Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-347
AllowedImproper Verification of Cryptographic Signature
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product does not verify, or incorrectly verifies, the cryptographic signature for data.
1268 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2024-8036 (GCVE-0-2024-8036)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-10-25 16:57 – Updated: 2024-10-30 17:20
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Unauthorized Modifications of Firmware and Configuration
Summary
ABB is aware of privately reported vulnerabilities in the product versions referenced in this CVE. An attacker could exploit these vulnerabilities by sending a specially crafted firmware or configuration to the system node, causing the node to stop, become inaccessible, or allowing the attacker to take control of the node.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2024-10-25 18:01 UTC
CWE
- CWE-347 - Improper Verification of Cryptographic Signature
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
31 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| ABB | Relion Protection Relays RE_611 IEC |
Affected:
1.0.0 , ≤ 1.0.4
(custom)
Affected: 2.0.0 , ≤ 2.0.4 (custom) |
|
| ABB | Relion Protection Relays REF615 IEC |
Affected:
1.0.0 , ≤ 1.2.0
(custom)
|
|
| ABB | Relion Protection Relays REF615 ANSI |
Affected:
1.0.0 , ≤ 1.1.0
(custom)
|
|
| ABB | Relion Protection Relays REX615 |
Affected:
PCL1
(custom)
|
|
| ABB | Relion Protection Relays REX610 |
Affected:
1.1.1
(custom)
Affected: 1.2.0 (custom) |
|
| ABB | Relion Protection Relays REX640 |
Affected:
1.0.0 , ≤ 1.0.8
(custom)
Affected: 1.1.0 , ≤ 1.1.6 (custom) Affected: 1.2.0 , ≤ 1.2.3 (custom) Affected: 1.3.0 , ≤ 1.3.4 (custom) |
|
| ABB | Substation Merging Unit SMU615 |
Affected:
1.0.0 , ≤ 1.0.3
(custom)
|
|
| ABB | Smart Substation Control and Protection SSC600 |
Affected:
1.0
(custom)
Affected: 1.0 FP1 (custom) Affected: 1.0 FP2 (custom) Affected: 1.0 FP3 (custom) Affected: 1.0 FP4 (custom) |
|
| ABB | Relion Protection Relays REF615R ANSI |
Affected:
4.0.0 , ≤ 4.1.2
(custom)
|
|
| ABB | Relion Protection Relays RED615 IEC |
Affected:
1.0.0 , ≤ 1.1.5
(custom)
|
|
| ABB | Relion Protection Relays 615 series IEC |
Affected:
2.0.0 , ≤ 2.0.9
(custom)
Affected: 3.0.0 , ≤ 3.0.10 (custom) Affected: 4.0.0 , ≤ 4.0.8 (custom) Affected: 4.1.9 , ≤ 4.1.10 (custom) Affected: 5.0.0 , ≤ 5.0.17 (custom) Affected: 5.1.0 , ≤ 5.1.24 (custom) |
|
| ABB | Relion Protection Relays 615 series CN |
Affected:
2.0.0 , ≤ 2.0.9
(custom)
Affected: 3.0.0 , ≤ 3..0.7 (custom) Affected: 3.1.0 , ≤ 3.1.10 (custom) Affected: 4.1.0 , ≤ 4.1.9 (custom) Affected: 5.1.0 , ≤ 5.1.4 (custom) |
|
| ABB | Relion Protection Relays 615 series ANSI |
Affected:
2.0.0 , ≤ 2.0.9
(custom)
Affected: 4.0.0 , ≤ 4.0.5 (custom) Affected: 4.1.0 , ≤ 4.1.1 (custom) Affected: 4.2.0 , ≤ 4.2.3 (custom) Affected: 5.1.0 , ≤ 5.1.3 (custom) |
|
| ABB | Relion Protection Relays RER615 |
Affected:
1.0.0 , ≤ 1.1.4
(custom)
Affected: 2.0.0 , ≤ 2.0.9 (custom) |
|
| ABB | Relion Protection Relays REC615 |
Affected:
1.0.0 , ≤ 1.1.4
(custom)
Affected: 2.0.0 , ≤ 2.0.9 (custom) |
|
| ABB | RBX615 |
Affected:
1.0.0 , ≤ 2.0.0
(custom)
|
|
| ABB | RER620 ANSI |
Affected:
1.0.0 , ≤ 1.3
(custom)
|
|
| ABB | 620 Series IEC/CN |
Affected:
2.0.0 , ≤ 2.0.13
(custom)
Affected: 2.1.0 , ≤ 2.1.16 (custom) |
|
| ABB | RE_630 |
Affected:
1.1.0 , ≤ 1.1.0 C5
(custom)
Affected: 1.2.0 , ≤ 1.2.0 B8 (custom) Affected: 1.3.0 , ≤ 1.3.0 B1 (custom) |
|
| ABB | RIO600 |
Affected:
1.0.0 , ≤ 1.8.8
(custom)
|
|
| ABB | COM600 |
Affected:
3.3
(custom)
Affected: 3.4 (custom) Affected: 3.5 (custom) Affected: 4.0 (custom) Affected: 4.1 (custom) Affected: 5.0 (custom) Affected: 5.1 (custom) |
|
| ABB | SPA ZC-400 |
Affected:
Exx
(custom)
Affected: Mxx (custom) Affected: Sxx (custom) Affected: xMx (custom) Affected: Exxx (custom) Affected: Mxxx (custom) Affected: Sxxx (custom) Affected: xMxx (custom) Affected: xxxC (custom) |
|
| ABB | COM600F ANSI |
Affected:
4.1
(custom)
Affected: 5.0 (custom) |
|
| ABB | SPA ZC-402 |
Affected:
Exxx
(custom)
Affected: Mxxx (custom) Affected: Sxxx (custom) Affected: xMxx (custom) Affected: xxxC (custom) |
|
| ABB | REF542plus |
Affected:
R1.0
(custom)
Affected: R1.1 (custom) Affected: R2.0 (custom) Affected: R2.5 (custom) Affected: R2.5 ATEX (custom) Affected: R2.5 SP3 (custom) Affected: R2.6 (custom) Affected: R3.0 (custom) Affected: R3.0 SP1 (custom) Affected: R3.0 SP3 (custom) |
|
| ABB | SUE 3000 |
Affected:
2.6 V4F07x
(custom)
Affected: 3.0FP1 V4F11x (custom) Affected: V4D02x (custom) Affected: V4E0xx (custom) |
|
| ABB | ARG600/ARP600/ARR600/ARC600 single SIM |
Affected:
3.x.x , ≤ 3.4.13
(custom)
|
|
| ABB | ARG600/ARP600 dual SIM |
Affected:
2.x.x , ≤ 3.4.13
(custom)
|
|
| ABB | ARM600 |
Affected:
4.x.x , ≤ 5.0.3
(custom)
|
|
| ABB | REC601/RER601 |
Affected:
1.1 , ≤ 1.2
(custom)
|
|
| ABB | REC603/RER603 |
Affected:
1.1 , ≤ 1.2
(custom)
|
Date Public
2024-10-21 08:50
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{
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{
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"product": "SPA ZC-400",
"vendor": "ABB",
"versions": [
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"status": "affected",
"version": "Exx",
"versionType": "custom"
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"product": "COM600F ANSI",
"vendor": "ABB",
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"versionType": "custom"
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{
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"vendor": "ABB",
"versions": [
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"version": "Exxx",
"versionType": "custom"
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"versionType": "custom"
},
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}
]
},
{
"defaultStatus": "unaffected",
"product": "REF542plus",
"vendor": "ABB",
"versions": [
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "R1.0",
"versionType": "custom"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "R1.1",
"versionType": "custom"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "R2.0",
"versionType": "custom"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "R2.5",
"versionType": "custom"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "R2.5 ATEX",
"versionType": "custom"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "R2.5 SP3",
"versionType": "custom"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "R2.6",
"versionType": "custom"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "R3.0",
"versionType": "custom"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "R3.0 SP1",
"versionType": "custom"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "R3.0 SP3",
"versionType": "custom"
}
]
},
{
"defaultStatus": "unaffected",
"product": "SUE 3000",
"vendor": "ABB",
"versions": [
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "2.6 V4F07x",
"versionType": "custom"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "3.0FP1 V4F11x",
"versionType": "custom"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "V4D02x",
"versionType": "custom"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "V4E0xx",
"versionType": "custom"
}
]
},
{
"defaultStatus": "unaffected",
"product": "ARG600/ARP600/ARR600/ARC600 single SIM",
"vendor": "ABB",
"versions": [
{
"lessThanOrEqual": "3.4.13",
"status": "affected",
"version": "3.x.x",
"versionType": "custom"
}
]
},
{
"defaultStatus": "unaffected",
"product": "ARG600/ARP600 dual SIM",
"vendor": "ABB",
"versions": [
{
"lessThanOrEqual": "3.4.13",
"status": "affected",
"version": "2.x.x",
"versionType": "custom"
}
]
},
{
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"product": "ARM600",
"vendor": "ABB",
"versions": [
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"lessThanOrEqual": "5.0.3",
"status": "affected",
"version": "4.x.x",
"versionType": "custom"
}
]
},
{
"defaultStatus": "unaffected",
"product": "REC601/RER601",
"vendor": "ABB",
"versions": [
{
"lessThanOrEqual": "1.2",
"status": "affected",
"version": "1.1",
"versionType": "custom"
}
]
},
{
"defaultStatus": "unaffected",
"product": "REC603/RER603",
"vendor": "ABB",
"versions": [
{
"lessThanOrEqual": "1.2",
"status": "affected",
"version": "1.1",
"versionType": "custom"
}
]
}
],
"credits": [
{
"lang": "en",
"type": "finder",
"value": "ABB thanks Jos Wetzels from Midnight Blue (midnightblue.nl) for helping to identify the vulnerabilities and protecting our customers."
}
],
"datePublic": "2024-10-21T08:50:00.000Z",
"descriptions": [
{
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"supportingMedia": [
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"type": "text/html",
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"value": "ABB is aware of privately reported vulnerabilities in the product versions referenced in this CVE. An attacker could exploit these vulnerabilities by sending a specially crafted firmware or configuration to the system node, causing the node to stop, become inaccessible, or allowing the attacker to take control of the node."
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CVE-2024-7788 (GCVE-0-2024-7788)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-09-17 14:28 – Updated: 2024-10-12 13:05
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Signatures in "repair mode" should not be trusted
Summary
Improper Digital Signature Invalidation vulnerability in Zip Repair Mode of The Document Foundation LibreOffice allows Signature forgery vulnerability in LibreOfficeThis issue affects LibreOffice: from 24.2 before < 24.2.5.
Severity
7.8 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2024-09-17 15:52 UTC
CWE
- CWE-347 - Improper Verification of Cryptographic Signature
Assigner
References
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| The Document Foundation | LibreOffice |
Affected:
24.2 , < < 24.2.5
(24.2 series)
|
|
| thedocumentfoundation | libreoffice |
Affected:
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cpe:2.3:a:thedocumentfoundation:libreoffice:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2024-7481 (GCVE-0-2024-7481)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-09-25 10:33 – Updated: 2024-09-25 15:16
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Improper signature verification of Printer driver installation in TeamViewer Remote Clients
Summary
Improper verification of cryptographic signature during installation of a Printer driver via the TeamViewer_service.exe component of TeamViewer Remote Clients prior version 15.58.4 for Windows allows an attacker with local unprivileged access on a Windows system to elevate their privileges and install drivers.
Severity
8.8 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2024-09-25 15:14 UTC
CWE
- CWE-347 - Improper Verification of Cryptographic Signature
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
3 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| TeamViewer | Remote Full Client |
Affected:
15.0.0 , < 15.58.4
(custom)
Affected: 14.0.0 , < 14.7.48796 (custom) Affected: 13.0.0 , < 13.2.36225 (custom) Affected: 12.0.0 , < 12.0.259312 (custom) Affected: 11.0.0 , < 11.0.259311 (custom) |
|
| TeamViewer | Remote Host |
Affected:
15.0.0 , < 15.58.4
(custom)
Affected: 14.0.0 , < 14.7.48796 (custom) Affected: 13.0.0 , < 13.2.36225 (custom) Affected: 12.0.0 , < 12.0.259312 (custom) Affected: 11.0.0 , < 11.0.259311 (custom) |
|
| teamviewer | host |
Affected:
15.0.0 , < 15.58.4
(custom)
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CVE-2024-7479 (GCVE-0-2024-7479)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-09-25 10:34 – Updated: 2024-09-25 15:13
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Improper signature verification of VPN driver installation in TeamViewer Remote Clients
Summary
Improper verification of cryptographic signature during installation of a VPN driver via the TeamViewer_service.exe component of TeamViewer Remote Clients prior version 15.58.4 for Windows allows an attacker with local unprivileged access on a Windows system to elevate their privileges and install drivers.
Severity
8.8 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2024-09-25 14:33 UTC
CWE
- CWE-347 - Improper Verification of Cryptographic Signature
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
4 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| TeamViewer | Remote Full Client |
Affected:
15.0.0 , < 15.58.4
(custom)
Affected: 14.0.0 , < 14.7.48796 (custom) Affected: 13.0.0 , < 13.2.36225 (custom) Affected: 12.0.0 , < 12.0.259312 (custom) Affected: 11.0.0 , < 11.0.259311 (custom) |
|
| TeamViewer | Remote Host |
Affected:
15.0.0 , < 15.58.4
(custom)
Affected: 14.0.0 , < 14.7.48796 (custom) Affected: 13.0.0 , < 13.2.36225 (custom) Affected: 12.0.0 , < 12.0.259312 (custom) Affected: 11.0.0 , < 11.0.259311 (custom) |
|
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Affected:
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(custom)
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|
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(custom)
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CVE-2024-6800 (GCVE-0-2024-6800)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-08-20 19:21 – Updated: 2024-08-22 14:18
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
An XML signature wrapping vulnerability was present in GitHub Enterprise Server (GHES) when using SAML authentication with specific identity providers utilizing publicly exposed signed federation metadata XML. This vulnerability allowed an attacker with direct network access to GitHub Enterprise Server to forge a SAML response to provision and/or gain access to a user with site administrator privileges. Exploitation of this vulnerability would allow unauthorized access to the instance without requiring prior authentication. This vulnerability affected all versions of GitHub Enterprise Server prior to 3.14 and was fixed in versions 3.13.3, 3.12.8, 3.11.14, and 3.10.16. This vulnerability was reported via the GitHub Bug Bounty program.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2024-08-21 00:00 UTC
CWE
- CWE-347 - Improper Verification of Cryptographic Signature
Assigner
References
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| GitHub | GitHub Enterprise Server |
Affected:
3.13.0 , ≤ 3.13.2
(semver)
Affected: 3.12.0 , ≤ 3.12.7 (semver) Affected: 3.11.0 , ≤ 3.11.13 (semver) Affected: 3.10.0 , ≤ 3.10.15 (semver) |
|
| github | enterprise_server |
Unaffected:
3.13.3
Affected: 3.13.0 , ≤ 3.13.2 (semver) Unaffected: 3.12.8 Affected: 3.12.0 , ≤ 3.12.7 (semver) Unaffected: 3.11.14 Affected: 3.11.0 , ≤ 3.11.13 (semver) Unaffected: 3.10.16 Affected: 3.10.0 , ≤ 3.10.15 (semver) cpe:2.3:a:github:enterprise_server:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2024-5912 (GCVE-0-2024-5912)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-07-10 18:40 – Updated: 2024-08-01 21:25
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Cortex XDR Agent: Improper File Signature Verification Checks
Summary
An improper file signature check in Palo Alto Networks Cortex XDR agent may allow an attacker to bypass the Cortex XDR agent's executable blocking capabilities and run untrusted executables on the device. This issue can be leveraged to execute untrusted software without being detected or blocked.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2024-07-11 14:37 UTC
CWE
- CWE-347 - Improper Verification of Cryptographic Signature
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://security.paloaltonetworks.com/CVE-2024-5912 | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Palo Alto Networks | Cortex XDR Agent |
Unaffected:
8.4
(custom)
Unaffected: 8.3-CE (custom) Unaffected: 8.3 (custom) Affected: 7.9-CE , < 7.9.102-CE (custom) Affected: 8.2 , < 8.2.2 (custom) |
Date Public
2024-07-10 16:00
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CVE-2024-2451 (GCVE-0-2024-2451)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-05-28 14:27 – Updated: 2024-08-01 19:11
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Improper fingerprint validation in the TeamViewer Client
Summary
Improper fingerprint validation in the TeamViewer Client (Full & Host) prior Version 15.54 for Windows and macOS allows an attacker with administrative user rights to further elevate privileges via executable sideloading.
Severity
6.4 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2024-05-28 16:18 UTC
CWE
- CWE-347 - Improper Verification of Cryptographic Signature
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
5 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| TeamViewer | Remote (Full Client) |
Affected:
15.48 , < 15.54
(custom)
|
|
| TeamViewer | Remote (Host) |
Affected:
15.48 , < 15.54
(custom)
|
|
| TeamViewer | Remote (Full Client) |
Affected:
15.51 , < 15.54
(custom)
|
|
| TeamViewer | Remote (Host) |
Affected:
15.51 , < 15.54
(custom)
|
|
| teamviewer | remote |
Affected:
15.48 , < 15.54
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CVE-2024-2307 (GCVE-0-2024-2307)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-03-19 16:16 – Updated: 2026-02-25 19:22
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Osbuild-composer: race condition may disable gpg verification for package repositories
Summary
A flaw was found in osbuild-composer. A condition can be triggered that disables GPG verification for package repositories, which can expose the build phase to a Man-in-the-Middle attack, allowing untrusted code to be installed into an image being built.
Severity
6.1 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2024-03-19 17:28 UTC
CWE
- CWE-347 - Improper Verification of Cryptographic Signature
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:2119 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:2961 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2024-2307 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2268513 | issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT |
Impacted products
3 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Affected:
0 , < 94.0.0
(semver)
|
|||
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 |
Unaffected:
0:101-1.el8 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux:8::appstream |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 |
Unaffected:
0:101-1.el9 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux:9::appstream |
Date Public
2024-03-19 00:00
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CVE-2024-1721 (GCVE-0-2024-1721)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-05-21 15:41 – Updated: 2024-08-01 18:48
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
Improper Verification of Cryptographic Signature vulnerability in HYPR Passwordless on Windows allows Malicious Software Update.This issue affects HYPR Passwordless: before 9.1.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2024-05-21 18:01 UTC
CWE
- CWE-347 - Improper Verification of Cryptographic Signature
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| HYPR | Passwordless |
Affected:
0 , < 9.1
(patch)
|
|
| hypr | passwordless |
Affected:
0 , < 9.1
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:hypr:passwordless:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2024-1150 (GCVE-0-2024-1150)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-02-08 13:06 – Updated: 2024-08-01 18:26
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Improper validation of update packages
Summary
Improper Verification of Cryptographic Signature vulnerability in Snow Software Inventory Agent on Unix allows File Manipulation through Snow Update Packages.This issue affects Inventory Agent: through 7.3.1.
Severity
7.8 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2024-02-22 14:56 UTC
CWE
- CWE-347 - Improper Verification of Cryptographic Signature
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Snow Software | Inventory Agent |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 7.3.1
(custom)
|
Date Public
2024-02-08 12:00
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No mitigation information available for this CWE.
CAPEC-463: Padding Oracle Crypto Attack
An adversary is able to efficiently decrypt data without knowing the decryption key if a target system leaks data on whether or not a padding error happened while decrypting the ciphertext. A target system that leaks this type of information becomes the padding oracle and an adversary is able to make use of that oracle to efficiently decrypt data without knowing the decryption key by issuing on average 128*b calls to the padding oracle (where b is the number of bytes in the ciphertext block). In addition to performing decryption, an adversary is also able to produce valid ciphertexts (i.e., perform encryption) by using the padding oracle, all without knowing the encryption key.
CAPEC-475: Signature Spoofing by Improper Validation
An adversary exploits a cryptographic weakness in the signature verification algorithm implementation to generate a valid signature without knowing the key.