CWE-522
Allowed-with-ReviewInsufficiently Protected Credentials
Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete
The product transmits or stores authentication credentials, but it uses an insecure method that is susceptible to unauthorized interception and/or retrieval.
1938 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-2X52-8F29-7CJR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-05-07 15:30 – Updated: 2025-02-06 19:33In Eclipse Dataspace Components from version 0.2.1 to 0.6.2, in the EDC Connector component, an attacker might obtain OAuth2 client secrets from the vault.
In Eclipse Dataspace Components from version 0.2.1 to 0.6.2, we have identified a security vulnerability in the EDC Connector component ( https://github.com/eclipse-edc/Connector ) regarding the OAuth2-protected data sink feature. When using a custom, OAuth2-protected data sink, the OAuth2-specific data address properties are resolved by the provider data plane. Problematically, the consumer-provided clientSecretKey, which indicates the OAuth2 client secret to retrieve from a secrets vault, is resolved in the context of the provider's vault, not the consumer. This secret's value is then sent to the tokenUrl, also consumer-controlled, as part of an OAuth2 client credentials grant. The returned access token is then sent as a bearer token to the data sink URL.
This feature is now disabled entirely, because not all code paths necessary for a successful realization were fully implemented.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.eclipse.edc:connector-core"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0.2.1"
},
{
"fixed": "0.6.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-4536"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-201",
"CWE-522"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-05-07T16:51:10Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-05-07T13:15:48Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In Eclipse Dataspace Components from version 0.2.1 to 0.6.2, in the [EDC Connector component](https://github.com/eclipse-edc/Connector), an attacker might obtain OAuth2 client secrets from the vault.\n\nIn Eclipse Dataspace Components from version 0.2.1 to 0.6.2, we have identified a security vulnerability in the EDC Connector component ( https://github.com/eclipse-edc/Connector ) regarding the OAuth2-protected data sink feature. When using a custom, OAuth2-protected data sink, the OAuth2-specific data address properties are resolved by the provider data plane. Problematically, the consumer-provided clientSecretKey, which indicates the OAuth2 client secret to retrieve from a secrets vault, is resolved in the context of the provider\u0027s vault, not the consumer. This secret\u0027s value is then sent to the tokenUrl, also consumer-controlled, as part of an OAuth2 client credentials grant. The returned access token is then sent as a bearer token to the data sink URL.\n\nThis feature is now disabled entirely, because not all code paths necessary for a successful realization were fully implemented.",
"id": "GHSA-2x52-8f29-7cjr",
"modified": "2025-02-06T19:33:44Z",
"published": "2024-05-07T15:30:36Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-4536"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/eclipse-edc/Connector/commit/a4e6018d2c0457fba6f672fafa6c590513c45d1b"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/eclipse-edc/Connector"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/eclipse-edc/Connector/releases/tag/v0.6.3"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gitlab.eclipse.org/security/cve-assignement/-/issues/22"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gitlab.eclipse.org/security/vulnerability-reports/-/issues/198"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:H/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Eclipse Dataspace Components vulnerable to OAuth2 client secret disclosure"
}
GHSA-2XCX-75H9-VR9H
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-04 20:33 – Updated: 2026-02-06 21:43Impact
A vulnerability in the HTTP Request node's credential domain validation allowed an authenticated attacker to send requests with credentials to unintended domains, potentially leading to credential exfiltration.
This only might affect user who have credentials that use wildcard domain patterns (e.g., *.example.com) in the "Allowed domains" setting.
Patches
This issue is fixed in version 1.121.0 and later. All users are strongly encouraged to upgrade.
Workarounds
Until projects can upgrade:
- Replace wildcard domain patterns with explicit domain listings in HTTP Request credentials
- Review and restrict workflow creation/modification permissions to trusted users only
- Audit existing workflows using HTTP Request nodes with domain-restricted credentials
n8n has adopted CVSS 4.0 as primary score for all security advisories. CVSS 3.1 vector strings are provided for backward compatibility.
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "n8n"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.121.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-25631"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-20",
"CWE-522"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-02-04T20:33:27Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-02-06T21:16:18Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "## Impact\n\nA vulnerability in the HTTP Request node\u0027s credential domain validation allowed an authenticated attacker to send requests with credentials to unintended domains, potentially leading to credential exfiltration.\n\nThis only might affect user who have credentials that use wildcard domain patterns (e.g., `*.example.com`) in the \"Allowed domains\" setting.\n\n## Patches\n\nThis issue is fixed in version 1.121.0 and later. All users are strongly encouraged to upgrade.\n\n## Workarounds\nUntil projects can upgrade:\n\n- Replace wildcard domain patterns with explicit domain listings in HTTP Request credentials\n- Review and restrict workflow creation/modification permissions to trusted users only\n- Audit existing workflows using HTTP Request nodes with domain-restricted credentials\n\n---\nn8n has adopted CVSS 4.0 as primary score for all security advisories. CVSS 3.1 vector strings are provided for backward compatibility.\n\nCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"id": "GHSA-2xcx-75h9-vr9h",
"modified": "2026-02-06T21:43:45Z",
"published": "2026-02-04T20:33:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/n8n-io/n8n/security/advisories/GHSA-2xcx-75h9-vr9h"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-25631"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/n8n-io/n8n"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "n8n\u0027s domain allowlist bypass enables credential exfiltration"
}
GHSA-2XWP-JX33-G2FJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:09 – Updated: 2022-07-13 00:01NCH Quorum v2.03 and earlier allows local users to discover cleartext login information relating to users by reading the local .dat configuration files.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-37452"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-522"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-07-25T21:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "NCH Quorum v2.03 and earlier allows local users to discover cleartext login information relating to users by reading the local .dat configuration files.",
"id": "GHSA-2xwp-jx33-g2fj",
"modified": "2022-07-13T00:01:33Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:09:08Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-37452"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/0xfml/poc/blob/main/NCH/Quorum_2.03_CC.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.nch.com.au/conference/index.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-324V-4JGG-3XH9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:37 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:37ZTE E8810/E8820/E8822 series routers have an information leak vulnerability, which is caused by hard-coded MQTT service access credentials on the device. The remote attacker could use this credential to connect to the MQTT server, so as to obtain information about other devices by sending specific topics. This affects:
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-6882"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-522"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-12-21T18:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "ZTE E8810/E8820/E8822 series routers have an information leak vulnerability, which is caused by hard-coded MQTT service access credentials on the device. The remote attacker could use this credential to connect to the MQTT server, so as to obtain information about other devices by sending specific topics. This affects:\u003cZXHN E8810, ZXHN E8820, ZXHN E8822\u003e\u003cE8810 V1.0.26, E8810 V2.0.1, E8820 V1.1.3L, E8820 V2.0.13, E8822 V2.0.13\u003e",
"id": "GHSA-324v-4jgg-3xh9",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:37:12Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:37:12Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-6882"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://support.zte.com.cn/support/news/LoopholeInfoDetail.aspx?newsId=1014202"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-32G4-RRF2-HWJ9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:47 – Updated: 2024-04-04 00:50An issue was discovered in Carel pCOWeb prior to B1.2.4. In /config/pw_changeusers.html the device stores cleartext passwords, which may allow sensitive information to be read by someone with access to the device.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-11369"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-522"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-06-03T20:29:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered in Carel pCOWeb prior to B1.2.4. In /config/pw_changeusers.html the device stores cleartext passwords, which may allow sensitive information to be read by someone with access to the device.",
"id": "GHSA-32g4-rrf2-hwj9",
"modified": "2024-04-04T00:50:53Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:47:00Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-11369"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://drive.google.com/open?id=12Sq6oaxe1mC1y71Emo1YladjDjwTdNfb"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/nepenthe0320/cve_poc/blob/master/CVE-2019-11369"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2019/Oct/45"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-32MH-JMJQ-P49P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:42 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:42KACO New Energy XP100U Up to XP-JAVA 2.0 is affected by incorrect access control. Credentials will always be returned in plain-text from the local server during the KACO XP100U authentication process, regardless of whatever passwords have been provided, which leads to an information disclosure vulnerability.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-3252"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-522"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-02-23T15:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "KACO New Energy XP100U Up to XP-JAVA 2.0 is affected by incorrect access control. Credentials will always be returned in plain-text from the local server during the KACO XP100U authentication process, regardless of whatever passwords have been provided, which leads to an information disclosure vulnerability.",
"id": "GHSA-32mh-jmjq-p49p",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:42:57Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:42:57Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-3252"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://tiger-team-1337.blogspot.com/2021/01/kaco-xp100u-hmi-credential-leak.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://twitter.com/Kevin2600/status/1351189347501023238"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ics/alerts/ICS-ALERT-15-224-01"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-32MJ-PX89-QW66
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-09 03:30 – Updated: 2025-09-09 03:30When a user logs in via SAP Business One native client, the SLD backend service fails to enforce proper encryption of certain APIs. This leads to exposure of sensitive credentials within http response body. As a result, it has a high impact on the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the application.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-42933"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-522"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-09-09T02:15:41Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "When a user logs in via SAP Business One native client, the SLD backend service fails to enforce proper encryption of certain APIs. This leads to exposure of sensitive credentials within http response body. As a result, it has a high impact on the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the application.",
"id": "GHSA-32mj-px89-qw66",
"modified": "2025-09-09T03:30:19Z",
"published": "2025-09-09T03:30:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-42933"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://me.sap.com/notes/3642961"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://url.sap/sapsecuritypatchday"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-32PR-8MXP-R53Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-08-11 00:00 – Updated: 2022-08-16 00:00VMware Workstation (16.x prior to 16.2.4) contains an unprotected storage of credentials vulnerability. A malicious actor with local user privileges to the victim machine may exploit this vulnerability leading to the disclosure of user passwords of the remote server connected through VMware Workstation.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-22983"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-522"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-08-10T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "VMware Workstation (16.x prior to 16.2.4) contains an unprotected storage of credentials vulnerability. A malicious actor with local user privileges to the victim machine may exploit this vulnerability leading to the disclosure of user passwords of the remote server connected through VMware Workstation.",
"id": "GHSA-32pr-8mxp-r53q",
"modified": "2022-08-16T00:00:23Z",
"published": "2022-08-11T00:00:17Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-22983"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vmware.com/security/advisories/VMSA-2022-0023.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-3389-2Q3H-CGH4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-08-07 17:34 – Updated: 2025-08-07 21:31Netwrix Directory Manager (formerly Imanami GroupID) 11.0.0.0 before 11.1.25162.02 has Insufficiently Protected Credentials for requests to remote Excel resources.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-54394"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-522"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-08-07T17:15:29Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Netwrix Directory Manager (formerly Imanami GroupID) 11.0.0.0 before 11.1.25162.02 has Insufficiently Protected Credentials for requests to remote Excel resources.",
"id": "GHSA-3389-2q3h-cgh4",
"modified": "2025-08-07T21:31:06Z",
"published": "2025-08-07T17:34:43Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-54394"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://community.netwrix.com/t/adv-2025-015-critical-vulnerabilities-in-netwrix-directory-manager-formerly-imanami-groupid-v11/17192"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-33HG-CQPJ-624F
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:03 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:03Barco ClickShare Button R9861500D01 devices before 1.9.0 have incorrect Credentials Management. The ClickShare Button implements encryption at rest which uses a one-time programmable (OTP) AES encryption key. This key is shared across all ClickShare Buttons of model R9861500D01.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-18832"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-522"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-12-17T14:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Barco ClickShare Button R9861500D01 devices before 1.9.0 have incorrect Credentials Management. The ClickShare Button implements encryption at rest which uses a one-time programmable (OTP) AES encryption key. This key is shared across all ClickShare Buttons of model R9861500D01.",
"id": "GHSA-33hg-cqpj-624f",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:03:51Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:03:51Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-18832"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://labs.f-secure.com/advisories/multiple-vulnerabilities-in-barco-clickshare"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.barco.com/en/clickshare/firmware-update"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
Mitigation
Use an appropriate security mechanism to protect the credentials.
Mitigation
Make appropriate use of cryptography to protect the credentials.
Mitigation
Use industry standards to protect the credentials (e.g. LDAP, keystore, etc.).
CAPEC-102: Session Sidejacking
Session sidejacking takes advantage of an unencrypted communication channel between a victim and target system. The attacker sniffs traffic on a network looking for session tokens in unencrypted traffic. Once a session token is captured, the attacker performs malicious actions by using the stolen token with the targeted application to impersonate the victim. This attack is a specific method of session hijacking, which is exploiting a valid session token to gain unauthorized access to a target system or information. Other methods to perform a session hijacking are session fixation, cross-site scripting, or compromising a user or server machine and stealing the session token.
CAPEC-474: Signature Spoofing by Key Theft
An attacker obtains an authoritative or reputable signer's private signature key by theft and then uses this key to forge signatures from the original signer to mislead a victim into performing actions that benefit the attacker.
CAPEC-50: Password Recovery Exploitation
An attacker may take advantage of the application feature to help users recover their forgotten passwords in order to gain access into the system with the same privileges as the original user. Generally password recovery schemes tend to be weak and insecure.
CAPEC-509: Kerberoasting
Through the exploitation of how service accounts leverage Kerberos authentication with Service Principal Names (SPNs), the adversary obtains and subsequently cracks the hashed credentials of a service account target to exploit its privileges. The Kerberos authentication protocol centers around a ticketing system which is used to request/grant access to services and to then access the requested services. As an authenticated user, the adversary may request Active Directory and obtain a service ticket with portions encrypted via RC4 with the private key of the authenticated account. By extracting the local ticket and saving it disk, the adversary can brute force the hashed value to reveal the target account credentials.
CAPEC-551: Modify Existing Service
When an operating system starts, it also starts programs called services or daemons. Modifying existing services may break existing services or may enable services that are disabled/not commonly used.
CAPEC-555: Remote Services with Stolen Credentials
This pattern of attack involves an adversary that uses stolen credentials to leverage remote services such as RDP, telnet, SSH, and VNC to log into a system. Once access is gained, any number of malicious activities could be performed.
CAPEC-560: Use of Known Domain Credentials
An adversary guesses or obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate credentials (e.g. userID/password) to achieve authentication and to perform authorized actions under the guise of an authenticated user or service.
CAPEC-561: Windows Admin Shares with Stolen Credentials
An adversary guesses or obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate Windows administrator credentials (e.g. userID/password) to access Windows Admin Shares on a local machine or within a Windows domain.
CAPEC-600: Credential Stuffing
An adversary tries known username/password combinations against different systems, applications, or services to gain additional authenticated access. Credential Stuffing attacks rely upon the fact that many users leverage the same username/password combination for multiple systems, applications, and services.
CAPEC-644: Use of Captured Hashes (Pass The Hash)
An adversary obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate Windows domain credential hash values to access systems within the domain that leverage the Lan Man (LM) and/or NT Lan Man (NTLM) authentication protocols.
CAPEC-645: Use of Captured Tickets (Pass The Ticket)
An adversary uses stolen Kerberos tickets to access systems/resources that leverage the Kerberos authentication protocol. The Kerberos authentication protocol centers around a ticketing system which is used to request/grant access to services and to then access the requested services. An adversary can obtain any one of these tickets (e.g. Service Ticket, Ticket Granting Ticket, Silver Ticket, or Golden Ticket) to authenticate to a system/resource without needing the account's credentials. Depending on the ticket obtained, the adversary may be able to access a particular resource or generate TGTs for any account within an Active Directory Domain.
CAPEC-652: Use of Known Kerberos Credentials
An adversary obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate Kerberos credentials (e.g. Kerberos service account userID/password or Kerberos Tickets) with the goal of achieving authenticated access to additional systems, applications, or services within the domain.
CAPEC-653: Use of Known Operating System Credentials
An adversary guesses or obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate operating system credentials (e.g. userID/password) to achieve authentication and to perform authorized actions on the system, under the guise of an authenticated user or service. This applies to any Operating System.