Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-345

Discouraged

Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity

Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft

The product does not sufficiently verify the origin or authenticity of data, in a way that causes it to accept invalid data.

933 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-MQ67-Q3FX-F62H

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-08-14 21:31 – Updated: 2025-08-14 21:31
VLAI
Details

A vulnerability has been found in Tenda G1 16.01.7.8(3660). Affected by this issue is the function check_upload_file of the component Firmware Update Handler. The manipulation leads to insufficient verification of data authenticity. The attack may be launched remotely. The complexity of an attack is rather high. The exploitation is known to be difficult. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-8980"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-345"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-08-14T20:15:38Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability has been found in Tenda G1 16.01.7.8(3660). Affected by this issue is the function check_upload_file of the component Firmware Update Handler. The manipulation leads to insufficient verification of data authenticity. The attack may be launched remotely. The complexity of an attack is rather high. The exploitation is known to be difficult. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.",
  "id": "GHSA-mq67-q3fx-f62h",
  "modified": "2025-08-14T21:31:59Z",
  "published": "2025-08-14T21:31:59Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-8980"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/IOTRes/IOT_Firmware_Update/blob/main/Tenda/G1_Auth.md"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/IOTRes/IOT_Firmware_Update/blob/main/Tenda/G1_Inte.md"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.319976"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.319976"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.628605"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.628606"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.tenda.com.cn"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-MR3F-MQ88-R8JQ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:13 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:13
VLAI
Details

A lack of target address verification in the BurnMe() function of Rob The Bank 1.0 allows attackers to steal tokens from victim users via a crafted script.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-19769"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-345"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-09-07T22:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "A lack of target address verification in the BurnMe() function of Rob The Bank 1.0 allows attackers to steal tokens from victim users via a crafted script.",
  "id": "GHSA-mr3f-mq88-r8jq",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T19:13:54Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T19:13:54Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-19769"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/OSUPlayer/CVEs/blob/master/Suicidal/2019-07-09-01.md"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-MR98-JGQ9-QX85

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-02 12:31 – Updated: 2026-05-02 12:31
VLAI
Details

A vulnerability was found in TRENDnet TEW-821DAP up to 1.12B01. This impacts the function platform_do_upgrade_cameo_dev of the file cameo_dev.sh of the component Firmware Update Handler. Performing a manipulation results in insufficient verification of data authenticity. The attack is possible to be carried out remotely. The complexity of an attack is rather high. The exploitability is said to be difficult. The vendor explains: "That firmware version will only work on our hardware version v1.xR. We have already EOL that product 8 years ago and are no longer selling". This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-7611"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-345"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-05-02T10:16:19Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability was found in TRENDnet TEW-821DAP up to 1.12B01. This impacts the function platform_do_upgrade_cameo_dev of the file cameo_dev.sh of the component Firmware Update Handler. Performing a manipulation results in insufficient verification of data authenticity. The attack is possible to be carried out remotely. The complexity of an attack is rather high. The exploitability is said to be difficult. The vendor explains: \"That firmware version will only work on our hardware version v1.xR. We have already EOL that product 8 years ago and are no longer selling\". This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer.",
  "id": "GHSA-mr98-jgq9-qx85",
  "modified": "2026-05-02T12:31:22Z",
  "published": "2026-05-02T12:31:22Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-7611"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/IOTRes/IOT_Firmware_Update/blob/main/Trendnet/TEW-821DAP_Inte.md"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/806218"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/360568"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/360568/cti"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-MW35-GRPM-83J9

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:02 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:02
VLAI
Details

The USB firmware update script of homee Brain Cube v2 (2.28.2 and 2.28.4) devices allows an attacker with physical access to install compromised firmware. This occurs because of insufficient validation of the firmware image file and can lead to code execution on the device.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-24395"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-345"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-05-20T14:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "The USB firmware update script of homee Brain Cube v2 (2.28.2 and 2.28.4) devices allows an attacker with physical access to install compromised firmware. This occurs because of insufficient validation of the firmware image file and can lead to code execution on the device.",
  "id": "GHSA-mw35-grpm-83j9",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T19:02:53Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T19:02:53Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-24395"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.syss.de/fileadmin/dokumente/Publikationen/Advisories/SYSS-2020-026.txt"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.syss.de/pentest-blog"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-MW96-JP89-7W8C

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-16 09:31 – Updated: 2026-04-08 18:34
VLAI
Details

The Rede Itaú for WooCommerce plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to order status manipulation due to insufficient verification of data authenticity in all versions up to, and including, 5.1.2. This is due to the plugin failing to verify the authenticity of payment callbacks. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to manipulate WooCommerce order statuses, either marking unpaid orders as paid, or failed.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-0939"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-345"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-01-16T07:15:56Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The Rede Ita\u00fa for WooCommerce plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to order status manipulation due to insufficient verification of data authenticity in all versions up to, and including, 5.1.2. This is due to the plugin failing to verify the authenticity of payment callbacks. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to manipulate WooCommerce order statuses, either marking unpaid orders as paid, or failed.",
  "id": "GHSA-mw96-jp89-7w8c",
  "modified": "2026-04-08T18:34:02Z",
  "published": "2026-01-16T09:31:21Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-0939"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/woo-rede/tags/5.1.2/Includes/LknIntegrationRedeForWoocommerceWcEndpoint.php#L45"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/woo-rede/tags/5.1.2/Includes/LknIntegrationRedeForWoocommerceWcEndpoint.php#L460"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/woo-rede/tags/5.1.2/Includes/LknIntegrationRedeForWoocommerceWcEndpoint.php#L710"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3441046/woo-rede/tags/5.1.3/Includes/LknIntegrationRedeForWoocommerceWcEndpoint.php"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/722c666b-913f-4289-82e6-30aa0a3abc2b?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-MWR9-MRQ7-G9XF

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:31 – Updated: 2023-01-09 18:30
VLAI
Details

An issue existed in the handling of iMessage tapbacks. The issue was resolved with additional verification. This issue is fixed in iOS 13.6 and iPadOS 13.6, macOS Catalina 10.15.6, tvOS 13.4.8, watchOS 6.2.8. A user that is removed from an iMessage group could rejoin the group.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-9885"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-345"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2020-10-16T17:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "An issue existed in the handling of iMessage tapbacks. The issue was resolved with additional verification. This issue is fixed in iOS 13.6 and iPadOS 13.6, macOS Catalina 10.15.6, tvOS 13.4.8, watchOS 6.2.8. A user that is removed from an iMessage group could rejoin the group.",
  "id": "GHSA-mwr9-mrq7-g9xf",
  "modified": "2023-01-09T18:30:25Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:31:07Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-9885"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.apple.com/HT211288"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.apple.com/HT211289"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.apple.com/HT211290"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.apple.com/HT211291"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-MX3J-V3JG-VHF7

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-04-22 00:00 – Updated: 2022-05-03 00:00
VLAI
Details

An intent redirection vulnerability in the Mi Browser product. This vulnerability is caused by the Mi Browser does not verify the validity of the incoming data. Attackers can perform sensitive operations by exploiting this.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-14116"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-345"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-04-21T18:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "An intent redirection vulnerability in the Mi Browser product. This vulnerability is caused by the Mi Browser does not verify the validity of the incoming data. Attackers can perform sensitive operations by exploiting this.",
  "id": "GHSA-mx3j-v3jg-vhf7",
  "modified": "2022-05-03T00:00:53Z",
  "published": "2022-04-22T00:00:35Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-14116"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://trust.mi.com/zh-CN/misrc/bulletins/advisory?cveId=148"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-P245-XQ49-84QM

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 04:14 – Updated: 2025-07-29 18:30
VLAI
Details

Arbiter 1094B GPS Substation Clock allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (disruption) via crafted radio transmissions that spoof GPS satellite broadcasts.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2014-9194"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-345"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2015-01-17T02:59:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Arbiter 1094B GPS Substation Clock allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (disruption) via crafted radio transmissions that spoof GPS satellite broadcasts.",
  "id": "GHSA-p245-xq49-84qm",
  "modified": "2025-07-29T18:30:26Z",
  "published": "2022-05-17T04:14:30Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2014-9194"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://ics-cert.us-cert.gov/advisories/ICSA-14-345-01"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/icsa-14-345-01"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.arbiter.com/contact/index.php"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-P26Q-MRH9-9652

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:02 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:02
VLAI
Details

There is a denial of service vulnerability in some versions of ManageOne. In specific scenarios, due to the insufficient verification of the parameter, an attacker may craft some specific parameter. Successful exploit may cause some services abnormal.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-22339"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-345"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-05-20T20:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "There is a denial of service vulnerability in some versions of ManageOne. In specific scenarios, due to the insufficient verification of the parameter, an attacker may craft some specific parameter. Successful exploit may cause some services abnormal.",
  "id": "GHSA-p26q-mrh9-9652",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T19:02:49Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T19:02:49Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-22339"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.huawei.com/en/psirt/security-advisories/huawei-sa-20210428-01-dos-en"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-P2WF-95F3-Q546

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-12-21 12:30 – Updated: 2023-12-21 12:30
VLAI
Details

In JetBrains IntelliJ IDEA before 2023.3.2 code execution was possible in Untrusted Project mode via a malicious plugin repository specified in the project configuration

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-51655"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-345",
      "CWE-349"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-12-21T10:15:36Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "In JetBrains IntelliJ IDEA before 2023.3.2 code execution was possible in Untrusted Project mode via a malicious plugin repository specified in the project configuration",
  "id": "GHSA-p2wf-95f3-q546",
  "modified": "2023-12-21T12:30:28Z",
  "published": "2023-12-21T12:30:28Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-51655"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.jetbrains.com/privacy-security/issues-fixed"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

No mitigation information available for this CWE.

CAPEC-111: JSON Hijacking (aka JavaScript Hijacking)

An attacker targets a system that uses JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) as a transport mechanism between the client and the server (common in Web 2.0 systems using AJAX) to steal possibly confidential information transmitted from the server back to the client inside the JSON object by taking advantage of the loophole in the browser's Same Origin Policy that does not prohibit JavaScript from one website to be included and executed in the context of another website.

CAPEC-141: Cache Poisoning

An attacker exploits the functionality of cache technologies to cause specific data to be cached that aids the attackers' objectives. This describes any attack whereby an attacker places incorrect or harmful material in cache. The targeted cache can be an application's cache (e.g. a web browser cache) or a public cache (e.g. a DNS or ARP cache). Until the cache is refreshed, most applications or clients will treat the corrupted cache value as valid. This can lead to a wide range of exploits including redirecting web browsers towards sites that install malware and repeatedly incorrect calculations based on the incorrect value.

CAPEC-142: DNS Cache Poisoning

A domain name server translates a domain name (such as www.example.com) into an IP address that Internet hosts use to contact Internet resources. An adversary modifies a public DNS cache to cause certain names to resolve to incorrect addresses that the adversary specifies. The result is that client applications that rely upon the targeted cache for domain name resolution will be directed not to the actual address of the specified domain name but to some other address. Adversaries can use this to herd clients to sites that install malware on the victim's computer or to masquerade as part of a Pharming attack.

CAPEC-148: Content Spoofing

An adversary modifies content to make it contain something other than what the original content producer intended while keeping the apparent source of the content unchanged. The term content spoofing is most often used to describe modification of web pages hosted by a target to display the adversary's content instead of the owner's content. However, any content can be spoofed, including the content of email messages, file transfers, or the content of other network communication protocols. Content can be modified at the source (e.g. modifying the source file for a web page) or in transit (e.g. intercepting and modifying a message between the sender and recipient). Usually, the adversary will attempt to hide the fact that the content has been modified, but in some cases, such as with web site defacement, this is not necessary. Content Spoofing can lead to malware exposure, financial fraud (if the content governs financial transactions), privacy violations, and other unwanted outcomes.

CAPEC-218: Spoofing of UDDI/ebXML Messages

An attacker spoofs a UDDI, ebXML, or similar message in order to impersonate a service provider in an e-business transaction. UDDI, ebXML, and similar standards are used to identify businesses in e-business transactions. Among other things, they identify a particular participant, WSDL information for SOAP transactions, and supported communication protocols, including security protocols. By spoofing one of these messages an attacker could impersonate a legitimate business in a transaction or could manipulate the protocols used between a client and business. This could result in disclosure of sensitive information, loss of message integrity, or even financial fraud.

CAPEC-384: Application API Message Manipulation via Man-in-the-Middle

An attacker manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the content of messages. Performing this attack can allow the attacker to gain unauthorized privileges within the application, or conduct attacks such as phishing, deceptive strategies to spread malware, or traditional web-application attacks. The techniques require use of specialized software that allow the attacker to perform adversary-in-the-middle (CAPEC-94) communications between the web browser and the remote system. Despite the use of AiTH software, the attack is actually directed at the server, as the client is one node in a series of content brokers that pass information along to the application framework. Additionally, it is not true "Adversary-in-the-Middle" attack at the network layer, but an application-layer attack the root cause of which is the master applications trust in the integrity of code supplied by the client.

CAPEC-385: Transaction or Event Tampering via Application API Manipulation

An attacker hosts or joins an event or transaction within an application framework in order to change the content of messages or items that are being exchanged. Performing this attack allows the attacker to manipulate content in such a way as to produce messages or content that look authentic but may contain deceptive links, substitute one item or another, spoof an existing item and conduct a false exchange, or otherwise change the amounts or identity of what is being exchanged. The techniques require use of specialized software that allow the attacker to man-in-the-middle communications between the web browser and the remote system in order to change the content of various application elements. Often, items exchanged in game can be monetized via sales for coin, virtual dollars, etc. The purpose of the attack is for the attack to scam the victim by trapping the data packets involved the exchange and altering the integrity of the transfer process.

CAPEC-386: Application API Navigation Remapping

An attacker manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the destination and/or content of links/buttons displayed to a user within API messages. Performing this attack allows the attacker to manipulate content in such a way as to produce messages or content that looks authentic but contains links/buttons that point to an attacker controlled destination. Some applications make navigation remapping more difficult to detect because the actual HREF values of images, profile elements, and links/buttons are masked. One example would be to place an image in a user's photo gallery that when clicked upon redirected the user to an off-site location. Also, traditional web vulnerabilities (such as CSRF) can be constructed with remapped buttons or links. In some cases navigation remapping can be used for Phishing attacks or even means to artificially boost the page view, user site reputation, or click-fraud.

CAPEC-387: Navigation Remapping To Propagate Malicious Content

An adversary manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the content of messages and thereby circumvent the expected application logic.

CAPEC-388: Application API Button Hijacking

An attacker manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the destination and/or content of buttons displayed to a user within API messages. Performing this attack allows the attacker to manipulate content in such a way as to produce messages or content that looks authentic but contains buttons that point to an attacker controlled destination.

CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws

An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.

CAPEC-701: Browser in the Middle (BiTM)

An adversary exploits the inherent functionalities of a web browser, in order to establish an unnoticed remote desktop connection in the victim's browser to the adversary's system. The adversary must deploy a web client with a remote desktop session that the victim can access.