks.
CAPEC-51: Poison Web Service Registry
SOA and Web Services often use a registry to perform look up, get schema information, and metadata about services. A poisoned registry can redirect (think phishing for servers) the service requester to a malicious service provider, provide incorrect information in schema or metadata, and delete information about service provider interfaces.
CAPEC-57: Utilizing REST's Trust in the System Resource to Obtain Sensitive Data
This attack utilizes a REST(REpresentational State Transfer)-style applications' trust in the system resources and environment to obtain sensitive data once SSL is terminated.
CAPEC-59: Session Credential Falsification through Prediction
This attack targets predictable session ID in order to gain privileges. The attacker can predict the session ID used during a transaction to perform spoofing and session hijacking.
CAPEC-65: Sniff Application Code
An adversary passively sniffs network communications and captures application code bound for an authorized client. Once obtained, they can use it as-is, or through reverse-engineering glean sensitive information or exploit the trust relationship between the client and server. Such code may belong to a dynamic update to the client, a patch being applied to a client component or any such interaction where the client is authorized to communicate with the server.
CAPEC-668: Key Negotiation of Bluetooth Attack (KNOB)
An adversary can exploit a flaw in Bluetooth key negotiation allowing them to decrypt information sent between two devices communicating via Bluetooth. The adversary uses an Adversary in the Middle setup to modify packets sent between the two devices during the authentication process, specifically the entropy bits. Knowledge of the number of entropy bits will allow the attacker to easily decrypt information passing over the line of communication.
CAPEC-74: Manipulating State
The adversary modifies state information maintained by the target software or causes a state transition in hardware. If successful, the target will use this tainted state and execute in an unintended manner.
State management is an important function within a software application. User state maintained by the application can include usernames, payment information, browsing history as well as application-specific contents such as items in a shopping cart. Manipulating user state can be employed by an adversary to elevate privilege, conduct fraudulent transactions or otherwise modify the flow of the application to derive certain benefits.
If there is a hardware logic error in a finite state machine, the adversary can use this to put the system in an undefined state which could cause a denial of service or exposure of secure data.
CAPEC-87: Forceful Browsing
An attacker employs forceful browsing (direct URL entry) to access portions of a website that are otherwise unreachable. Usually, a front controller or similar design pattern is employed to protect access to portions of a web application. Forceful browsing enables an attacker to access information, perform privileged operations and otherwise reach sections of the web application that have been improperly protected.