CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2334 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-65CH-J3GF-4M56
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-09 18:31 – Updated: 2025-09-09 18:31A vulnerability in Cisco Webex Meetings could have allowed an unauthenticated, remote attacker to redirect a targeted Webex Meetings user to an untrusted website. Cisco has addressed this vulnerability in the Cisco Webex Meetings service, and no customer action is needed.
This vulnerability existed because of insufficient validation of URLs that were included in a meeting-join URL. Prior to this vulnerability being addressed, an attacker could have exploited this vulnerability by including a URL to a website of their choosing in a specific value of a Cisco Webex Meetings join URL. A successful exploit could have allowed the attacker to redirect a targeted user to a website that was controlled by the attacker, possibly making the user more likely to believe the website was trusted by Webex and perform additional actions as part of phishing attacks.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-20291"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-09-03T18:15:33Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability in Cisco Webex Meetings could have allowed an unauthenticated, remote attacker to redirect a targeted Webex Meetings user to an untrusted website. Cisco has addressed this vulnerability in the Cisco Webex Meetings service, and no customer action is needed.\n\n This vulnerability existed because of insufficient validation of URLs that were included in a meeting-join URL. Prior to this vulnerability being addressed, an attacker could have exploited this vulnerability by including a URL to a website of their choosing in a specific value of a Cisco Webex Meetings join URL. A successful exploit could have allowed the attacker to redirect a targeted user to a website that was controlled by the attacker, possibly making the user more likely to believe the website was trusted by Webex and perform additional actions as part of phishing attacks.",
"id": "GHSA-65ch-j3gf-4m56",
"modified": "2025-09-09T18:31:12Z",
"published": "2025-09-09T18:31:12Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-20291"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://sec.cloudapps.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-webex-urlredirect-uK8dDJSZ"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-65VR-563M-2GM8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:30 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:30SAP NetWeaver AS Java, versions - 7.10, 7.11, 7.20, 7.30, 7.31, 7.40, 7.50, Start Page allows an unauthenticated remote attacker to redirect users to a malicious site due to insufficient reverse tabnabbing URL validation. The attacker could execute phishing attacks to steal credentials of the victim or to redirect users to untrusted web pages containing malware or similar malicious exploits.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-6365"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-10-15T03:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "SAP NetWeaver AS Java, versions - 7.10, 7.11, 7.20, 7.30, 7.31, 7.40, 7.50, Start Page allows an unauthenticated remote attacker to redirect users to a malicious site due to insufficient reverse tabnabbing URL validation. The attacker could execute phishing attacks to steal credentials of the victim or to redirect users to untrusted web pages containing malware or similar malicious exploits.",
"id": "GHSA-65vr-563m-2gm8",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:30:47Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:30:47Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-6365"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://launchpad.support.sap.com/#/notes/2969828"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wiki.scn.sap.com/wiki/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=558632196"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-66CM-JPVW-C835
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:05 – Updated: 2022-11-09 19:02CrushFTP through 8.3.0 is vulnerable to credentials theft via URL redirection.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-18288"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-12-26T01:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "CrushFTP through 8.3.0 is vulnerable to credentials theft via URL redirection.",
"id": "GHSA-66cm-jpvw-c835",
"modified": "2022-11-09T19:02:24Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:05:02Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-18288"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://il.linkedin.com/in/yuval-orenstein-9a6698106"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.crushftp.com/version8_build.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-66GR-XRCF-8JPQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 03:05 – Updated: 2024-04-23 17:17Confirmation forms in Drupal 7.x before 7.52 make it easier for remote authenticated users to conduct open redirect attacks via unspecified vectors.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "drupal/core"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "7.0"
},
{
"fixed": "7.52"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "drupal/core"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "8.0"
},
{
"fixed": "8.2.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2016-9451"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-04-23T17:17:38Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2016-11-25T18:59:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Confirmation forms in Drupal 7.x before 7.52 make it easier for remote authenticated users to conduct open redirect attacks via unspecified vectors.",
"id": "GHSA-66gr-xrcf-8jpq",
"modified": "2024-04-23T17:17:38Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T03:05:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-9451"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/drupal/core"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.drupal.org/SA-CORE-2016-005"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.debian.org/security/2016/dsa-3718"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/94367"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Drupal Open Redirect"
}
GHSA-66JJ-H4CX-53PQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-02-15 21:31 – Updated: 2024-12-03 18:30An Open Redirect vulnerability was found in osTicky2 below 2.2.8. osTicky (osTicket Bridge) by SmartCalc is a Joomla 3.x extension that provides Joomla fronted integration with osTicket, a popular Support ticket system. The Open Redirect vulnerability allows attackers to control the return parameter in the URL to a base64 malicious URL.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-21728"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-02-15T21:15:09Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An Open Redirect vulnerability was found in osTicky2 below 2.2.8. osTicky (osTicket Bridge) by SmartCalc is a Joomla 3.x extension that provides Joomla fronted integration with osTicket, a popular Support ticket system. The Open Redirect vulnerability allows attackers to control the return parameter in the URL to a base64 malicious URL.",
"id": "GHSA-66jj-h4cx-53pq",
"modified": "2024-12-03T18:30:59Z",
"published": "2024-02-15T21:31:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-21728"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/solracsf/osTicky"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-672H-6X89-76M5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-12-27 00:30 – Updated: 2024-09-20 17:51An open redirect vulnerability in the python package Flask-Security-Too <=5.3.2 allows attackers to redirect unsuspecting users to malicious sites via a crafted URL by abusing the ?next parameter on the /login and /register routes.
Flask-Security-Too contains logic to validate that the URL specified within the next parameter is either relative or has the same network location as the requesting URL in an attempt to prevent open redirections. Previously known examples that bypassed the validation logic such as https://example/login?next=\\\\\\github.com were patched in version 4.1.0
However, examples such as https://example/login?next=/\\github.com and https://example/login?next=\\/github.com were discovered due to how web browsers normalize slashes in URLs, which makes the package vulnerable through version <=5.3.2
Additionally, with Werkzeug >=2.1.0 the autocorrect_location_header configuration was changed to False - which means that location headers in redirects are relative by default. Thus, this issue may impact applications that were previously not impacted, if they are using Werkzeug >=2.1.0 as the WSGI layer.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "Flask-Security-Too"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "5.3.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-49438"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-01-08T21:47:12Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2023-12-26T22:15:13Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An open redirect vulnerability in the python package Flask-Security-Too \u003c=5.3.2 allows attackers to redirect unsuspecting users to malicious sites via a crafted URL by abusing the ?next parameter on the /login and /register routes.\n\nFlask-Security-Too contains logic to validate that the URL specified within the next parameter is either relative or has the same network location as the requesting URL in an attempt to prevent open redirections. Previously known examples that bypassed the validation logic such as `https://example/login?next=\\\\\\\\\\\\github.com` were patched in version 4.1.0\n\nHowever, examples such as `https://example/login?next=/\\\\github.com` and `https://example/login?next=\\\\/github.com` were discovered due to how web browsers normalize slashes in URLs, which makes the package vulnerable through version \u003c=5.3.2\n\nAdditionally, with Werkzeug \u003e=2.1.0 the autocorrect_location_header configuration was changed to False - which means that location headers in redirects are relative by default. Thus, this issue may impact applications that were previously not impacted, if they are using Werkzeug \u003e=2.1.0 as the WSGI layer.",
"id": "GHSA-672h-6x89-76m5",
"modified": "2024-09-20T17:51:44Z",
"published": "2023-12-27T00:30:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-49438"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Flask-Middleware/flask-security/commit/8b5abc4d4db9926a3d76b34b8b03255effb5e712"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/Flask-Middleware/flask-security"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/brandon-t-elliott/CVE-2023-49438"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/flask-security-too/PYSEC-2023-248.yaml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/6HCYH377TPUMUHELPI36PDS2ZM4VFIXM"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Open redirect vulnerability in Flask-Security-Too"
}
GHSA-679G-G57F-HFC6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-01-27 21:30 – Updated: 2025-01-28 21:31An issue in KuGou Technology CO. LTD KuGou Music iOS v20.0.0 allows attackers to access sensitive user information via supplying a crafted link.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-56948"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-01-27T19:15:16Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An issue in KuGou Technology CO. LTD KuGou Music iOS v20.0.0 allows attackers to access sensitive user information via supplying a crafted link.",
"id": "GHSA-679g-g57f-hfc6",
"modified": "2025-01-28T21:31:01Z",
"published": "2025-01-27T21:30:53Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-56948"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ZhouZiyi1/Vuls/blob/main/241211-KuGouMusic/241211-KuGouMusic.pdf"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-67H8-FXM4-VR72
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:49 – Updated: 2022-05-24 16:49mod_auth_mellon through 0.14.2 has an Open Redirect via the login?ReturnTo= substring, as demonstrated by omitting the // after http: in the target URL.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-13038"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-06-29T14:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "mod_auth_mellon through 0.14.2 has an Open Redirect via the login?ReturnTo= substring, as demonstrated by omitting the // after http: in the target URL.",
"id": "GHSA-67h8-fxm4-vr72",
"modified": "2022-05-24T16:49:02Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:49:02Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-13038"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Uninett/mod_auth_mellon/issues/35#issuecomment-503974885"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2023/03/msg00010.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/A5E3JVHURJJNDP63CKVX5O5MJAGCQV4K"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/XU5GVFZW3C2M4ZBL4F7UP7N24FNUCX4E"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://usn.ubuntu.com/4291-1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpuapr2022.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-67HR-7HG5-HQ6P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-02-24 00:30 – Updated: 2023-03-03 18:30SquaredUp Dashboard Server SCOM edition before 5.7.1 GA allows open redirection. (The issue was originally found in 5.5.1 GA.)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-46784"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-02-23T22:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "SquaredUp Dashboard Server SCOM edition before 5.7.1 GA allows open redirection. (The issue was originally found in 5.5.1 GA.)",
"id": "GHSA-67hr-7hg5-hq6p",
"modified": "2023-03-03T18:30:25Z",
"published": "2023-02-24T00:30:17Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-46784"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://scomsupport.squaredup.com/hc/en-us/articles/9476404091677-CVE-2022-46784-Client-side-open-redirection"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-67P9-PCXV-4MPW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-12-12 15:30 – Updated: 2022-12-13 21:30URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability in Hewlett Packard Enterprise HPE OneView Global Dashboard (OVGD).
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-37927"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-12-12T13:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) vulnerability in Hewlett Packard Enterprise HPE OneView Global Dashboard (OVGD).",
"id": "GHSA-67p9-pcxv-4mpw",
"modified": "2022-12-13T21:30:25Z",
"published": "2022-12-12T15:30:33Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-37927"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.hpe.com/hpesc/public/docDisplay?docLocale=en_US\u0026docId=hpesbhf04370en_us"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.