CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2310 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-PQ67-6M6Q-MJ2V
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-06-18 17:50 – Updated: 2025-12-22 21:33urllib3 handles redirects and retries using the same mechanism, which is controlled by the Retry object. The most common way to disable redirects is at the request level, as follows:
resp = urllib3.request("GET", "https://httpbin.org/redirect/1", redirect=False)
print(resp.status)
# 302
However, it is also possible to disable redirects, for all requests, by instantiating a PoolManager and specifying retries in a way that disable redirects:
import urllib3
http = urllib3.PoolManager(retries=0) # should raise MaxRetryError on redirect
http = urllib3.PoolManager(retries=urllib3.Retry(redirect=0)) # equivalent to the above
http = urllib3.PoolManager(retries=False) # should return the first response
resp = http.request("GET", "https://httpbin.org/redirect/1")
However, the retries parameter is currently ignored, which means all the above examples don't disable redirects.
Affected usages
Passing retries on PoolManager instantiation to disable redirects or restrict their number.
By default, requests and botocore users are not affected.
Impact
Redirects are often used to exploit SSRF vulnerabilities. An application attempting to mitigate SSRF or open redirect vulnerabilities by disabling redirects at the PoolManager level will remain vulnerable.
Remediation
You can remediate this vulnerability with the following steps:
- Upgrade to a patched version of urllib3. If your organization would benefit from the continued support of urllib3 1.x, please contact sethmichaellarson@gmail.com to discuss sponsorship or contribution opportunities.
- Disable redirects at the
request()level instead of thePoolManager()level.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "urllib3"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.5.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-50181"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-06-18T17:50:00Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-06-19T01:15:24Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "urllib3 handles redirects and retries using the same mechanism, which is controlled by the `Retry` object. The most common way to disable redirects is at the request level, as follows:\n\n```python\nresp = urllib3.request(\"GET\", \"https://httpbin.org/redirect/1\", redirect=False)\nprint(resp.status)\n# 302\n```\n\nHowever, it is also possible to disable redirects, for all requests, by instantiating a `PoolManager` and specifying `retries` in a way that disable redirects:\n\n```python\nimport urllib3\n\nhttp = urllib3.PoolManager(retries=0) # should raise MaxRetryError on redirect\nhttp = urllib3.PoolManager(retries=urllib3.Retry(redirect=0)) # equivalent to the above\nhttp = urllib3.PoolManager(retries=False) # should return the first response\n\nresp = http.request(\"GET\", \"https://httpbin.org/redirect/1\")\n```\n\nHowever, the `retries` parameter is currently ignored, which means all the above examples don\u0027t disable redirects.\n\n## Affected usages\n\nPassing `retries` on `PoolManager` instantiation to disable redirects or restrict their number.\n\nBy default, requests and botocore users are not affected.\n\n## Impact\n\nRedirects are often used to exploit SSRF vulnerabilities. An application attempting to mitigate SSRF or open redirect vulnerabilities by disabling redirects at the PoolManager level will remain vulnerable.\n\n## Remediation\n\nYou can remediate this vulnerability with the following steps:\n\n * Upgrade to a patched version of urllib3. If your organization would benefit from the continued support of urllib3 1.x, please contact [sethmichaellarson@gmail.com](mailto:sethmichaellarson@gmail.com) to discuss sponsorship or contribution opportunities.\n * Disable redirects at the `request()` level instead of the `PoolManager()` level.",
"id": "GHSA-pq67-6m6q-mj2v",
"modified": "2025-12-22T21:33:21Z",
"published": "2025-06-18T17:50:00Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/security/advisories/GHSA-pq67-6m6q-mj2v"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-50181"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/commit/f05b1329126d5be6de501f9d1e3e36738bc08857"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/releases/tag/2.5.0"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "urllib3 redirects are not disabled when retries are disabled on PoolManager instantiation"
}
GHSA-PQ7G-984R-4J7X
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-12-01 00:00 – Updated: 2021-12-02 00:01An open redirect through HTML injection in confidential messages in Cryptshare before 5.1.0 allows remote attackers (with permission to provide confidential messages via Cryptshare) to redirect targeted victims to any URL via the '<meta http-equiv="refresh"' substring in the editor parameter.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-42564"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-11-30T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An open redirect through HTML injection in confidential messages in Cryptshare before 5.1.0 allows remote attackers (with permission to provide confidential messages via Cryptshare) to redirect targeted victims to any URL via the \u0027\u003cmeta http-equiv=\"refresh\"\u0027 substring in the editor parameter.",
"id": "GHSA-pq7g-984r-4j7x",
"modified": "2021-12-02T00:01:06Z",
"published": "2021-12-01T00:00:38Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-42564"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.syss.de/fileadmin/dokumente/Publikationen/Advisories/SYSS-2021-057.txt"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-PQQW-6G5G-6PQJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-15 18:30 – Updated: 2024-11-15 18:30A vulnerability in the web-based management interface of Cisco ECE could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to redirect a user to an undesired web page. This vulnerability is due to improper input validation of the URL parameters in an HTTP request that is sent to an affected system. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by persuading a user of the interface to click a crafted link. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to cause the interface to redirect the user to a specific, malicious URL. This type of vulnerability is known as an open redirect and is used in phishing attacks that get users to unknowingly visit malicious sites.Cisco has released software updates that address this vulnerability. There are no workarounds that address this vulnerability.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-20634"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-11-15T16:15:19Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability in the web-based management interface of Cisco\u0026nbsp;ECE could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to redirect a user to an undesired web page.\nThis vulnerability is due to improper input validation of the URL parameters in an HTTP request that is sent to an affected system. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by persuading a user of the interface to click a crafted link. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to cause the interface to redirect the user to a specific, malicious URL. This type of vulnerability is known as an open redirect and is used in phishing attacks that get users to unknowingly visit malicious sites.Cisco\u0026nbsp;has released software updates that address this vulnerability. There are no workarounds that address this vulnerability.",
"id": "GHSA-pqqw-6g5g-6pqj",
"modified": "2024-11-15T18:30:49Z",
"published": "2024-11-15T18:30:49Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-20634"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://sec.cloudapps.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-ece-multivulns-kbK2yVhR"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PR3P-M4HM-WQV2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-07-06 21:14 – Updated: 2024-04-04 05:45Devices using Snap One OvrC cloud are sent to a web address when accessing a web management interface using a HTTP connection. Attackers could impersonate a device and supply malicious information about the device’s web server interface. By supplying malicious parameters, an attacker could redirect the user to arbitrary and dangerous locations on the web.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-31245"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-05-22T20:15:10Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDevices using Snap One OvrC cloud are sent to a web address when accessing a web management interface using a HTTP connection. Attackers could impersonate a device and supply malicious information about the device\u2019s web server interface. By supplying malicious parameters, an attacker could redirect the user to arbitrary and dangerous locations on the web.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n",
"id": "GHSA-pr3p-m4hm-wqv2",
"modified": "2024-04-04T05:45:32Z",
"published": "2023-07-06T21:14:59Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-31245"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/icsa-23-136-01"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.control4.com/docs/product/ovrc-software/release-notes/english/latest/ovrc-software-release-notes-rev-p.pdf"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PR9X-X3M8-8FGX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-12-19 21:30 – Updated: 2022-12-19 21:30Adobe Experience Manager version 6.5.14 (and earlier) is affected by a URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability. A low-privilege authenticated attacker could leverage this vulnerability to redirect users to malicious websites. Exploitation of this issue requires user interaction.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-44488"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-12-19T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "Adobe Experience Manager version 6.5.14 (and earlier) is affected by a URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) vulnerability. A low-privilege authenticated attacker could leverage this vulnerability to redirect users to malicious websites. Exploitation of this issue requires user interaction.",
"id": "GHSA-pr9x-x3m8-8fgx",
"modified": "2022-12-19T21:30:27Z",
"published": "2022-12-19T21:30:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-44488"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://helpx.adobe.com/security/products/experience-manager/apsb22-59.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PRJW-G7WQ-RF93
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 01:44 – Updated: 2022-05-14 01:44A URL Redirection to Untrusted Site vulnerability exists in the embedded web servers in all Modicon M340, Premium, Quantum PLCs and BMXNOR0200 where a user clicking on a specially crafted link can be redirected to a URL of the attacker's choosing.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-7804"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-12-17T22:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A URL Redirection to Untrusted Site vulnerability exists in the embedded web servers in all Modicon M340, Premium, Quantum PLCs and BMXNOR0200 where a user clicking on a specially crafted link can be redirected to a URL of the attacker\u0027s choosing.",
"id": "GHSA-prjw-g7wq-rf93",
"modified": "2022-05-14T01:44:39Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T01:44:39Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-7804"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.schneider-electric.com/en/download/document/SEVD-2018-327-01"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PRRF-397V-83XH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:50 – Updated: 2022-07-07 23:23A spoofing vulnerability exists in ASP.NET Core that could lead to an open redirect, aka 'ASP.NET Core Spoofing Vulnerability'.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "NuGet",
"name": "Microsoft.AspNetCore.App"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.2.0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.2.6"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "NuGet",
"name": "Microsoft.AspNetCore.App"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.1.0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.1.12"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "NuGet",
"name": "Microsoft.AspNetCore.All"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.2.0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.2.6"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "NuGet",
"name": "Microsoft.AspNetCore.All"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.1.0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.1.12"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "NuGet",
"name": "Microsoft.AspNetCore.Server.IIS"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.2.0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.2.6"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "NuGet",
"name": "Microsoft.AspNetCore.Server.HttpSys"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.2.0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.2.6"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "NuGet",
"name": "Microsoft.AspNetCore.Server.HttpSys"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.1.0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.1.12"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-1075"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-07-07T23:23:59Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2019-07-15T19:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A spoofing vulnerability exists in ASP.NET Core that could lead to an open redirect, aka \u0027ASP.NET Core Spoofing Vulnerability\u0027.",
"id": "GHSA-prrf-397v-83xh",
"modified": "2022-07-07T23:23:59Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:50:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-1075"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/aspnet/Announcements/issues/373"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/github/advisory-database/issues/302"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://portal.msrc.microsoft.com/en-US/security-guidance/advisory/CVE-2019-1075"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Open redirect in ASP.NET Core"
}
GHSA-PV32-P5W7-P69H
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-03-28 21:30 – Updated: 2023-04-04 18:30This vulnerability allows local attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of Samsung Galaxy S21 prior to 4.5.40.5 phones. An attacker must first obtain the ability to execute low-privileged code on the target system in order to exploit this vulnerability. The specific flaw exists within the handling of redirections. An attacker can force a redirection to a site that serves malicious content. An attacker can leverage this in conjunction with other vulnerabilities to escalate privileges and execute arbitrary code in the context of the current user. Was ZDI-CAN-15918.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-1230"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-03-28T19:15:00Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "This vulnerability allows local attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of Samsung Galaxy S21 prior to 4.5.40.5 phones. An attacker must first obtain the ability to execute low-privileged code on the target system in order to exploit this vulnerability. The specific flaw exists within the handling of redirections. An attacker can force a redirection to a site that serves malicious content. An attacker can leverage this in conjunction with other vulnerabilities to escalate privileges and execute arbitrary code in the context of the current user. Was ZDI-CAN-15918.",
"id": "GHSA-pv32-p5w7-p69h",
"modified": "2023-04-04T18:30:23Z",
"published": "2023-03-28T21:30:20Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-1230"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.samsungmobile.com/serviceWeb.smsb"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-22-621"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PV5C-47PV-8G3H
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-12-29 12:30 – Updated: 2026-04-28 21:33URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability in WP Directory Kit.This issue affects WP Directory Kit: from n/a through 1.1.9.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-31229"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-12-29T10:15:09Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) vulnerability in WP Directory Kit.This issue affects WP Directory Kit: from n/a through 1.1.9.",
"id": "GHSA-pv5c-47pv-8g3h",
"modified": "2026-04-28T21:33:38Z",
"published": "2023-12-29T12:30:41Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-31229"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/wpdirectorykit/wordpress-wp-directory-kit-plugin-1-1-9-open-redirection-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PVPC-7X96-X9F5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:09 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:09Open redirect vulnerability in GroupSession (GroupSession Free edition from ver2.2.0 to the version prior to ver5.1.0, GroupSession byCloud from ver3.0.3 to the version prior to ver5.1.0, and GroupSession ZION from ver3.0.3 to the version prior to ver5.1.0) allows a remote attacker to redirect a user to an arbitrary web site and conduct a phishing attack via a specially crafted URL.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-20789"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-07-30T14:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Open redirect vulnerability in GroupSession (GroupSession Free edition from ver2.2.0 to the version prior to ver5.1.0, GroupSession byCloud from ver3.0.3 to the version prior to ver5.1.0, and GroupSession ZION from ver3.0.3 to the version prior to ver5.1.0) allows a remote attacker to redirect a user to an arbitrary web site and conduct a phishing attack via a specially crafted URL.",
"id": "GHSA-pvpc-7x96-x9f5",
"modified": "2022-05-24T19:09:24Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:09:24Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-20789"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://groupsession.jp/info/info-news/security202107"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://jvn.jp/en/jp/JVN86026700/index.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.