CWE-367
AllowedTime-of-check Time-of-use (TOCTOU) Race Condition
Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete
The product checks the state of a resource before using that resource, but the resource's state can change between the check and the use in a way that invalidates the results of the check.
1215 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-48VR-CW3X-RRHF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-11-15 12:00 – Updated: 2022-11-18 18:30DMA transactions which are targeted at input buffers used for the FwBlockServiceSmm software SMI handler could cause SMRAM corruption through a TOCTOU attack. DMA transactions which are targeted at input buffers used for the software SMI handler used by the FwBlockServiceSmm driver could cause SMRAM corruption through a TOCTOU attack. This issue was discovered by Insyde engineering based on the general description provided by Intel's iSTARE group. Fixed in kernel 5.2: 05.27.23, 5.3: 05.36.23, 5.4: 05.44.23, 5.5: 05.52.23 https://www.insyde.com/security-pledge/SA-2022048
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-33906"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-367"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-11-15T00:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "DMA transactions which are targeted at input buffers used for the FwBlockServiceSmm software SMI handler could cause SMRAM corruption through a TOCTOU attack. DMA transactions which are targeted at input buffers used for the software SMI handler used by the FwBlockServiceSmm driver could cause SMRAM corruption through a TOCTOU attack. This issue was discovered by Insyde engineering based on the general description provided by Intel\u0027s iSTARE group. Fixed in kernel 5.2: 05.27.23, 5.3: 05.36.23, 5.4: 05.44.23, 5.5: 05.52.23 https://www.insyde.com/security-pledge/SA-2022048",
"id": "GHSA-48vr-cw3x-rrhf",
"modified": "2022-11-18T18:30:25Z",
"published": "2022-11-15T12:00:16Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-33906"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/pdf/ssa-450613.pdf"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.insyde.com/security-pledge"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.insyde.com/security-pledge/SA-2022048"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-4942-R77J-8WV7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-11 18:30 – Updated: 2026-08-11 18:30Time-of-check time-of-use race condition for the Intel(R) NPU Driver for Windows for all versions within Ring 1: Device Drivers may allow a denial of service. Unprivileged software adversary with an authenticated user combined with a high complexity attack may enable denial of service. This result may potentially occur via local access when attack requirements are present without special internal knowledge and requires no user interaction. The potential vulnerability may impact the confidentiality (none), integrity (low) and availability (high) of the vulnerable system, resulting in subsequent system confidentiality (none), integrity (none) and availability (none) impacts.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-20908"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-367"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-08-11T17:17:54Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Time-of-check time-of-use race condition for the Intel(R) NPU Driver for Windows for all versions within Ring 1: Device Drivers may allow a denial of service. Unprivileged software adversary with an authenticated user combined with a high complexity attack may enable denial of service. This result may potentially occur via local access when attack requirements are present without special internal knowledge and requires no user interaction. The potential vulnerability may impact the confidentiality (none), integrity (low) and availability (high) of the vulnerable system, resulting in subsequent system confidentiality (none), integrity (none) and availability (none) impacts.",
"id": "GHSA-4942-r77j-8wv7",
"modified": "2026-08-11T18:30:53Z",
"published": "2026-08-11T18:30:53Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-20908"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://intel.com/content/www/us/en/security-center/advisory/intel-sa-01456.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:H/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-49H6-4QJ3-4F42
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-16 03:31 – Updated: 2026-04-16 03:31A Download of Code Without Integrity Check vulnerability in the update modules in ASUS Member Center(华硕大厅) allows a local user to achieve privilege escalation to Administrator via exploitation of a Time-of-check Time-of-use (TOC-TOU) during the update process, where an unexpected payload is substituted for a legitimate one immediately after download, and subsequently executed with administrative privileges upon user consent. Refer to the 'Security Update for ASUS Member Center' section on the ASUS Security Advisory for more information.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-3428"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-367"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-16T03:16:26Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A Download of Code Without Integrity Check vulnerability in the update modules in ASUS Member Center(\u534e\u7855\u5927\u5385) allows a local user to achieve privilege escalation to Administrator via exploitation of a Time-of-check Time-of-use (TOC-TOU) during the update process, where an unexpected payload is substituted for a legitimate one immediately after download, and subsequently executed with administrative privileges upon user consent.\nRefer to the \u0027Security Update for ASUS Member Center\u0027 section on the ASUS Security Advisory for more information.",
"id": "GHSA-49h6-4qj3-4f42",
"modified": "2026-04-16T03:31:06Z",
"published": "2026-04-16T03:31:06Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-3428"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.asus.com/security-advisory"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:H/AT:P/PR:L/UI:P/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-49PQ-RGJ7-Q6MH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-04 03:31 – Updated: 2026-09-04 03:31Kernel software installed and running inside a Guest VM may post improper commands to the GPU Firmware to trigger a read and/or write data outside the Guest's virtualised GPU memory.
The firmware uses data provided by the Guest VM to set up accesses to memory. It validated this before use, but a TOCTOU bug was present which allowed the earlier check results to be invalidated.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-45197"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-367"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-09-04T02:17:19Z",
"severity": null
},
"details": "Kernel software installed and running inside a Guest VM may post improper commands to the GPU Firmware to trigger a read and/or write data outside the Guest\u0027s virtualised GPU memory.\n\n\n\nThe firmware uses data provided by the Guest VM to set up accesses to memory. It validated this before use, but a TOCTOU bug was present which allowed the earlier check results to be invalidated.",
"id": "GHSA-49pq-rgj7-q6mh",
"modified": "2026-09-04T03:31:05Z",
"published": "2026-09-04T03:31:05Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-45197"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.imaginationtech.com/gpu-driver-vulnerabilities"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-4C3G-MGJR-MCHG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-02 09:30 – Updated: 2026-03-02 15:31In MAE, there is a possible out of bounds write due to a race condition. This could lead to local escalation of privilege if a malicious actor has already obtained the System privilege. User interaction is not needed for exploitation. Patch ID: ALPS10431920; Issue ID: MSV-5835.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-20438"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-367"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-03-02T09:16:17Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In MAE, there is a possible out of bounds write due to a race condition. This could lead to local escalation of privilege if a malicious actor has already obtained the System privilege. User interaction is not needed for exploitation. Patch ID: ALPS10431920; Issue ID: MSV-5835.",
"id": "GHSA-4c3g-mgjr-mchg",
"modified": "2026-03-02T15:31:23Z",
"published": "2026-03-02T09:30:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-20438"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://corp.mediatek.com/product-security-bulletin/March-2026"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-4CGG-4F77-HGH3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:16 – Updated: 2024-10-17 21:31dxgkrnl.sys in the kernel-mode drivers in Microsoft Windows Vista SP2, Windows Server 2008 SP2 and R2 SP1, and Windows 7 SP1 allows local users to gain privileges via a crafted application, aka "DirectX Graphics Kernel Subsystem Double Fetch Vulnerability."
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2013-3888"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-367"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2013-10-09T14:53:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "dxgkrnl.sys in the kernel-mode drivers in Microsoft Windows Vista SP2, Windows Server 2008 SP2 and R2 SP1, and Windows 7 SP1 allows local users to gain privileges via a crafted application, aka \"DirectX Graphics Kernel Subsystem Double Fetch Vulnerability.\"",
"id": "GHSA-4cgg-4f77-hgh3",
"modified": "2024-10-17T21:31:29Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:16:02Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2013-3888"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/security-updates/securitybulletins/2013/ms13-081"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://oval.cisecurity.org/repository/search/definition/oval%3Aorg.mitre.oval%3Adef%3A18924"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA13-288A"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-4CHJ-257P-75H9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-06-27 00:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 05:11A Time-of-Check Time-Of-Use vulnerability in the Trend Micro Apex One and Apex One as a Service agent could allow a local attacker to escalate privileges on affected installations.
Please note: a local attacker must first obtain the ability to execute low-privileged code on the target system in order to exploit this vulnerability.
This is similar to, but not identical to CVE-2023-32555.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-32554"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-367"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-06-26T22:15:10Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A Time-of-Check Time-Of-Use vulnerability in the Trend Micro Apex One and Apex One as a Service agent could allow a local attacker to escalate privileges on affected installations.\n\nPlease note: a local attacker must first obtain the ability to execute low-privileged code on the target system in order to exploit this vulnerability.\n\nThis is similar to, but not identical to CVE-2023-32555.",
"id": "GHSA-4chj-257p-75h9",
"modified": "2024-04-04T05:11:22Z",
"published": "2023-06-27T00:30:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-32554"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://success.trendmicro.com/dcx/s/solution/000293108?language=en_US"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-23-657"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-4CV2-JWVJ-H9M8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-19 21:30 – Updated: 2026-08-19 21:30IBM AIX 7.2, and 7.3 and IBM PowerVM VIOS 4.1 could allow a local attacker to overwrite critical files and obtain sensitive information due to a time-of-check to time-of-use (TOCTOU) race condition.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-16838"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-367"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-08-19T20:17:04Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "IBM AIX 7.2, and 7.3 and IBM PowerVM VIOS 4.1 could allow a local attacker to overwrite critical files and obtain sensitive information due to a time-of-check to time-of-use (TOCTOU) race condition.",
"id": "GHSA-4cv2-jwvj-h9m8",
"modified": "2026-08-19T21:30:34Z",
"published": "2026-08-19T21:30:34Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-16838"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7283858"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-4FQ5-HF84-XR75
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-02 00:31 – Updated: 2026-09-02 00:31A time-of-check time-of-use race condition vulnerability was identified in GitHub Enterprise Server that allowed remote code execution. Exploitation required an authenticated user with write access to a repository and precise timing of concurrent upload requests. This vulnerability affected all versions of GitHub Enterprise Server prior to 3.22 and was fixed in versions 3.17.20, 3.18.14, 3.19.11, 3.20.7, 3.21.5, and 3.22.0. This vulnerability was reported via the GitHub Bug Bounty program.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-19118"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-367"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-09-01T22:17:11Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A time-of-check time-of-use race condition vulnerability was identified in GitHub Enterprise Server that allowed remote code execution. Exploitation required an authenticated user with write access to a repository and precise timing of concurrent upload requests. This vulnerability affected all versions of GitHub Enterprise Server prior to 3.22 and was fixed in versions 3.17.20, 3.18.14, 3.19.11, 3.20.7, 3.21.5, and 3.22.0. This vulnerability was reported via the GitHub Bug Bounty program.",
"id": "GHSA-4fq5-hf84-xr75",
"modified": "2026-09-02T00:31:29Z",
"published": "2026-09-02T00:31:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-19118"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.github.com/en/enterprise-server@3.17/admin/release-notes#3.17.20"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.github.com/en/enterprise-server@3.18/admin/release-notes#3.18.14"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.github.com/en/enterprise-server@3.19/admin/release-notes#3.19.11"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.github.com/en/enterprise-server@3.20/admin/release-notes#3.20.7"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.github.com/en/enterprise-server@3.21/admin/release-notes#3.21.5"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-4FRM-GC48-JWJX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-08-16 21:31 – Updated: 2024-04-04 07:00Dell BIOS contain a Time-of-check Time-of-use vulnerability in BIOS. A local authenticated malicious user with physical access to the system could potentially exploit this vulnerability by using a specifically timed DMA transaction during an SMI in order to gain arbitrary code execution on the system.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-28075"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-367"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-08-16T20:15:09Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "\nDell BIOS contain a Time-of-check Time-of-use vulnerability in BIOS. A local authenticated malicious user with physical access to the system could potentially exploit this vulnerability by using a specifically timed DMA transaction during an SMI in order to gain arbitrary code execution on the system.\n\n",
"id": "GHSA-4frm-gc48-jwjx",
"modified": "2024-04-04T07:00:22Z",
"published": "2023-08-16T21:31:04Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-28075"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.dell.com/support/kbdoc/en-us/000212817/dsa-2023-152-security-update-for-a-dell-client-bios-vulnerability"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:P/AC:H/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
The most basic advice for TOCTOU vulnerabilities is to not perform a check before the use. This does not resolve the underlying issue of the execution of a function on a resource whose state and identity cannot be assured, but it does help to limit the false sense of security given by the check.
Mitigation
When the file being altered is owned by the current user and group, set the effective gid and uid to that of the current user and group when executing this statement.
Mitigation
Limit the interleaving of operations on files from multiple processes.
Mitigation
If you cannot perform operations atomically and you must share access to the resource between multiple processes or threads, then try to limit the amount of time (CPU cycles) between the check and use of the resource. This will not fix the problem, but it could make it more difficult for an attack to succeed.
Mitigation
Recheck the resource after the use call to verify that the action was taken appropriately.
Mitigation
Ensure that some environmental locking mechanism can be used to protect resources effectively.
Mitigation
Ensure that locking occurs before the check, as opposed to afterwards, such that the resource, as checked, is the same as it is when in use.
CAPEC-27: Leveraging Race Conditions via Symbolic Links
This attack leverages the use of symbolic links (Symlinks) in order to write to sensitive files. An attacker can create a Symlink link to a target file not otherwise accessible to them. When the privileged program tries to create a temporary file with the same name as the Symlink link, it will actually write to the target file pointed to by the attackers' Symlink link. If the attacker can insert malicious content in the temporary file they will be writing to the sensitive file by using the Symlink. The race occurs because the system checks if the temporary file exists, then creates the file. The attacker would typically create the Symlink during the interval between the check and the creation of the temporary file.
CAPEC-29: Leveraging Time-of-Check and Time-of-Use (TOCTOU) Race Conditions
This attack targets a race condition occurring between the time of check (state) for a resource and the time of use of a resource. A typical example is file access. The adversary can leverage a file access race condition by "running the race", meaning that they would modify the resource between the first time the target program accesses the file and the time the target program uses the file. During that period of time, the adversary could replace or modify the file, causing the application to behave unexpectedly.