Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-522

Allowed-with-Review

Insufficiently Protected Credentials

Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete

The product transmits or stores authentication credentials, but it uses an insecure method that is susceptible to unauthorized interception and/or retrieval.

1820 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-5QF5-P4MH-HV7H

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-02-14 18:30 – Updated: 2025-09-05 18:31
VLAI
Details

A vulnerability exists in BIG-IP Next CNF and SPK systems that may allow access to undisclosed sensitive files.  Note: Software versions which have reached End of Technical Support (EoTS) are not evaluated

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-23306"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-522"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-02-14T17:15:13Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "\nA vulnerability exists in BIG-IP Next CNF and SPK systems that may allow access to undisclosed sensitive files.\u00a0 Note: Software versions which have reached End of Technical Support (EoTS) are not evaluated",
  "id": "GHSA-5qf5-p4mh-hv7h",
  "modified": "2025-09-05T18:31:09Z",
  "published": "2024-02-14T18:30:25Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-23306"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://my.f5.com/manage/s/article/K000137886"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-5QH8-94R2-76G9

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-03-28 21:30 – Updated: 2023-04-05 00:30
VLAI
Details

CP Plus KVMS Pro versions 2.01.0.T.190521 and prior are vulnerable to sensitive credentials being leaked because they are insufficiently protected.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-1518"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-522"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-03-28T21:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "CP Plus KVMS Pro versions 2.01.0.T.190521 and prior are vulnerable to sensitive credentials being leaked because they are insufficiently protected.",
  "id": "GHSA-5qh8-94r2-76g9",
  "modified": "2023-04-05T00:30:38Z",
  "published": "2023-03-28T21:30:17Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-1518"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/icsa-23-082-02"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-5QM4-CM2H-3CGF

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:14 – Updated: 2022-07-13 00:01
VLAI
Details

When an attacker manages to get access to the local memory, or the memory dump of a victim, for example by a social engineering attack, SAP Business Client versions - 7.0, 7.70, will allow him to read extremely sensitive data, such as credentials. This would allow the attacker to compromise the corresponding backend for which the credentials are valid.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-38150"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-312",
      "CWE-522"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-09-14T12:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "When an attacker manages to get access to the local memory, or the memory dump of a victim, for example by a social engineering attack, SAP Business Client versions - 7.0, 7.70, will allow him to read extremely sensitive data, such as credentials. This would allow the attacker to compromise the corresponding backend for which the credentials are valid.",
  "id": "GHSA-5qm4-cm2h-3cgf",
  "modified": "2022-07-13T00:01:34Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T19:14:27Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-38150"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://launchpad.support.sap.com/#/notes/3060621"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://wiki.scn.sap.com/wiki/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=585106405"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-5R5F-HCWF-R9JH

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:22 – Updated: 2022-12-29 00:49
VLAI
Summary
Secret stored in plain text by Jenkins GitHub Coverage Reporter Plugin
Details

GitHub Coverage Reporter Plugin 1.10 and earlier stores a GitHub access token in plain text in its global configuration file io.jenkins.plugins.gcr.PluginConfiguration.xml. This token can be viewed by users with access to the Jenkins controller file system.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "io.jenkins.plugins:github-coverage-reporter"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "last_affected": "1.10"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-2212"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-256",
      "CWE-522"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2022-12-29T00:49:42Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2020-07-02T15:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "GitHub Coverage Reporter Plugin 1.10 and earlier stores a GitHub access token in plain text in its global configuration file `io.jenkins.plugins.gcr.PluginConfiguration.xml`. This token can be viewed by users with access to the Jenkins controller file system.",
  "id": "GHSA-5r5f-hcwf-r9jh",
  "modified": "2022-12-29T00:49:42Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:22:19Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-2212"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/jenkinsci/github-coverage-reporter-plugin"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://jenkins.io/security/advisory/2020-07-02/#SECURITY-1632"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2020/07/02/7"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Secret stored in plain text by Jenkins GitHub Coverage Reporter Plugin"
}

GHSA-5RRG-RR89-X9MV

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-25 19:22 – Updated: 2024-09-09 21:15
VLAI
Summary
Ansible Exposes Sensitive Information
Details

A flaw was found in the Ansible Engine prior to 2.10.6rc1, 2.9.18rc1, and 2.8.19rc1, where sensitive info is not masked by default and is not protected by the no_log feature when using the sub-option feature of the basic.py module. This flaw allows an attacker to obtain sensitive information. The highest threat from this vulnerability is to confidentiality.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "ansible"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "2.10.0a1"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2.10.6rc1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "ansible"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "2.9.0a1"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2.9.18rc1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "ansible"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2.8.19rc1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-20228"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-200",
      "CWE-522"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2022-05-25T19:22:34Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-04-29T16:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "A flaw was found in the Ansible Engine prior to 2.10.6rc1, 2.9.18rc1, and 2.8.19rc1, where sensitive info is not masked by default and is not protected by the `no_log` feature when using the sub-option feature of the basic.py module. This flaw allows an attacker to obtain sensitive information. The highest threat from this vulnerability is to confidentiality.",
  "id": "GHSA-5rrg-rr89-x9mv",
  "modified": "2024-09-09T21:15:29Z",
  "published": "2022-05-25T19:22:34Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-20228"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ansible/ansible/pull/73487"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ansible/ansible/pull/73492"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ansible/ansible/pull/73493"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ansible/ansible/pull/73494"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ansible/ansible/commit/49ebd509df9de1c1fc1bcee00e79a835dd00662c"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ansible/ansible/commit/e41d1f0a3fd6c466192e7e24accd3d1c6501111b"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ansible/ansible/commit/f8ff395d817c3eddc050f809919c15dfb5796120"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1925002"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-5rrg-rr89-x9mv"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/ansible/ansible"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/ansible/PYSEC-2021-1.yaml"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.debian.org/security/2021/dsa-4950"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Ansible Exposes Sensitive Information"
}

GHSA-5RV8-75V4-FCQC

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:47 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:47
VLAI
Details

On Wireless IP Camera (P2P) WIFICAM devices, access to .ini files (containing credentials) is not correctly checked. An attacker can bypass authentication by providing an empty loginuse parameter and an empty loginpas parameter in the URI.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2017-8225"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-522"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2017-04-25T20:59:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "On Wireless IP Camera (P2P) WIFICAM devices, access to .ini files (containing credentials) is not correctly checked. An attacker can bypass authentication by providing an empty loginuse parameter and an empty loginpas parameter in the URI.",
  "id": "GHSA-5rv8-75v4-fcqc",
  "modified": "2022-05-13T01:47:23Z",
  "published": "2022-05-13T01:47:23Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-8225"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://pierrekim.github.io/blog/2017-03-08-camera-goahead-0day.html#pre-auth-info-leak-goahead"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2017/Mar/23"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-5RWC-H8M7-5HCC

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:13 – Updated: 2023-06-27 18:30
VLAI
Details

NCH Express Invoice 7.25 allows local users to discover the cleartext password by reading the configuration file.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-11560"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-522"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2020-04-07T17:15:00Z",
    "severity": "LOW"
  },
  "details": "NCH Express Invoice 7.25 allows local users to discover the cleartext password by reading the configuration file.",
  "id": "GHSA-5rwc-h8m7-5hcc",
  "modified": "2023-06-27T18:30:22Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:13:35Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-11560"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://tejaspingulkar.blogspot.com/2020/03/cve-cve-2020-11560-title-clear-text.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V0BWq33qVCs\u0026feature=youtu.be"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/173117/NCH-Express-Invoice-7.25-Cleartext-Password.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-5V7J-RMQQ-795G

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-11-14 21:30 – Updated: 2023-11-14 21:30
VLAI
Details

A vulnerability in Veeam ONE allows an unprivileged user who has access to the Veeam ONE Web Client the ability to acquire the NTLM hash of the account used by the Veeam ONE Reporting Service.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-38548"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-522"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-11-07T07:15:08Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability in Veeam ONE allows an unprivileged user who has access to the Veeam ONE Web Client the ability to acquire the NTLM hash of the account used by the Veeam ONE Reporting Service.",
  "id": "GHSA-5v7j-rmqq-795g",
  "modified": "2023-11-14T21:30:53Z",
  "published": "2023-11-14T21:30:53Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-38548"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.veeam.com/kb4508"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-5V8X-R44H-3XH9

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:03 – Updated: 2022-10-25 19:00
VLAI
Details

Insufficiently Protected Credentials vulnerability exists in homeLYnk (Wiser For KNX) and spaceLYnk V2.60 and prior that could cause unauthorized access of when credentials are discovered after a brute force attack.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-22737"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-307",
      "CWE-522"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-05-26T20:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "Insufficiently Protected Credentials vulnerability exists in homeLYnk (Wiser For KNX) and spaceLYnk V2.60 and prior that could cause unauthorized access of when credentials are discovered after a brute force attack.",
  "id": "GHSA-5v8x-r44h-3xh9",
  "modified": "2022-10-25T19:00:36Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T19:03:17Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-22737"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://download.schneider-electric.com/files?p_Doc_Ref=SEVD-2021-130-04"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-5VC8-HMV2-JJ26

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:08 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:08
VLAI
Details

Dell EMC Repository Manager (DRM) version 3.2 contains a plain-text password storage vulnerability. Proxy server user password is stored in a plain text in a local database. A local authenticated malicious user with access to the local file system may use the exposed password to access the with privileges of the compromised user.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-5315"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-522"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-07-19T22:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Dell EMC Repository Manager (DRM) version 3.2 contains a plain-text password storage vulnerability. Proxy server user password is stored in a plain text in a local database. A local authenticated malicious user with access to the local file system may use the exposed password to access the with privileges of the compromised user.",
  "id": "GHSA-5vc8-hmv2-jj26",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T19:08:31Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T19:08:31Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-5315"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.dell.com/support/article/us/en/04/sln319925/dsa-2020-001-dell-emc-repository-manager-drm-sensitive-data-exposure-vulnerability?lang=en"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Use an appropriate security mechanism to protect the credentials.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Make appropriate use of cryptography to protect the credentials.

Mitigation
Implementation

Use industry standards to protect the credentials (e.g. LDAP, keystore, etc.).

CAPEC-102: Session Sidejacking

Session sidejacking takes advantage of an unencrypted communication channel between a victim and target system. The attacker sniffs traffic on a network looking for session tokens in unencrypted traffic. Once a session token is captured, the attacker performs malicious actions by using the stolen token with the targeted application to impersonate the victim. This attack is a specific method of session hijacking, which is exploiting a valid session token to gain unauthorized access to a target system or information. Other methods to perform a session hijacking are session fixation, cross-site scripting, or compromising a user or server machine and stealing the session token.

CAPEC-474: Signature Spoofing by Key Theft

An attacker obtains an authoritative or reputable signer's private signature key by theft and then uses this key to forge signatures from the original signer to mislead a victim into performing actions that benefit the attacker.

CAPEC-50: Password Recovery Exploitation

An attacker may take advantage of the application feature to help users recover their forgotten passwords in order to gain access into the system with the same privileges as the original user. Generally password recovery schemes tend to be weak and insecure.

CAPEC-509: Kerberoasting

Through the exploitation of how service accounts leverage Kerberos authentication with Service Principal Names (SPNs), the adversary obtains and subsequently cracks the hashed credentials of a service account target to exploit its privileges. The Kerberos authentication protocol centers around a ticketing system which is used to request/grant access to services and to then access the requested services. As an authenticated user, the adversary may request Active Directory and obtain a service ticket with portions encrypted via RC4 with the private key of the authenticated account. By extracting the local ticket and saving it disk, the adversary can brute force the hashed value to reveal the target account credentials.

CAPEC-551: Modify Existing Service

When an operating system starts, it also starts programs called services or daemons. Modifying existing services may break existing services or may enable services that are disabled/not commonly used.

CAPEC-555: Remote Services with Stolen Credentials

This pattern of attack involves an adversary that uses stolen credentials to leverage remote services such as RDP, telnet, SSH, and VNC to log into a system. Once access is gained, any number of malicious activities could be performed.

CAPEC-560: Use of Known Domain Credentials

An adversary guesses or obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate credentials (e.g. userID/password) to achieve authentication and to perform authorized actions under the guise of an authenticated user or service.

CAPEC-561: Windows Admin Shares with Stolen Credentials

An adversary guesses or obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate Windows administrator credentials (e.g. userID/password) to access Windows Admin Shares on a local machine or within a Windows domain.

CAPEC-600: Credential Stuffing

An adversary tries known username/password combinations against different systems, applications, or services to gain additional authenticated access. Credential Stuffing attacks rely upon the fact that many users leverage the same username/password combination for multiple systems, applications, and services.

CAPEC-644: Use of Captured Hashes (Pass The Hash)

An adversary obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate Windows domain credential hash values to access systems within the domain that leverage the Lan Man (LM) and/or NT Lan Man (NTLM) authentication protocols.

CAPEC-645: Use of Captured Tickets (Pass The Ticket)

An adversary uses stolen Kerberos tickets to access systems/resources that leverage the Kerberos authentication protocol. The Kerberos authentication protocol centers around a ticketing system which is used to request/grant access to services and to then access the requested services. An adversary can obtain any one of these tickets (e.g. Service Ticket, Ticket Granting Ticket, Silver Ticket, or Golden Ticket) to authenticate to a system/resource without needing the account's credentials. Depending on the ticket obtained, the adversary may be able to access a particular resource or generate TGTs for any account within an Active Directory Domain.

CAPEC-652: Use of Known Kerberos Credentials

An adversary obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate Kerberos credentials (e.g. Kerberos service account userID/password or Kerberos Tickets) with the goal of achieving authenticated access to additional systems, applications, or services within the domain.

CAPEC-653: Use of Known Operating System Credentials

An adversary guesses or obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate operating system credentials (e.g. userID/password) to achieve authentication and to perform authorized actions on the system, under the guise of an authenticated user or service. This applies to any Operating System.