Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-497

Allowed

Exposure of Sensitive System Information to an Unauthorized Control Sphere

Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product does not properly prevent sensitive system-level information from being accessed by unauthorized actors who do not have the same level of access to the underlying system as the product does.

669 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-CVJP-MXWP-PM9W

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-11-24 21:30 – Updated: 2025-11-24 21:30
VLAI
Details

IBM Sterling B2B Integrator and IBM Sterling File Gateway 6.0.0.0 through 6.1.2.7 and 6.2.0.0 through 6.2.0.5 and 6.2.1.1 could reveal sensitive server IP configuration information to an unauthorized user.

Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-36112"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-497"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-11-24T19:15:48Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "IBM Sterling B2B Integrator and IBM Sterling File Gateway 6.0.0.0 through 6.1.2.7 and 6.2.0.0 through 6.2.0.5 and 6.2.1.1\u00a0could reveal sensitive server IP configuration information to an unauthorized user.",
  "id": "GHSA-cvjp-mxwp-pm9w",
  "modified": "2025-11-24T21:30:59Z",
  "published": "2025-11-24T21:30:59Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-36112"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7252197"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-F2V7-2JGQ-J53Q

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-16 18:31 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:32
VLAI
Details

Exposure of Sensitive System Information to an Unauthorized Control Sphere vulnerability in WPNERD WP-NERD Toolkit.This issue affects WP-NERD Toolkit: from n/a through 1.1.

Severity
7.5 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-54279"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-497"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-12-16T16:15:07Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Exposure of Sensitive System Information to an Unauthorized Control Sphere vulnerability in WPNERD WP-NERD Toolkit.This issue affects WP-NERD Toolkit: from n/a through 1.1.",
  "id": "GHSA-f2v7-2jgq-j53q",
  "modified": "2026-04-01T18:32:52Z",
  "published": "2024-12-16T18:31:09Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-54279"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/wp-nerd-toolkit/vulnerability/wordpress-wp-nerd-toolkit-plugin-1-1-sensitive-data-exposure-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-F4CF-9RVR-2RCX

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-10 18:20 – Updated: 2026-02-02 16:34
VLAI
Summary
Zitadel Discloses the Total Number of Instance Users
Details

Summary

Zitadel's User Service discloses the total number of instance users to unauthorized users.

Impact

The ZITADEL User Service exposes the total number of users within an instance to any authenticated user, regardless of their specific permissions. While this does not leak individual user data or PII, disclosing the total user count via the totalResult field constitutes an information disclosure vulnerability that may be sensitive in certain contexts.

Affected Versions

Systems running one of the following version are affected:

  • 4.x: 4.0.0-rc.1 through 4.7.1
  • 3.x: 3.0.0-rc.1 through 3.4.4
  • 2.x: 2.44.0 through 2.71.19

Patches

The vulnerability has been addressed in the latest release. The patch resolves the issue and returns the totalResult value corresponding to the number of instance users for whom the querying user has read permission.

  • 4.x: Upgrade to >= 4.7.2
  • 3.x: Update to >= 3.4.5
  • 2.x: Update to >= 3.4.5 (or checkout the workarounds section)

Workarounds

The recommended solution is to update Zitadel to a patched version.

If a version upgrade is not possible, you can enable the permissionCheckV2 feature on your instance.

Questions

If you have any questions or comments about this advisory, please email us at security@zitadel.com

Credits

This vulnerability was found by zentrust partners GmbH during a scheduled penetration test. Thank you to the analysts Martin Tschirsich, Joud Zakharia, Christopher Baumann. The full report will be made public after the complete review.

Severity
4.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 4.7.1"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "github.com/zitadel/zitadel"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "4.0.0-rc.1"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "4.7.2"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 3.4.4"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "github.com/zitadel/zitadel"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "2.44.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "3.4.5"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "github.com/zitadel/zitadel"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.80.0-v2.20.0.20251210121356-826039c6208f"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-67717"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-497"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2025-12-10T18:20:01Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-12-11T01:16:01Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\n\nZitadel\u0027s User Service discloses the total number of instance users to unauthorized users.\n\n### Impact\n\nThe ZITADEL User Service exposes the total number of users within an instance to any authenticated user, regardless of their specific permissions. While this does not leak individual user data or PII, disclosing the total user count via the `totalResult` field constitutes an information disclosure vulnerability that may be sensitive in certain contexts.\n\n### Affected Versions\n\nSystems running one of the following version are affected:\n\n- **4.x**: `4.0.0-rc.1` through `4.7.1`\n- **3.x**: `3.0.0-rc.1` through `3.4.4`\n- **2.x**: `2.44.0` through `2.71.19`\n\n### Patches\n\nThe vulnerability has been addressed in the latest release. The patch resolves the issue and returns the `totalResult` value corresponding to the number of instance users for whom the querying user has read permission.\n\n- 4.x: Upgrade to \u003e= [4.7.2](https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel/releases/tag/v4.7.2)\n- 3.x: Update to \u003e= [3.4.5](https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel/releases/tag/v3.4.5)\n- 2.x: Update to \u003e= [3.4.5](https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel/releases/tag/v3.4.5) (or checkout the workarounds section)\n\n### Workarounds\n\nThe recommended solution is to update Zitadel to a patched version.\n\nIf a version upgrade is not possible, you can enable the `permissionCheckV2` feature on your instance.\n\n### Questions\n\nIf you have any questions or comments about this advisory, please email us at [security@zitadel.com](mailto:security@zitadel.com)\n\n### Credits\n\nThis vulnerability was found by [zentrust partners GmbH](https://zentrust.partners) during a scheduled penetration test. Thank you to the analysts Martin Tschirsich, Joud Zakharia, Christopher Baumann.\nThe full report will be made public after the complete review.",
  "id": "GHSA-f4cf-9rvr-2rcx",
  "modified": "2026-02-02T16:34:14Z",
  "published": "2025-12-10T18:20:01Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel/security/advisories/GHSA-f4cf-9rvr-2rcx"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-67717"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel/commit/826039c6208fe71df57b3a94c982b5ac5b0af12c"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Zitadel Discloses the Total Number of Instance Users"
}

GHSA-F659-J5V8-73V6

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-07 03:30 – Updated: 2026-04-28 21:35
VLAI
Details

Exposure of Sensitive System Information to an Unauthorized Control Sphere vulnerability in EngoTheme Plant - Gardening & Houseplants WordPress Theme allows Retrieve Embedded Sensitive Data.This issue affects Plant - Gardening & Houseplants WordPress Theme: from n/a through 1.0.0.

Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-31051"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-497"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-01-07T02:13:42Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Exposure of Sensitive System Information to an Unauthorized Control Sphere vulnerability in EngoTheme Plant - Gardening \u0026 Houseplants WordPress Theme allows Retrieve Embedded Sensitive Data.This issue affects Plant - Gardening \u0026 Houseplants WordPress Theme: from n/a through 1.0.0.",
  "id": "GHSA-f659-j5v8-73v6",
  "modified": "2026-04-28T21:35:53Z",
  "published": "2026-01-07T03:30:26Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-31051"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/theme/plant/vulnerability/wordpress-plant-gardening-houseplants-wordpress-theme-1-0-0-sensitive-data-exposure-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-F82F-W24C-J3WW

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-26 21:32 – Updated: 2024-11-26 21:32
VLAI
Details

An issue has been discovered in GitLab EE affecting all versions starting from 17.3 before 17.3.7, all versions starting from 17.4 before 17.4.4, all versions starting from 17.5 before 17.5.2 in which an unauthenticated user may be able to read some information about an MR in a private project, under certain circumstances.

Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-10240"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-497"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-11-26T20:15:24Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "An issue has been discovered in GitLab EE affecting all versions starting from 17.3 before 17.3.7, all versions starting from 17.4 before 17.4.4, all versions starting from 17.5 before 17.5.2 in which an unauthenticated user may be able to read some information about an MR in a private project, under certain circumstances.",
  "id": "GHSA-f82f-w24c-j3ww",
  "modified": "2024-11-26T21:32:24Z",
  "published": "2024-11-26T21:32:24Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-10240"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://about.gitlab.com/releases/2024/11/13/patch-release-gitlab-17-5-2-released/#information-disclosure-through-an-api-endpoint"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/493188"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-F8GR-377P-FQRF

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-18 09:30 – Updated: 2026-01-20 15:32
VLAI
Details

Exposure of Sensitive System Information to an Unauthorized Control Sphere vulnerability in masteriyo Masteriyo - LMS learning-management-system allows Retrieve Embedded Sensitive Data.This issue affects Masteriyo - LMS: from n/a through <= 2.0.3.

Severity
6.5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-64270"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-497"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-12-18T08:16:13Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Exposure of Sensitive System Information to an Unauthorized Control Sphere vulnerability in masteriyo Masteriyo - LMS learning-management-system allows Retrieve Embedded Sensitive Data.This issue affects Masteriyo - LMS: from n/a through \u003c= 2.0.3.",
  "id": "GHSA-f8gr-377p-fqrf",
  "modified": "2026-01-20T15:32:31Z",
  "published": "2025-12-18T09:30:30Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-64270"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/learning-management-system/vulnerability/wordpress-masteriyo-lms-plugin-2-0-3-sensitive-data-exposure-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vdp.patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/learning-management-system/vulnerability/wordpress-masteriyo-lms-plugin-2-0-3-sensitive-data-exposure-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-F8R6-7G2P-2GPV

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-07-02 09:30 – Updated: 2025-07-02 15:30
VLAI
Details

The Nokia Single RAN baseband software earlier than 23R2-SR 1.0 MP can be made to reveal the exact software release version by sending a specific HTTP POST request through the Mobile Network Operator (MNO) internal RAN management network.

Severity
3.3 (Low)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N
Show details on source website
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-24334"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-497"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-07-02T09:15:24Z",
    "severity": "LOW"
  },
  "details": "The Nokia Single RAN baseband software earlier than 23R2-SR 1.0 MP can be made to reveal the exact software release version by sending a specific HTTP POST request through the Mobile Network Operator (MNO) internal RAN management network.",
  "id": "GHSA-f8r6-7g2p-2gpv",
  "modified": "2025-07-02T15:30:37Z",
  "published": "2025-07-02T09:30:29Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-24334"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.nokia.com/about-us/security-and-privacy/product-security-advisory/cve-2025-24334"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-FC24-CCH5-56XG

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-08-22 12:30 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:35
VLAI
Details

Exposure of Sensitive System Information to an Unauthorized Control Sphere vulnerability in NooTheme Jobmonster allows Retrieve Embedded Sensitive Data. This issue affects Jobmonster: from n/a through 4.8.0.

Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-57888"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-497"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-08-22T12:15:32Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Exposure of Sensitive System Information to an Unauthorized Control Sphere vulnerability in NooTheme Jobmonster allows Retrieve Embedded Sensitive Data. This issue affects Jobmonster: from n/a through 4.8.0.",
  "id": "GHSA-fc24-cch5-56xg",
  "modified": "2026-04-01T18:35:57Z",
  "published": "2025-08-22T12:30:31Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-57888"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/theme/noo-jobmonster/vulnerability/wordpress-jobmonster-theme-4-8-0-sensitive-data-exposure-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-FG3P-XV26-QC77

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-04-14 21:32 – Updated: 2025-04-14 21:32
VLAI
Details

IBM Aspera Console 3.4.0 through 3.4.4 could disclose sensitive information in HTTP headers that could be used in further attacks against the system.

Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-43852"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-497"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-04-14T21:15:17Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "IBM Aspera Console 3.4.0 through 3.4.4\u00a0could disclose sensitive information in HTTP headers that could be used in further attacks against the system.",
  "id": "GHSA-fg3p-xv26-qc77",
  "modified": "2025-04-14T21:32:24Z",
  "published": "2025-04-14T21:32:24Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-43852"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7169766"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-FHFM-P8R3-H9XH

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-22 15:31 – Updated: 2026-01-20 15:31
VLAI
Details

Exposure of Sensitive System Information to an Unauthorized Control Sphere vulnerability in ThemeAtelier IDonatePro idonate-pro allows Retrieve Embedded Sensitive Data.This issue affects IDonatePro: from n/a through <= 2.1.9.

Severity
6.5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N
Show details on source website
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-52752"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-497"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-10-22T15:15:45Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Exposure of Sensitive System Information to an Unauthorized Control Sphere vulnerability in ThemeAtelier IDonatePro idonate-pro allows Retrieve Embedded Sensitive Data.This issue affects IDonatePro: from n/a through \u003c= 2.1.9.",
  "id": "GHSA-fhfm-p8r3-h9xh",
  "modified": "2026-01-20T15:31:26Z",
  "published": "2025-10-22T15:31:15Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-52752"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/idonate-pro/vulnerability/wordpress-idonatepro-plugin-2-1-9-sensitive-data-exposure-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vdp.patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/idonate-pro/vulnerability/wordpress-idonatepro-plugin-2-1-9-sensitive-data-exposure-vulnerability"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vdp.patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/idonate-pro/vulnerability/wordpress-idonatepro-plugin-2-1-9-sensitive-data-exposure-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}
Mitigation
Architecture and Design Implementation

Production applications should never use methods that generate internal details such as stack traces and error messages unless that information is directly committed to a log that is not viewable by the end user. All error message text should be HTML entity encoded before being written to the log file to protect against potential cross-site scripting attacks against the viewer of the logs

CAPEC-170: Web Application Fingerprinting

An attacker sends a series of probes to a web application in order to elicit version-dependent and type-dependent behavior that assists in identifying the target. An attacker could learn information such as software versions, error pages, and response headers, variations in implementations of the HTTP protocol, directory structures, and other similar information about the targeted service. This information can then be used by an attacker to formulate a targeted attack plan. While web application fingerprinting is not intended to be damaging (although certain activities, such as network scans, can sometimes cause disruptions to vulnerable applications inadvertently) it may often pave the way for more damaging attacks.

CAPEC-694: System Location Discovery

An adversary collects information about the target system in an attempt to identify the system's geographical location.

Information gathered could include keyboard layout, system language, and timezone. This information may benefit an adversary in confirming the desired target and/or tailoring further attacks.

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