Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-602
Allowed-with-ReviewClient-Side Enforcement of Server-Side Security
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product is composed of a server that relies on the client to implement a mechanism that is intended to protect the server.
268 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2025-8792 (GCVE-0-2025-8792)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-08-10 03:32 – Updated: 2025-08-13 15:05
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
LitmusChaos Litmus client-side enforcement of server-side security
Summary
A vulnerability classified as problematic has been found in LitmusChaos Litmus up to 3.19.0. Affected is an unknown function. The manipulation leads to client-side enforcement of server-side security. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-08-13 15:05 UTC
CWE
- CWE-602 - Client-Side Enforcement of Server-Side Security
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/?id.319320 | vdb-entry |
| https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.319320 | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/?submit.625952 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/MaiqueSilva/VulnDB/blob/main/R… | exploit |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| LitmusChaos | Litmus |
Affected:
3.0
Affected: 3.1 Affected: 3.2 Affected: 3.3 Affected: 3.4 Affected: 3.5 Affected: 3.6 Affected: 3.7 Affected: 3.8 Affected: 3.9 Affected: 3.10 Affected: 3.11 Affected: 3.12 Affected: 3.13 Affected: 3.14 Affected: 3.15 Affected: 3.16 Affected: 3.17 Affected: 3.18 Affected: 3.19.0 |
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CVE-2025-7820 (GCVE-0-2025-7820)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-11-27 04:36 – Updated: 2026-04-08 16:38
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
SKT PayPal for WooCommerce <= 1.4 - Unauthenticated Payment Bypass
Summary
The SKT PayPal for WooCommerce plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Payment Bypass in all versions up to, and including, 1.4. This is due to the plugin only enforcing client side controls instead of server-side controls when processing payments. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to make confirmed purchases without actually paying for them.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-11-28 14:41 UTC
CWE
- CWE-602 - Client-Side Enforcement of Server-Side Security
Assigner
References
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| sonalsinha21 | SKT PayPal for WooCommerce |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 1.4
(semver)
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CVE-2025-6249 (GCVE-0-2025-6249)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-07-17 19:20 – Updated: 2025-07-17 20:06
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
An authentication bypass vulnerability was reported in FileZ client application that could allow a local attacker with elevated permissions access to application data.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-07-17 20:06 UTC
CWE
- CWE-602 - Client-Side Enforcement of Server-Side Security
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lenovo | FileZ Client |
Affected:
0 , < 11.1.0.14
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:lenovo:filez_client:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2025-6025 (GCVE-0-2025-6025)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-08-15 02:24 – Updated: 2026-04-08 17:11
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Order Tip for WooCommerce <= 1.5.4 - Unauthenticated Tip Manipulation to Negative Value Leading to Unauthorized Discounts
Summary
The Order Tip for WooCommerce plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Unauthenticated Improper Input Validation in all versions up to, and including, 1.5.4. This is due to lack of server-side validation on the `data-tip` attribute, which makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to apply an excessive or even negative tip amount, resulting in unauthorized discount up to free orders depending on the value submitted.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-08-15 12:43 UTC
CWE
- CWE-602 - Client-Side Enforcement of Server-Side Security
Assigner
References
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| railmedia | Order Tip for WooCommerce |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 1.5.4
(semver)
|
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CVE-2025-5450 (GCVE-0-2025-5450)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-07-08 15:00 – Updated: 2025-07-08 20:42
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
Improper access control in the certificate management component of Ivanti Connect Secure before version 22.7R2.8 and Ivanti Policy Secure before version 22.7R1.5 allows a remote authenticated admin with read-only rights to modify settings that should be restricted.
Severity
6.3 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-07-08 20:42 UTC
CWE
- CWE-602 - Client-Side Enforcement of Server-Side Security
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ivanti | Connect Secure |
Unaffected:
22.7R2.8
(custom)
|
|
| Ivanti | Policy Secure |
Unaffected:
22.7R1.5
(custom)
|
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CVE-2025-4527 (GCVE-0-2025-4527)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-05-11 02:00 – Updated: 2026-07-31 15:09
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Dígitro NGC Explorer Password Transmission client-side enforcement of server-side security
Summary
A security flaw has been discovered in Dígitro NGC Explorer up to 3.48.21. The impacted element is an unknown function of the component Password Transmission Handler. Performing a manipulation results in client-side enforcement of server-side security. The attack can be initiated remotely. The complexity of an attack is rather high. The exploitability is regarded as difficult. Upgrading to version 3.48.22 is sufficient to resolve this issue. Upgrading the affected component is recommended. The action taken by the vendor is: "Strengthening of security validation performed on the server side, together with improvements to administrative and authentication controls." The vulnerabilities are limited to NGC Explorer and do not affect other Dígitro products, including UNA and Guardião.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-05-12 14:37 UTC
CWE
- CWE-602 - Client-Side Enforcement of Server-Side Security
Assigner
References
7 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/308272 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/308272/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2025-4527 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/565308 | third-party-advisory |
| https://digitro.com/esclarecimentos-recomendacoes… | related |
| https://digitro.com/recomendacao-10-2026-ctir-gov/ | patch |
| https://www.gov.br/ctir/pt-br/assuntos/alertas-e-… | broken-link |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dígitro | NGC Explorer |
Affected:
3.48.0
Affected: 3.48.1 Affected: 3.48.2 Affected: 3.48.3 Affected: 3.48.4 Affected: 3.48.5 Affected: 3.48.6 Affected: 3.48.7 Affected: 3.48.8 Affected: 3.48.9 Affected: 3.48.10 Affected: 3.48.11 Affected: 3.48.12 Affected: 3.48.13 Affected: 3.48.14 Affected: 3.48.15 Affected: 3.48.16 Affected: 3.48.17 Affected: 3.48.18 Affected: 3.48.19 Affected: 3.48.20 Affected: 3.48.21 Unaffected: 3.48.22 cpe:2.3:a:d_gitro:ngc_explorer:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2025-2139 (GCVE-0-2025-2139)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-10-12 13:35 – Updated: 2025-10-14 14:48
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
IBM Engineering Requirements Management Doors Next security bypass
Summary
IBM Engineering Requirements Management Doors Next 7.0.2, 7.0.3, and 7.1 could allow an authenticated user on the network to delete reviews from other users due to client-side enforcement of server-side security.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-10-14 14:48 UTC
CWE
- CWE-602 - Client-Side Enforcement of Server-Side Security
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7247716 | vendor-advisorypatch |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| IBM | Engineering Requirements Management Doors Next |
Affected:
7.0.2
Affected: 7.0.3 Affected: 7.1 cpe:2.3:a:ibm:engineering_requirements_management_doors_next:7.0.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:engineering_requirements_management_doors_next:7.0.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:engineering_requirements_management_doors_next:7.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2025-2138 (GCVE-0-2025-2138)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-10-12 13:37 – Updated: 2025-10-14 15:10
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
IBM Engineering Requirements Management Doors Next data modification
Summary
IBM Engineering Requirements Management Doors Next 7.0.2, 7.0.3, and 7.1
could allow an authenticated user on the network to delete comments from other users due to client-side enforcement of server-side security.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-10-14 15:10 UTC
CWE
- CWE-602 - Client-Side Enforcement of Server-Side Security
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7247716 | vendor-advisorypatch |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| IBM | Engineering Requirements Management Doors Next |
Affected:
7.0.2
Affected: 7.0.3 Affected: 7.1 cpe:2.3:a:ibm:engineering_requirements_management_doors_next:7.0.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:engineering_requirements_management_doors_next:7.0.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:engineering_requirements_management_doors_next:7.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2025-1838 (GCVE-0-2025-1838)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-05-03 18:23 – Updated: 2025-08-28 14:28
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
IBM Cloud Pak for Business Automation denial of service
Summary
IBM Cloud Pak for Business Automation
24.0.0 and 24.0.1 through 24.0.1 IF001
Authoring allows an authenticated user to bypass client-side data validation in an authoring user interface which could cause a denial of service.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-05-05 14:40 UTC
CWE
- CWE-602 - Client-Side Enforcement of Server-Side Security
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7232429 | vendor-advisorypatch |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| IBM | Cloud Pak for Business Automation |
Affected:
24.0.1 , ≤ 24.0.1 IF001
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CVE-2024-52960 (GCVE-0-2024-52960)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-03-11 14:54 – Updated: 2026-01-14 14:15
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
A client-side enforcement of server-side security vulnerability [CWE-602] in Fortinet FortiSandbox version 5.0.0, 4.4.0 through 4.4.6 and before 4.2.7 allows an authenticated attacker with at least read-only permission to execute unauthorized commands via crafted requests.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-03-11 16:02 UTC
CWE
- CWE-602 - Improper access control
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fortinet | FortiSandbox |
Affected:
5.0.0
Affected: 4.4.0 , ≤ 4.4.6 (semver) Affected: 4.2.1 , ≤ 4.2.7 (semver) Affected: 4.0.0 , ≤ 4.0.6 (semver) Affected: 3.2.0 , ≤ 3.2.4 (semver) Affected: 3.1.0 , ≤ 3.1.5 (semver) Affected: 3.0.0 , ≤ 3.0.7 (semver) cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortisandbox:5.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortisandbox:4.4.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortisandbox:4.4.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortisandbox:4.4.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortisandbox:4.4.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortisandbox:4.4.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortisandbox:4.4.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortisandbox:4.4.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortisandbox:4.2.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortisandbox:4.2.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortisandbox:4.2.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortisandbox:4.2.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortisandbox:4.2.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortisandbox:4.2.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortisandbox:4.2.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortisandbox:4.0.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortisandbox:4.0.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortisandbox:4.0.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortisandbox:4.0.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortisandbox:4.0.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortisandbox:4.0.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortisandbox:4.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortisandbox:3.2.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortisandbox:3.2.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortisandbox:3.2.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortisandbox:3.2.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortisandbox:3.2.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortisandbox:3.1.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortisandbox:3.1.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortisandbox:3.1.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortisandbox:3.1.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortisandbox:3.1.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortisandbox:3.1.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortisandbox:3.0.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortisandbox:3.0.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortisandbox:3.0.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortisandbox:3.0.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortisandbox:3.0.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortisandbox:3.0.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortisandbox:3.0.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortisandbox:3.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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"cvssV3_1": {
"attackComplexity": "LOW",
"attackVector": "NETWORK",
"availabilityImpact": "NONE",
"baseScore": 4.2,
"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
"confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
"integrityImpact": "LOW",
"privilegesRequired": "LOW",
"scope": "UNCHANGED",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N/E:F/RL:X/RC:X",
"version": "3.1"
},
"format": "CVSS"
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-602",
"description": "Improper access control",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-01-14T14:15:51.294Z",
"orgId": "6abe59d8-c742-4dff-8ce8-9b0ca1073da8",
"shortName": "fortinet"
},
"references": [
{
"name": "https://fortiguard.fortinet.com/psirt/FG-IR-24-305",
"url": "https://fortiguard.fortinet.com/psirt/FG-IR-24-305"
}
],
"solutions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "Upgrade to FortiSandbox version 5.0.1 or above\nUpgrade to FortiSandbox version 4.4.7 or above\nUpgrade to FortiSandbox version 4.2.8 or above"
}
]
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "6abe59d8-c742-4dff-8ce8-9b0ca1073da8",
"assignerShortName": "fortinet",
"cveId": "CVE-2024-52960",
"datePublished": "2025-03-11T14:54:35.614Z",
"dateReserved": "2024-11-18T13:36:52.464Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-01-14T14:15:51.294Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2"
}
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
- For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
- Even though client-side checks provide minimal benefits with respect to server-side security, they are still useful. First, they can support intrusion detection. If the server receives input that should have been rejected by the client, then it may be an indication of an attack. Second, client-side error-checking can provide helpful feedback to the user about the expectations for valid input. Third, there may be a reduction in server-side processing time for accidental input errors, although this is typically a small savings.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
If some degree of trust is required between the two entities, then use integrity checking and strong authentication to ensure that the inputs are coming from a trusted source. Design the product so that this trust is managed in a centralized fashion, especially if there are complex or numerous communication channels, in order to reduce the risks that the implementer will mistakenly omit a check in a single code path.
CAPEC-162: Manipulating Hidden Fields
An adversary exploits a weakness in the server's trust of client-side processing by modifying data on the client-side, such as price information, and then submitting this data to the server, which processes the modified data. For example, eShoplifting is a data manipulation attack against an on-line merchant during a purchasing transaction. The manipulation of price, discount or quantity fields in the transaction message allows the adversary to acquire items at a lower cost than the merchant intended. The adversary performs a normal purchasing transaction but edits hidden fields within the HTML form response that store price or other information to give themselves a better deal. The merchant then uses the modified pricing information in calculating the cost of the selected items.
CAPEC-202: Create Malicious Client
An adversary creates a client application to interface with a target service where the client violates assumptions the service makes about clients. Services that have designated client applications (as opposed to services that use general client applications, such as IMAP or POP mail servers which can interact with any IMAP or POP client) may assume that the client will follow specific procedures.
CAPEC-207: Removing Important Client Functionality
An adversary removes or disables functionality on the client that the server assumes to be present and trustworthy.
CAPEC-208: Removing/short-circuiting 'Purse' logic: removing/mutating 'cash' decrements
An attacker removes or modifies the logic on a client associated with monetary calculations resulting in incorrect information being sent to the server. A server may rely on a client to correctly compute monetary information. For example, a server might supply a price for an item and then rely on the client to correctly compute the total cost of a purchase given the number of items the user is buying. If the attacker can remove or modify the logic that controls these calculations, they can return incorrect values to the server. The attacker can use this to make purchases for a fraction of the legitimate cost or otherwise avoid correct billing for activities.
CAPEC-21: Exploitation of Trusted Identifiers
An adversary guesses, obtains, or "rides" a trusted identifier (e.g. session ID, resource ID, cookie, etc.) to perform authorized actions under the guise of an authenticated user or service.
CAPEC-31: Accessing/Intercepting/Modifying HTTP Cookies
This attack relies on the use of HTTP Cookies to store credentials, state information and other critical data on client systems. There are several different forms of this attack. The first form of this attack involves accessing HTTP Cookies to mine for potentially sensitive data contained therein. The second form involves intercepting this data as it is transmitted from client to server. This intercepted information is then used by the adversary to impersonate the remote user/session. The third form is when the cookie's content is modified by the adversary before it is sent back to the server. Here the adversary seeks to convince the target server to operate on this falsified information.
CAPEC-383: Harvesting Information via API Event Monitoring
An adversary hosts an event within an application framework and then monitors the data exchanged during the course of the event for the purpose of harvesting any important data leaked during the transactions. One example could be harvesting lists of usernames or userIDs for the purpose of sending spam messages to those users. One example of this type of attack involves the adversary creating an event within the sub-application. Assume the adversary hosts a "virtual sale" of rare items. As other users enter the event, the attacker records via AiTM (CAPEC-94) proxy the user_ids and usernames of everyone who attends. The adversary would then be able to spam those users within the application using an automated script.
CAPEC-384: Application API Message Manipulation via Man-in-the-Middle
An attacker manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the content of messages. Performing this attack can allow the attacker to gain unauthorized privileges within the application, or conduct attacks such as phishing, deceptive strategies to spread malware, or traditional web-application attacks. The techniques require use of specialized software that allow the attacker to perform adversary-in-the-middle (CAPEC-94) communications between the web browser and the remote system. Despite the use of AiTH software, the attack is actually directed at the server, as the client is one node in a series of content brokers that pass information along to the application framework. Additionally, it is not true "Adversary-in-the-Middle" attack at the network layer, but an application-layer attack the root cause of which is the master applications trust in the integrity of code supplied by the client.
CAPEC-385: Transaction or Event Tampering via Application API Manipulation
An attacker hosts or joins an event or transaction within an application framework in order to change the content of messages or items that are being exchanged. Performing this attack allows the attacker to manipulate content in such a way as to produce messages or content that look authentic but may contain deceptive links, substitute one item or another, spoof an existing item and conduct a false exchange, or otherwise change the amounts or identity of what is being exchanged. The techniques require use of specialized software that allow the attacker to man-in-the-middle communications between the web browser and the remote system in order to change the content of various application elements. Often, items exchanged in game can be monetized via sales for coin, virtual dollars, etc. The purpose of the attack is for the attack to scam the victim by trapping the data packets involved the exchange and altering the integrity of the transfer process.
CAPEC-386: Application API Navigation Remapping
An attacker manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the destination and/or content of links/buttons displayed to a user within API messages. Performing this attack allows the attacker to manipulate content in such a way as to produce messages or content that looks authentic but contains links/buttons that point to an attacker controlled destination. Some applications make navigation remapping more difficult to detect because the actual HREF values of images, profile elements, and links/buttons are masked. One example would be to place an image in a user's photo gallery that when clicked upon redirected the user to an off-site location. Also, traditional web vulnerabilities (such as CSRF) can be constructed with remapped buttons or links. In some cases navigation remapping can be used for Phishing attacks or even means to artificially boost the page view, user site reputation, or click-fraud.
CAPEC-387: Navigation Remapping To Propagate Malicious Content
An adversary manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the content of messages and thereby circumvent the expected application logic.
CAPEC-388: Application API Button Hijacking
An attacker manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the destination and/or content of buttons displayed to a user within API messages. Performing this attack allows the attacker to manipulate content in such a way as to produce messages or content that looks authentic but contains buttons that point to an attacker controlled destination.