CWE-434
AllowedUnrestricted Upload of File with Dangerous Type
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product allows the upload or transfer of dangerous file types that are automatically processed within its environment.
6061 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-JPGW-2R9M-8QFW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-07-05 22:40 – Updated: 2023-07-05 22:40Impact
Kiwi TCMS allows users to upload attachments to test plans, test cases, etc. Earlier versions of Kiwi TCMS had introduced changes which were meant to serve all uploaded files as plain text in order to prevent browsers from executing potentially dangerous files when such files are accessed directly!
The previous Nginx configuration was incorrect allowing certain browsers like Firefox to ignore the Content-Type: text/plain header on some occasions thus allowing potentially dangerous scripts to be executed.
Additionally file upload validators and parts of the HTML rendering code have been found to require additional sanitation and improvements.
Patches
- Updated Nginx content type configuration
- Improved file upload validation code to prevent more potentially dangerous uploads
- Sanitization of test plan names used in the
tree_view_html()function
References
Disclosed by M Nadeem Qazi and Mahshooq Zubair.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "kiwitcms"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "12.5"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-36809"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434",
"CWE-79"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-07-05T22:40:59Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2023-07-05T22:15:09Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "### Impact\n\nKiwi TCMS allows users to upload attachments to test plans, test cases, etc. Earlier versions of Kiwi TCMS had introduced\nchanges which were meant to serve all uploaded files as plain text in order to prevent browsers from executing potentially dangerous files when such files are accessed directly! \n\nThe previous Nginx configuration was incorrect allowing certain browsers like Firefox to ignore the `Content-Type: text/plain` header on some occasions thus allowing potentially dangerous scripts to be executed. \n\nAdditionally file upload validators and parts of the HTML rendering code have been found to require additional sanitation and improvements.\n\n### Patches\n\n- Updated Nginx content type configuration\n- Improved file upload validation code to prevent more potentially dangerous uploads\n- Sanitization of test plan names used in the `tree_view_html()` function\n\n### References\n\nDisclosed by [M Nadeem Qazi](https://huntr.dev/bounties/511489dd-ba38-4806-9029-b28ab2830aa8/) and\n[Mahshooq Zubair](https://huntr.dev/bounties/c6eeb346-fa99-4d41-bc40-b68f8d689223/).",
"id": "GHSA-jpgw-2r9m-8qfw",
"modified": "2023-07-05T22:40:59Z",
"published": "2023-07-05T22:40:59Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/kiwitcms/Kiwi/security/advisories/GHSA-jpgw-2r9m-8qfw"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-36809"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/kiwitcms/kiwi/commit/195ea53eaaf360c19227c864cc0fe58910032c3c"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/kiwitcms/kiwi/commit/ffb00450be52fe11a82a2507632c2328cae4ec9d"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/kiwitcms/Kiwi"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://huntr.dev/bounties/511489dd-ba38-4806-9029-b28ab2830aa8"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://huntr.dev/bounties/c6eeb346-fa99-4d41-bc40-b68f8d689223"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://kiwitcms.org/blog/kiwi-tcms-team/2023/07/04/kiwi-tcms-125"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.github.com/kiwitcms/kiwi/commit/195ea53eaaf360c19227c864cc0fe58910032c3c"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.github.com/kiwitcms/kiwi/commit/ffb00450be52fe11a82a2507632c2328cae4ec9d"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Kiwi TCMS\u0027s misconfigured HTTP headers allow stored XSS execution with Firefox"
}
GHSA-JPMM-F834-XW7F
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-31 15:30 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:34Unrestricted Upload of File with Dangerous Type vulnerability in appointify Appointify allows Upload a Web Shell to a Web Server. This issue affects Appointify: from n/a through 1.0.8.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-31577"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-03-31T13:15:51Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Unrestricted Upload of File with Dangerous Type vulnerability in appointify Appointify allows Upload a Web Shell to a Web Server. This issue affects Appointify: from n/a through 1.0.8.",
"id": "GHSA-jpmm-f834-xw7f",
"modified": "2026-04-01T18:34:16Z",
"published": "2025-03-31T15:30:46Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-31577"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/appointify/vulnerability/wordpress-appointify-plugin-1-0-8-arbitrary-file-upload-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-JPMX-V3PP-6RP5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-02-27 15:30 – Updated: 2024-04-09 09:31A vulnerability has been found in Beijing Baichuo Smart S42 Management Platform up to 20240219 and classified as critical. Affected by this vulnerability is an unknown functionality of the file /useratte/userattestation.php. The manipulation of the argument hidwel leads to unrestricted upload. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The associated identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-254839. NOTE: The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-1918"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-02-27T13:15:45Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability has been found in Beijing Baichuo Smart S42 Management Platform up to 20240219 and classified as critical. Affected by this vulnerability is an unknown functionality of the file /useratte/userattestation.php. The manipulation of the argument hidwel leads to unrestricted upload. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The associated identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-254839. NOTE: The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
"id": "GHSA-jpmx-v3pp-6rp5",
"modified": "2024-04-09T09:31:10Z",
"published": "2024-02-27T15:30:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-1918"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Echosssy/CVE/blob/main/%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8ESmart%20S42%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%B0%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0%E6%BC%8F%E6%B4%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%83%85%E5%86%B5%E9%80%9A%E6%8A%A5-userattestation.php.docx"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.254839"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.254839"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.284382"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-JPPF-9GF2-JV53
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-07-08 00:00 – Updated: 2022-07-15 00:00Codoforum v5.1 was discovered to contain an arbitrary file upload vulnerability via the logo change option in the admin panel.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-31854"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-07-07T13:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Codoforum v5.1 was discovered to contain an arbitrary file upload vulnerability via the logo change option in the admin panel.",
"id": "GHSA-jppf-9gf2-jv53",
"modified": "2022-07-15T00:00:17Z",
"published": "2022-07-08T00:00:48Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-31854"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://codoforum.com"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Vikaran101/CVE-2022-31854/blob/main/exploit.py"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vikaran101.medium.com/codoforum-v5-1-authenticated-rce-my-first-cve-f49e19b8bc"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/167782/CodoForum-5.1-Remote-Code-Execution.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-JPQ9-FCX6-H2P8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-11-09 12:00 – Updated: 2022-11-10 12:01Roxy Fileman 1.4.6 allows Remote Code Execution via a .phar upload, because the default FORBIDDEN_UPLOADS value in conf.json only blocks .php, .php4, and .php5 files. (Visiting any .phar file invokes the PHP interpreter in some realistic web-server configurations.)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-40797"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-11-09T07:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Roxy Fileman 1.4.6 allows Remote Code Execution via a .phar upload, because the default FORBIDDEN_UPLOADS value in conf.json only blocks .php, .php4, and .php5 files. (Visiting any .phar file invokes the PHP interpreter in some realistic web-server configurations.)",
"id": "GHSA-jpq9-fcx6-h2p8",
"modified": "2022-11-10T12:01:17Z",
"published": "2022-11-09T12:00:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-40797"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gist.github.com/Hadi999/1f66fe7c5a217ca261ebfec36c630d18"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://salsa.debian.org/php-team/php/-/blob/dc253886b5b2e9bc8d9e36db787abb083a667fd8/debian/php-cgi.conf#L5-6"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210126213412/https://roxyfileman.com/download.php?f=1.4.6-php"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/169964/Roxy-Fileman-1.4.6-Remote-Shell-Upload.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-JPWR-2MXG-6VPF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-03-13 21:31 – Updated: 2024-08-28 21:31An arbitrary file upload vulnerability in the Add Student's Profile Picture function of Student Enrollment In PHP v1.0 allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via uploading a crafted PHP file.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-41505"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-03-13T21:15:53Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "An arbitrary file upload vulnerability in the Add Student\u0027s Profile Picture function of Student Enrollment In PHP v1.0 allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via uploading a crafted PHP file.",
"id": "GHSA-jpwr-2mxg-6vpf",
"modified": "2024-08-28T21:31:26Z",
"published": "2024-03-13T21:31:02Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-41505"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ASR511-OO7/CVE-2023-41505/blob/main/CVE-24"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-JQ86-54Q5-FMJR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-04-29 00:00 – Updated: 2022-05-10 00:00Elcomplus SmartPTT is vulnerable as the backup and restore system does not adequately validate upload requests, enabling a malicious user to potentially upload arbitrary files.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-43934"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-04-28T15:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Elcomplus SmartPTT is vulnerable as the backup and restore system does not adequately validate upload requests, enabling a malicious user to potentially upload arbitrary files.",
"id": "GHSA-jq86-54q5-fmjr",
"modified": "2022-05-10T00:00:35Z",
"published": "2022-04-29T00:00:24Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-43934"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/uscert/ics/advisories/icsa-22-109-04"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-JQQW-37X4-9RWJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-06 18:33 – Updated: 2026-04-12 06:30A flaw was found in tar. A remote attacker could exploit this vulnerability by crafting a malicious archive, leading to hidden file injection with fully attacker-controlled content. This bypasses pre-extraction inspection mechanisms, potentially allowing an attacker to introduce malicious files onto a system without detection.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-5704"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-06T16:16:42Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A flaw was found in tar. A remote attacker could exploit this vulnerability by crafting a malicious archive, leading to hidden file injection with fully attacker-controlled content. This bypasses pre-extraction inspection mechanisms, potentially allowing an attacker to introduce malicious files onto a system without detection.",
"id": "GHSA-jqqw-37x4-9rwj",
"modified": "2026-04-12T06:30:27Z",
"published": "2026-04-06T18:33:08Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-5704"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-5704"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2455360"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2026/04/11/10"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2026/04/11/11"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2026/04/12/2"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-JQXG-GG5C-R85J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-08-21 18:31 – Updated: 2024-08-22 15:31An Unrestricted file upload vulnerability was found in "/music/ajax.php?action=save_music" in Kashipara Music Management System v1.0. This allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via uploading a crafted PHP file.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-42779"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-08-21T18:15:10Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An Unrestricted file upload vulnerability was found in \"/music/ajax.php?action=save_music\" in Kashipara Music Management System v1.0. This allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via uploading a crafted PHP file.",
"id": "GHSA-jqxg-gg5c-r85j",
"modified": "2024-08-22T15:31:18Z",
"published": "2024-08-21T18:31:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-42779"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/takekaramey/CVE_Writeup/blob/main/Kashipara/Music%20Management%20System%20v1.0/Unrestricted%20File%20Upload%20-%20Add%20New%20Music%20List.pdf"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.kashipara.com/project/php/12978/music-management-system-in-php-php-project-source-code"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-JR2R-WPVW-6J23
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-10-14 12:00 – Updated: 2022-10-14 19:00Online Diagnostic Lab Management System v1.0 was discovered to contain an arbitrary file upload vulnerability via the component /php_action/editProductImage.php. This vulnerability allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted PHP file.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-41533"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-10-13T21:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Online Diagnostic Lab Management System v1.0 was discovered to contain an arbitrary file upload vulnerability via the component /php_action/editProductImage.php. This vulnerability allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted PHP file.",
"id": "GHSA-jr2r-wpvw-6j23",
"modified": "2022-10-14T19:00:42Z",
"published": "2022-10-14T12:00:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-41533"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/xuewawa/bug_report/blob/main/vendors/mayuri_k/online-diagnostic-lab-management-system/RCE-1.md"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
Generate a new, unique filename for an uploaded file instead of using the user-supplied filename, so that no external input is used at all.[REF-422] [REF-423]
Mitigation MIT-21
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
Mitigation
Consider storing the uploaded files outside of the web document root entirely. Then, use other mechanisms to deliver the files dynamically. [REF-423]
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- For example, limiting filenames to alphanumeric characters can help to restrict the introduction of unintended file extensions.
Mitigation
Define a very limited set of allowable extensions and only generate filenames that end in these extensions. Consider the possibility of XSS (CWE-79) before allowing .html or .htm file types.
Mitigation
Strategy: Input Validation
Ensure that only one extension is used in the filename. Some web servers, including some versions of Apache, may process files based on inner extensions so that "filename.php.gif" is fed to the PHP interpreter.[REF-422] [REF-423]
Mitigation
When running on a web server that supports case-insensitive filenames, perform case-insensitive evaluations of the extensions that are provided.
Mitigation MIT-15
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
Mitigation
Do not rely exclusively on sanity checks of file contents to ensure that the file is of the expected type and size. It may be possible for an attacker to hide code in some file segments that will still be executed by the server. For example, GIF images may contain a free-form comments field.
Mitigation
Do not rely exclusively on the MIME content type or filename attribute when determining how to render a file. Validating the MIME content type and ensuring that it matches the extension is only a partial solution.
Mitigation MIT-17
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.
Mitigation MIT-22
Strategy: Sandbox or Jail
- Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
- OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
- This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
- Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
CAPEC-1: Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs
In applications, particularly web applications, access to functionality is mitigated by an authorization framework. This framework maps Access Control Lists (ACLs) to elements of the application's functionality; particularly URL's for web apps. In the case that the administrator failed to specify an ACL for a particular element, an attacker may be able to access it with impunity. An attacker with the ability to access functionality not properly constrained by ACLs can obtain sensitive information and possibly compromise the entire application. Such an attacker can access resources that must be available only to users at a higher privilege level, can access management sections of the application, or can run queries for data that they otherwise not supposed to.