CWE-400

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-27812"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-400"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-06-10T21:15:50Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The issue was addressed with improvements to the file handling protocol. This issue is fixed in visionOS 1.2. Processing web content may lead to a denial-of-service.",
  "id": "GHSA-rp5x-rj69-r36x",
  "modified": "2026-04-02T21:31:45Z",
  "published": "2024-06-10T21:30:39Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-27812"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/120906"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT214108"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.apple.com/kb/HT214108"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2024/Jun/5"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-34166"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-400",
      "CWE-770"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-06-19T17:15:12Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Vulnerability of system restart triggered by abnormal callbacks passed to APIs.Successful exploitation of this vulnerability may cause the system to restart.",
  "id": "GHSA-rp64-mpmj-44xf",
  "modified": "2024-04-04T04:57:55Z",
  "published": "2023-06-19T18:30:48Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-34166"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://consumer.huawei.com/en/support/bulletin/2023/6"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-56248"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-400"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-06-23T13:16:44Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Cap-go capgo (capgo-backend) before 12.128.12 contains an unauthenticated denial-of-service vulnerability arising from the audit_logs table\u0027s Row-Level Security (RLS) policy when accessed via the Supabase PostgREST API. Because the PostgreSQL query planner executes costly logic before RLS rejection, unfiltered queries to the public.audit_logs endpoint using the public anon key consistently trigger statement timeouts (PostgREST error 57014). Under concurrency, this exhausts database resources and causes cascading HTTP 500 failures on unrelated endpoints (e.g. /orgs), resulting in an application-layer denial of service.",
  "id": "GHSA-rp66-wcx8-j4pj",
  "modified": "2026-06-23T15:32:36Z",
  "published": "2026-06-23T15:32:36Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/Cap-go/capgo/security/advisories/GHSA-5vgv-rqj5-5748"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-56248"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/capgo-unauthenticated-denial-of-service-via-audit-logs-rls-policy"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "github.com/containers/podman/v5"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "last_affected": "5.2.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "github.com/containers/podman"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "last_affected": "5.2.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "github.com/containers/podman/v2"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "last_affected": "5.2.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "github.com/containers/podman/v3"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "last_affected": "5.2.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "github.com/containers/podman/v4"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "last_affected": "5.2.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-3056"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-400"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2024-08-05T17:28:04Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-08-02T21:16:30Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "A flaw was found in Podman. This issue may allow an attacker to create a specially crafted container that, when configured to share the same IPC with at least one other container, can create a large number of IPC resources in /dev/shm. The malicious container will continue to exhaust resources until it is out-of-memory (OOM) killed. While the malicious container\u0027s cgroup will be removed, the IPC resources it created are not. Those resources are tied to the IPC namespace that will not be removed until all containers using it are stopped, and one non-malicious container is holding the namespace open. The malicious container is restarted, either automatically or by attacker control, repeating the process and increasing the amount of memory consumed. With a container configured to restart always, such as `podman run --restart=always`, this can result in a memory-based denial of service of the system.",
  "id": "GHSA-rpcc-p8xm-rc6p",
  "modified": "2024-12-27T18:30:26Z",
  "published": "2024-08-02T21:31:34Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-3056"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2024-3056"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2270717"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/containers/podman"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://pkg.go.dev/vuln/GO-2024-3042"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20241227-0002"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Podman vulnerable to memory-based denial of service"
}

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-34335"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-400"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-01-11T17:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "IBM Sterling Partner Engagement Manager 6.1.2, 6.2.0, and 6.2.1 could allow an authenticated user to exhaust server resources which could lead to a denial of service. IBM X-Force ID: 229705.",
  "id": "GHSA-rpf3-74p4-xxxj",
  "modified": "2023-01-18T18:30:16Z",
  "published": "2023-01-11T18:30:30Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-34335"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/229705"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/6854331"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 5.3.0"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "basic-ftp"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "5.3.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-44240"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-400",
      "CWE-770"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-05-06T19:37:33Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-05-12T21:16:16Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "## Summary\n\n`basic-ftp` is vulnerable to client-side denial of service when parsing FTP control-channel multiline responses.\n\nA malicious or compromised FTP server can send an unterminated multiline response during the initial FTP banner phase, before authentication. The client keeps appending attacker-controlled data into `FtpContext._partialResponse` and repeatedly reparses the accumulated buffer without enforcing a maximum control response size.\n\nAs a result, an application using `basic-ftp` can remain stuck in `connect()` while memory and CPU usage grow under attacker-controlled input. This can lead to process-level denial of service, container OOM kills, worker restarts, queue backlog, or service degradation in applications that automatically connect to FTP endpoints.\n\n---\n\n## Details\n\n### Root cause\n\nThe root cause is that incomplete FTP multiline control responses are buffered without an upper bound.\n\n`FtpContext` stores incomplete control-channel data in `_partialResponse`:\n\n\nhttps://github.com/patrickjuchli/basic-ftp/blob/50827c73ca6c1d786c97276e47be8a33d0f2277d/src/FtpContext.ts#L63-L64\n\n\nIncoming control-channel data is handled in `_onControlSocketData`. The implementation concatenates the previous incomplete response with the new chunk, parses the entire accumulated string, and stores `parsed.rest` back into `_partialResponse`:\n\n\nhttps://github.com/patrickjuchli/basic-ftp/blob/50827c73ca6c1d786c97276e47be8a33d0f2277d/src/FtpContext.ts#L328-L340\n\n\nThe relevant flow is:\n\n\ncompleteResponse = this._partialResponse + chunk\nparsed = parseControlResponse(completeResponse)\nthis._partialResponse = parsed.rest\n\n\nThere is no maximum size check before concatenating, before parsing, or before storing `parsed.rest`.\n\nThe parser accepts incomplete multiline responses and returns the entire unterminated multiline group as `rest`:\n\n\nhttps://github.com/patrickjuchli/basic-ftp/blob/50827c73ca6c1d786c97276e47be8a33d0f2277d/src/parseControlResponse.ts#L15-L43\n\n\nIf a server starts a multiline FTP response:\n\n\n220-malicious banner starts\n\n\nbut never sends the terminating line:\n\n\n220 ready\n\n\nthen `parseControlResponse()` treats the accumulated multiline data as incomplete and returns it as `rest`.\n\nBecause `_onControlSocketData()` feeds `_partialResponse + chunk` back into the parser on every new data event, the client repeatedly reparses a growing attacker-controlled buffer. This creates both memory growth and increasing parsing work.\n\n### Why this is security-relevant\n\nThe vulnerable component is a client library. The attacker does not need to authenticate to the victim system and does not need valid FTP credentials.\n\nThe attack occurs automatically when an application using `basic-ftp` connects to a malicious or compromised FTP server. The malicious response is sent as the FTP server banner before login. No additional user interaction is required after the application initiates a normal FTP connection.\n\nThis is realistic for applications that use FTP for:\n\n- scheduled imports or exports\n- customer-provided FTP endpoints\n- backup or synchronization jobs\n- CI/CD artifact mirroring\n- document ingestion pipelines\n- legacy business integrations\n\nIn those environments, one malicious or compromised FTP endpoint can cause the Node.js process using `basic-ftp` to consume excessive memory and CPU or remain stuck in a pending connection state.\n\n---\n\n## Proof of Concept\n\nThe PoC uses a local malicious FTP server that accepts a victim connection and sends an unterminated multiline FTP banner. The banner starts with `220-`, but the server never sends the required terminating `220 ` line.\n\n### Reproduction steps\n\nFrom the root of the `basic-ftp` project:\n\n```bash\nnpm ci\nnpm run buildOnly\n```\n\n[poc_control_parser_direct.js](https://github.com/user-attachments/files/27051425/poc_control_parser_direct.js)\n\n```bash\nCHUNKS=1000 node poc_control_parser_direct.js | tee poc-results/parser_direct_1000.log\n```\n\n[parser_direct_1000.log](https://github.com/user-attachments/files/27051430/parser_direct_1000.log)\n\nRun the end-to-end malicious FTP server PoC:\n\n[poc_control_multiline_dos.js](https://github.com/user-attachments/files/27051385/poc_control_multiline_dos.js)\n\n```bash\nCHUNK_SIZE=8192 CHUNKS=1000 DELAY_MS=1 node poc_control_multiline_dos.js | tee poc-results/control_multiline_dos_1000.log\n```\n\n[control_multiline_dos_1000.log](https://github.com/user-attachments/files/27051397/control_multiline_dos_1000.log)\n\n### Observed result: parser-only PoC\n\n```text\n[basic-ftp parseControlResponse incomplete multiline DoS]\nInput fed: 7.81 MiB\nRetained rest: 7.81 MiB\nInitial rss/heap: 54.77 MiB 3.69 MiB\nFinal   rss/heap: 141.64 MiB 80.77 MiB\n```\n\nThis shows that `parseControlResponse()` retained the full unterminated multiline response as `rest`.\n\nThe retained buffer grew to `7.81 MiB`. Heap usage increased from `3.69 MiB` to `80.77 MiB`, and RSS increased from `54.77 MiB` to `141.64 MiB`.\n\n### Observed result: end-to-end malicious FTP server PoC\n\n```text\n[server] listening on 127.0.0.1:34429\n[server] victim connected\n[progress] chunks=850 sent=6.6 MiB partialResponse=6.6 MiB heapUsed=227.5 MiB rss=292.4 MiB\n[progress] chunks=900 sent=7.0 MiB partialResponse=7.0 MiB heapUsed=213.1 MiB rss=278.0 MiB\n[final-before-close] chunks=1000 sent=7.8 MiB partialResponse=7.8 MiB heapUsed=82.1 MiB rss=146.8 MiB\n[result] client connect() is still pending because the multiline response never terminated\n```\n\nOnly `7.8 MiB` of malicious control-channel data was sent. The client retained `7.8 MiB` in `_partialResponse`, showed large memory spikes, and remained pending inside `connect()` because the multiline response was never terminated.\n\n---\n\n## Expected behavior\n\nThe client should enforce a maximum size for incomplete FTP control responses. If the accumulated multiline response exceeds a safe limit, the client should close the connection and reject the active task with an error.\n\nThe client should not allow a remote FTP server to make `_partialResponse` grow without bound.\n\n---\n\n## Actual behavior\n\nA malicious FTP server can keep the client in a pending connection state by sending an unterminated multiline control response. `basic-ftp` continues buffering and reparsing the accumulated data without a maximum response size.\n\n---\n\n## Impact\n\nA malicious or compromised FTP server can cause denial of service in applications using `basic-ftp`.\n\nPossible real-world impact includes:\n\n- Node.js process memory exhaustion\n- container OOM kill\n- worker crash or restart loop\n- event loop CPU pressure due to repeated reparsing\n- stuck FTP jobs\n- queue backlog in scheduled import/export systems\n- degraded availability of services relying on automated FTP ingestion\n\n---\n\n## Threat model\n\nThe attacker controls, compromises, or can impersonate an FTP server that a victim application connects to.\n\nExamples:\n\n1. A SaaS application allows customers to configure external FTP endpoints for automated imports.\n2. A backend job periodically pulls files from partner FTP servers.\n3. A document ingestion pipeline connects to FTP endpoints supplied by external users.\n4. A legacy integration uses FTP for scheduled synchronization.\n5. A build or deployment pipeline mirrors artifacts from an FTP server.\n\nIn each case, the victim application initiates a normal FTP connection. The malicious server sends an unterminated multiline banner before authentication. The vulnerable client then buffers and reparses the response indefinitely.\n\nNo FTP credentials are required for exploitation because the attack happens before login.\n\n---\n\n## Suggested fix\n\nIntroduce a maximum control response buffer size, especially for incomplete multiline responses.\n\nRecommended changes:\n\n- Add a `maxControlResponseBytes` or `maxControlResponseLength` limit.\n- Enforce the limit before or immediately after appending new control-channel data.\n- Close the connection and reject the active task when the limit is exceeded.\n- Add regression tests for unterminated multiline responses.\n\nExample defensive logic:\n\n```text\nif (completeResponse.length \u003e maxControlResponseLength) {\n    closeWithError(new Error(\"FTP control response exceeded maximum allowed size\"))\n}\n```\n\nA regression test should verify that a response beginning with `220-` and never terminating with `220 ` is rejected after the configured size limit instead of being retained indefinitely.\n\n---\n\n## Suggested regression test scenario\n\nA test server should:\n\n1. Accept a client connection.\n2. Send an FTP multiline response opener such as `220-malicious banner\\r\\n`.\n3. Continue sending additional lines without ever sending the terminating `220 ` line.\n4. Verify that the client rejects the connection once the configured response-size limit is exceeded.\n5. Verify that `_partialResponse` does not grow without bound.\n\n## Credit request\nIf you publish an advisory or assign a CVE, please credit me as:\n\nAli Firas (thesmartshadow)  - https://www.smartshadow.dev",
  "id": "GHSA-rpmf-866q-6p89",
  "modified": "2026-05-13T16:29:59Z",
  "published": "2026-05-06T19:37:33Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/patrickjuchli/basic-ftp/security/advisories/GHSA-rpmf-866q-6p89"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-44240"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/patrickjuchli/basic-ftp"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "basic-ftp allows a malicious FTP server to cause client-side denial of service via unbounded multiline control response buffering"
}

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2010-4668"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-400"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2011-01-03T20:00:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The blk_rq_map_user_iov function in block/blk-map.c in the Linux kernel before 2.6.37-rc7 allows local users to cause a denial of service (panic) via a zero-length I/O request in a device ioctl to a SCSI device, related to an unaligned map.  NOTE: this vulnerability exists because of an incomplete fix for CVE-2010-4163.",
  "id": "GHSA-rpp2-qjhg-737g",
  "modified": "2025-04-11T03:42:39Z",
  "published": "2022-05-13T01:23:47Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2010-4668"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/64496"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchwork.kernel.org/patch/363282"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git%3Ba=commit%3Bh=5478755616ae2ef1ce144dded589b62b2a50d575"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git;a=commit;h=5478755616ae2ef1ce144dded589b62b2a50d575"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://lkml.org/lkml/2010/11/29/68"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://lkml.org/lkml/2010/11/29/70"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2010/11/29/1"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2010/11/30/4"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2010/11/30/7"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/42890"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/testing/ChangeLog-2.6.37-rc7"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.redhat.com/support/errata/RHSA-2011-0007.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/45660"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-21289"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-400"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-01-14T18:15:50Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Microsoft Message Queuing (MSMQ) Denial of Service Vulnerability",
  "id": "GHSA-rpr6-945p-jm7x",
  "modified": "2025-01-14T18:32:04Z",
  "published": "2025-01-14T18:32:04Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-21289"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2025-21289"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "eth-abi"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "4.2.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-400"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2023-11-24T16:54:11Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "With this notification I would like to inform about a DoS vector in the Ethereum ABI decoder. \nWe have not yet found a way to exploit this with high impact, still the bug could potentially lead to a DoS in server systems.\n\nFeel free to ask about an extension of the embargo period.\n\nTrail of Bits is informing you and other vendors as a community service, and so we do not seek a bug bounty on these issues.\n\n## BUG DESCRIPTION\n\nParsers must be written in a robust way, which avoids for example unrecoverable crashes, misinterpretation, hangs, or excessive resource consumption. The recent news about the aCropalypse bug also highlights that more subtle bugs like blind spots in file formats can lead to serious implications. Sometimes the specifications are at fault and sometimes the implementations.\n\nIn the case of the Ethereum ABI, I have to blame the specification more than the vulnerable implementations. The specification allows zero-sized-types (ZST), which can cause denial-of-service upon parsing a malicious payload and schema. If a ZST takes zero bytes when stored on disk, but after parsing occupies memory, then there is the possibility for a denial of service.\n\nFor instance, what will happen if a parser expects an array of ZST? It will try to parse as many ZST as the byte array claims to contain. The following figure first shows a payload of 20 bytes which will deserialize to an array of the numbers 2, 1, 3. The second payload will deserialize to 232 elements of a ZST like an empty tuple or empty array. \n\n20 bytes of data:\n```\nlength=0x3u64 2u32 1u32 3u32\n```\n8 bytes of data\n```\nlength=0xFFFFFFFu64\n```\n\nNow, this is not a problem if the individual elements take zero memory after parsing. Though, a common flaw is at least during serialization a large amount of memory will be required. If this case is not handled explicitly in the implementation then we are facing a DoS vector. For example, an implementation could decide to represent an array of ZST differently than a normal array and parse it in constant time, instead of looping and naively adding elements to an in-memory array.\n\nI mentioned that I believe this is a flaw in the specification. The reason for this is that the Ethereum ABI could have decided to disallow ZST completely. Actually, it turned out that in the latest versions of Solidity and Vyper it is not possible to define ZST like empty tuples or empty arrays. Even though the languages do not allow it, it is still allowed in the ABI specification.\n\n## POC\n\nWe define the data payload as `0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000FFFFFFFF`. It consists of two 32-byte blocks, which describe a serialized array of ZST. The first block defines an offset to the array\u2019s elements. The second block defines the length of the array. Independent of the programming language we will reference it always as payload.\n\nWe will try to decode this payload using the ABI schemata ()[] and uint32[0][]. The former represents a dynamic array of empty tuples and the latter a dynamic array of empty static arrays. The distinction between dynamic and static is important here, because an empty static array takes zero bytes, whereas a dynamic one takes a few bytes because it serializes the length of the array.\n\nThe following Python program uses the official eth_abi library and will hang and eventually cause an out-of-memory error.\n\n    from eth_abi import decode\n    data = bytearray.fromhex(payload)\n    decode([\u0027()[]\u0027], data)\n\n## SUGGESTED REMEDIATION\n\nWe suggest to disallow the parsing of ZST.\n",
  "id": "GHSA-rqr8-pxh7-cq3g",
  "modified": "2023-11-24T16:54:11Z",
  "published": "2023-11-24T16:54:11Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ethereum/eth-abi/security/advisories/GHSA-rqr8-pxh7-cq3g"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/ethereum/eth-abi"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Ethereum ABI decoder DoS when parsing ZST"
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "RubyGems",
        "name": "rack"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "2.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2.0.9.2"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "RubyGems",
        "name": "rack"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "2.1.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2.1.4.2"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "RubyGems",
        "name": "rack"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "2.2.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2.2.6.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "RubyGems",
        "name": "rack"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "3.0.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "3.0.4.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-44572"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1333",
      "CWE-400"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2023-01-18T18:19:21Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-02-09T20:15:00Z",
    "severity": "LOW"
  },
  "details": "There is a denial of service vulnerability in the multipart parsing component of Rack. This vulnerability has been assigned the CVE identifier CVE-2022-44572.\n\nVersions Affected: \u003e= 2.0.0 Not affected: None. Fixed Versions: 2.0.9.2, 2.1.4.2, 2.2.6.1, 3.0.0.1\nImpact\n\nCarefully crafted input can cause RFC2183 multipart boundary parsing in Rack to take an unexpected amount of time, possibly resulting in a denial of service attack vector. Any applications that parse multipart posts using Rack (virtually all Rails applications) are impacted.\nReleases\n\nThe fixed releases are available at the normal locations.\nWorkarounds\n\nThere are no feasible workarounds for this issue.\nPatches\n\nTo aid users who aren\u2019t able to upgrade immediately we have provided patches for the two supported release series. They are in git-am format and consist of a single changeset.\n\n    2-0-Forbid-control-characters-in-attributes.patch - Patch for 2.0 series\n    2-1-Forbid-control-characters-in-attributes.patch - Patch for 2.1 series\n    2-2-Forbid-control-characters-in-attributes.patch - Patch for 2.2 series\n    3-0-Forbid-control-characters-in-attributes.patch - Patch for 3.0 series\n",
  "id": "GHSA-rqv2-275x-2jq5",
  "modified": "2023-10-23T19:17:24Z",
  "published": "2023-01-18T18:19:21Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-44572"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://hackerone.com/reports/1639882"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/rack/rack"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/rack/rack/releases/tag/v3.0.4.1"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/rubysec/ruby-advisory-db/blob/master/gems/rack/CVE-2022-44572.yml"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.debian.org/security/2023/dsa-5530"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [],
  "summary": "Denial of service via multipart parsing in Rack"
}