CWE-345
DiscouragedInsufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product does not sufficiently verify the origin or authenticity of data, in a way that causes it to accept invalid data.
933 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-HXG2-8CQF-77J7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:00 – Updated: 2024-04-04 02:36RouterOS versions 6.45.6 Stable, 6.44.5 Long-term, and below are vulnerable to a DNS unrelated data attack. The router adds all A records to its DNS cache even when the records are unrelated to the domain that was queried. Therefore, a remote attacker controlled DNS server can poison the router's DNS cache via malicious responses with additional and untrue records.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-3979"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-20",
"CWE-345"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-10-29T19:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "RouterOS versions 6.45.6 Stable, 6.44.5 Long-term, and below are vulnerable to a DNS unrelated data attack. The router adds all A records to its DNS cache even when the records are unrelated to the domain that was queried. Therefore, a remote attacker controlled DNS server can poison the router\u0027s DNS cache via malicious responses with additional and untrue records.",
"id": "GHSA-hxg2-8cqf-77j7",
"modified": "2024-04-04T02:36:08Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:00:04Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-3979"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.tenable.com/security/research/tra-2019-46"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-J2WP-F4R8-6834
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-09-13 18:31 – Updated: 2024-01-25 18:30A vulnerability in the iPXE boot function of Cisco IOS XR software could allow an authenticated, local attacker to install an unverified software image on an affected device.
This vulnerability is due to insufficient image verification. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by manipulating the boot parameters for image verification during the iPXE boot process on an affected device. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to boot an unverified software image on the affected device.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-20236"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-345",
"CWE-347"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-09-13T17:15:09Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A vulnerability in the iPXE boot function of Cisco IOS XR software could allow an authenticated, local attacker to install an unverified software image on an affected device.\n\n This vulnerability is due to insufficient image verification. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by manipulating the boot parameters for image verification during the iPXE boot process on an affected device. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to boot an unverified software image on the affected device.",
"id": "GHSA-j2wp-f4r8-6834",
"modified": "2024-01-25T18:30:44Z",
"published": "2023-09-13T18:31:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-20236"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://sec.cloudapps.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-iosxr-ipxe-sigbypass-pymfyqgB"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-J33F-CQ4G-XPPQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:14 – Updated: 2022-10-07 18:16Insufficient data validation in developer tools in Google Chrome prior to 81.0.4044.92 allowed a remote attacker who had convinced the user to use devtools to execute arbitrary code via a crafted HTML page.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-6443"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-345"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-04-13T18:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Insufficient data validation in developer tools in Google Chrome prior to 81.0.4044.92 allowed a remote attacker who had convinced the user to use devtools to execute arbitrary code via a crafted HTML page.",
"id": "GHSA-j33f-cq4g-xppq",
"modified": "2022-10-07T18:16:18Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:14:07Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-6443"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2020/04/stable-channel-update-for-desktop_7.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://crbug.com/1040080"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/6XWIVVYIQU67QR2LHNGGZBS4FZOW2RQO"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/HFVP775RPRDVY5FUCN7ABH5AE74TQFDD"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/XMXPDHEEACPD3BCMTC26SCCYB2ZMUOAO"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.debian.org/security/2020/dsa-4714"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2020-04/msg00024.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2020-04/msg00031.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-J3GX-WF89-G4RX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-12-20 21:30 – Updated: 2025-04-17 15:32D-Link devices DAP-2310 v2.10rc036 and earlier, DAP-2330 v1.06rc020 and earlier, DAP-2360 v2.10rc050 and earlier, DAP-2553 v3.10rc031 and earlier, DAP-2660 v1.15rc093 and earlier, DAP-2690 v3.20rc106 and earlier, DAP-2695 v1.20rc119_beta31 and earlier, DAP-3320 v1.05rc027 beta and earlier, DAP-3662 v1.05rc047 and earlier allows attackers to cause a Denial of Service (DoS) via uploading a crafted firmware after modifying the firmware header.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-38873"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-345"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-12-20T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "D-Link devices DAP-2310 v2.10rc036 and earlier, DAP-2330 v1.06rc020 and earlier, DAP-2360 v2.10rc050 and earlier, DAP-2553 v3.10rc031 and earlier, DAP-2660 v1.15rc093 and earlier, DAP-2690 v3.20rc106 and earlier, DAP-2695 v1.20rc119_beta31 and earlier, DAP-3320 v1.05rc027 beta and earlier, DAP-3662 v1.05rc047 and earlier allows attackers to cause a Denial of Service (DoS) via uploading a crafted firmware after modifying the firmware header.",
"id": "GHSA-j3gx-wf89-g4rx",
"modified": "2025-04-17T15:32:31Z",
"published": "2022-12-20T21:30:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-38873"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Yuhao-W/BUG--D-Link--Firmware-Update-Vulnerabilities/blob/main/README.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.dlink.com/en/security-bulletin"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-J3QR-J5R5-64MP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-12-08 18:30 – Updated: 2022-12-12 18:30Insufficient verification of data authenticity vulnerability in Samsung Gear IconX PC Manager prior to version 2.1.221019.51 allows local attackers to create arbitrary file using symbolic link.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-39909"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-345"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-12-08T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Insufficient verification of data authenticity vulnerability in Samsung Gear IconX PC Manager prior to version 2.1.221019.51 allows local attackers to create arbitrary file using symbolic link.",
"id": "GHSA-j3qr-j5r5-64mp",
"modified": "2022-12-12T18:30:29Z",
"published": "2022-12-08T18:30:49Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-39909"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.samsungmobile.com/serviceWeb.smsb?year=2022\u0026month=12"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-J473-C3RR-RX9P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 05:15 – Updated: 2025-04-12 02:28message/ax/AxMessage.java in OpenID4Java before 0.9.6 final, as used in JBoss Enterprise Application Platform 5.1 before 5.1.2, Step2, Kay Framework before 1.0.2, and possibly other products does not verify that Attribute Exchange (AX) information is signed, which allows remote attackers to modify potentially sensitive AX information without detection via a man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.openid4java:openid4java"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.9.6"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2011-4314"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-20",
"CWE-345"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-04-12T02:28:13Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2012-01-27T15:55:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "message/ax/AxMessage.java in OpenID4Java before 0.9.6 final, as used in JBoss Enterprise Application Platform 5.1 before 5.1.2, Step2, Kay Framework before 1.0.2, and possibly other products does not verify that Attribute Exchange (AX) information is signed, which allows remote attackers to modify potentially sensitive AX information without detection via a man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack.",
"id": "GHSA-j473-c3rr-rx9p",
"modified": "2025-04-12T02:28:13Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T05:15:11Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2011-4314"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/jbufu/openid4java"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://issues.jboss.org/browse/JBEPP-1368"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://issues.jboss.org/browse/SOA-3597"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20201207151157/http://securitytracker.com/id?1026400"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://openid.net/2011/05/05/attribute-exchange-security-alert"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://rhn.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2012-0441.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://rhn.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2012-0519.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2011/11/16/1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2011/11/17/1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.redhat.com/support/errata/RHSA-2011-1804.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [],
"summary": "OpenID4Java does not verify that Attribute Exchange (AX) information is signed"
}
GHSA-J5JM-HG4X-W8RX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-12-24 06:30 – Updated: 2025-11-05 00:31Postfix through 3.8.4 allows SMTP smuggling unless configured with smtpd_data_restrictions=reject_unauth_pipelining (or certain other options that exist in recent versions). Remote attackers can use a published exploitation technique to inject e-mail messages that appear to originate from the Postfix server, allowing bypass of an SPF protection mechanism. This occurs because Postfix supports . but some other popular e-mail servers do not. To prevent attack variants (by always disallowing without ), a different solution is required: the smtpd_forbid_bare_newline=yes option with a Postfix minimum version of 3.5.23, 3.6.13, 3.7.9, 3.8.4, or 3.9.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-51764"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-345"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-12-24T05:15:08Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Postfix through 3.8.4 allows SMTP smuggling unless configured with smtpd_data_restrictions=reject_unauth_pipelining (or certain other options that exist in recent versions). Remote attackers can use a published exploitation technique to inject e-mail messages that appear to originate from the Postfix server, allowing bypass of an SPF protection mechanism. This occurs because Postfix supports \u003cLF\u003e.\u003cCR\u003e\u003cLF\u003e but some other popular e-mail servers do not. To prevent attack variants (by always disallowing \u003cLF\u003e without \u003cCR\u003e), a different solution is required: the smtpd_forbid_bare_newline=yes option with a Postfix minimum version of 3.5.23, 3.6.13, 3.7.9, 3.8.4, or 3.9.",
"id": "GHSA-j5jm-hg4x-w8rx",
"modified": "2025-11-05T00:31:16Z",
"published": "2023-12-24T06:30:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-51764"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V8KPV96g1To"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.postfix.org/smtp-smuggling.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.postfix.org/announcements/postfix-3.8.5.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2024/01/22/1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://sec-consult.com/blog/detail/smtp-smuggling-spoofing-e-mails-worldwide"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lwn.net/Articles/956533"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/QRLF5SOS7TP5N7FQSEK2NFNB44ISVTZC"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/JQ5WXFCW2N6G2PH3JXDTYW5PH5EBQEGO"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/QRLF5SOS7TP5N7FQSEK2NFNB44ISVTZC"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/JQ5WXFCW2N6G2PH3JXDTYW5PH5EBQEGO"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2024/01/msg00020.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/eeenvik1/CVE-2023-51764"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/duy-31/CVE-2023-51764"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://fahrplan.events.ccc.de/congress/2023/fahrplan/events/11782.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2255563"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2023-51764"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2023/12/24/1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2023/12/25/1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2024/05/09/3"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-J5Q3-PWQH-X9P9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-17 18:30 – Updated: 2026-03-23 21:30The GL-iNet Comet (GL-RM1) KVM does not sufficiently verify the authenticity of uploaded firmware files. An attacker-in-the-middle or a compromised update server could modify the firmware and the corresponding MD5 hash to pass verification.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-32290"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-345"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-03-17T18:16:15Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The GL-iNet Comet (GL-RM1) KVM does not sufficiently verify the authenticity of uploaded firmware files. An attacker-in-the-middle or a compromised update server could modify the firmware and the corresponding MD5 hash to pass verification.",
"id": "GHSA-j5q3-pwqh-x9p9",
"modified": "2026-03-23T21:30:49Z",
"published": "2026-03-17T18:30:33Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-32290"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://dl.gl-inet.com/release/kvm/release/RM1/1.8.2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://eclypsium.com/blog/your-kvm-is-the-weak-link-how-30-dollar-devices-can-own-your-entire-network"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cisagov/CSAF/develop/csaf_files/IT/white/2025/va-26-076-01.json"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-32290"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:A/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-J797-3649-CX2V
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:13 – Updated: 2022-07-09 00:00A vulnerability in Base Software for SoftControl allows an attacker to insert and run arbitrary code in a computer running the affected product. This issue affects: .
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-24672"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-20",
"CWE-345"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-09-08T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "A vulnerability in Base Software for SoftControl allows an attacker to insert and run arbitrary code in a computer running the affected product. This issue affects: .",
"id": "GHSA-j797-3649-cx2v",
"modified": "2022-07-09T00:00:21Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:13:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-24672"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://search.abb.com/library/Download.aspx?DocumentID=2PAA122974\u0026LanguageCode=en\u0026DocumentPartId=\u0026Action=Launch"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-J7P3-X6J6-X86P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:11 – Updated: 2022-07-13 00:01An issue was discovered in HCC embedded InterNiche 4.0.1. This vulnerability allows the attacker to predict a DNS query's source port in order to send forged DNS response packets that will be accepted as valid answers to the DNS client's requests (without sniffing the specific request). Data is predictable because it is based on the time of day, and has too few bits.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-31228"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-345"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-08-19T11:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered in HCC embedded InterNiche 4.0.1. This vulnerability allows the attacker to predict a DNS query\u0027s source port in order to send forged DNS response packets that will be accepted as valid answers to the DNS client\u0027s requests (without sniffing the specific request). Data is predictable because it is based on the time of day, and has too few bits.",
"id": "GHSA-j7p3-x6j6-x86p",
"modified": "2022-07-13T00:01:24Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:11:42Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-31228"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.forescout.com/blog/new-critical-operational-technology-vulnerabilities-found-on-nichestack"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/608209"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
No mitigation information available for this CWE.
CAPEC-111: JSON Hijacking (aka JavaScript Hijacking)
An attacker targets a system that uses JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) as a transport mechanism between the client and the server (common in Web 2.0 systems using AJAX) to steal possibly confidential information transmitted from the server back to the client inside the JSON object by taking advantage of the loophole in the browser's Same Origin Policy that does not prohibit JavaScript from one website to be included and executed in the context of another website.
CAPEC-141: Cache Poisoning
An attacker exploits the functionality of cache technologies to cause specific data to be cached that aids the attackers' objectives. This describes any attack whereby an attacker places incorrect or harmful material in cache. The targeted cache can be an application's cache (e.g. a web browser cache) or a public cache (e.g. a DNS or ARP cache). Until the cache is refreshed, most applications or clients will treat the corrupted cache value as valid. This can lead to a wide range of exploits including redirecting web browsers towards sites that install malware and repeatedly incorrect calculations based on the incorrect value.
CAPEC-142: DNS Cache Poisoning
A domain name server translates a domain name (such as www.example.com) into an IP address that Internet hosts use to contact Internet resources. An adversary modifies a public DNS cache to cause certain names to resolve to incorrect addresses that the adversary specifies. The result is that client applications that rely upon the targeted cache for domain name resolution will be directed not to the actual address of the specified domain name but to some other address. Adversaries can use this to herd clients to sites that install malware on the victim's computer or to masquerade as part of a Pharming attack.
CAPEC-148: Content Spoofing
An adversary modifies content to make it contain something other than what the original content producer intended while keeping the apparent source of the content unchanged. The term content spoofing is most often used to describe modification of web pages hosted by a target to display the adversary's content instead of the owner's content. However, any content can be spoofed, including the content of email messages, file transfers, or the content of other network communication protocols. Content can be modified at the source (e.g. modifying the source file for a web page) or in transit (e.g. intercepting and modifying a message between the sender and recipient). Usually, the adversary will attempt to hide the fact that the content has been modified, but in some cases, such as with web site defacement, this is not necessary. Content Spoofing can lead to malware exposure, financial fraud (if the content governs financial transactions), privacy violations, and other unwanted outcomes.
CAPEC-218: Spoofing of UDDI/ebXML Messages
An attacker spoofs a UDDI, ebXML, or similar message in order to impersonate a service provider in an e-business transaction. UDDI, ebXML, and similar standards are used to identify businesses in e-business transactions. Among other things, they identify a particular participant, WSDL information for SOAP transactions, and supported communication protocols, including security protocols. By spoofing one of these messages an attacker could impersonate a legitimate business in a transaction or could manipulate the protocols used between a client and business. This could result in disclosure of sensitive information, loss of message integrity, or even financial fraud.
CAPEC-384: Application API Message Manipulation via Man-in-the-Middle
An attacker manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the content of messages. Performing this attack can allow the attacker to gain unauthorized privileges within the application, or conduct attacks such as phishing, deceptive strategies to spread malware, or traditional web-application attacks. The techniques require use of specialized software that allow the attacker to perform adversary-in-the-middle (CAPEC-94) communications between the web browser and the remote system. Despite the use of AiTH software, the attack is actually directed at the server, as the client is one node in a series of content brokers that pass information along to the application framework. Additionally, it is not true "Adversary-in-the-Middle" attack at the network layer, but an application-layer attack the root cause of which is the master applications trust in the integrity of code supplied by the client.
CAPEC-385: Transaction or Event Tampering via Application API Manipulation
An attacker hosts or joins an event or transaction within an application framework in order to change the content of messages or items that are being exchanged. Performing this attack allows the attacker to manipulate content in such a way as to produce messages or content that look authentic but may contain deceptive links, substitute one item or another, spoof an existing item and conduct a false exchange, or otherwise change the amounts or identity of what is being exchanged. The techniques require use of specialized software that allow the attacker to man-in-the-middle communications between the web browser and the remote system in order to change the content of various application elements. Often, items exchanged in game can be monetized via sales for coin, virtual dollars, etc. The purpose of the attack is for the attack to scam the victim by trapping the data packets involved the exchange and altering the integrity of the transfer process.
CAPEC-386: Application API Navigation Remapping
An attacker manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the destination and/or content of links/buttons displayed to a user within API messages. Performing this attack allows the attacker to manipulate content in such a way as to produce messages or content that looks authentic but contains links/buttons that point to an attacker controlled destination. Some applications make navigation remapping more difficult to detect because the actual HREF values of images, profile elements, and links/buttons are masked. One example would be to place an image in a user's photo gallery that when clicked upon redirected the user to an off-site location. Also, traditional web vulnerabilities (such as CSRF) can be constructed with remapped buttons or links. In some cases navigation remapping can be used for Phishing attacks or even means to artificially boost the page view, user site reputation, or click-fraud.
CAPEC-387: Navigation Remapping To Propagate Malicious Content
An adversary manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the content of messages and thereby circumvent the expected application logic.
CAPEC-388: Application API Button Hijacking
An attacker manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the destination and/or content of buttons displayed to a user within API messages. Performing this attack allows the attacker to manipulate content in such a way as to produce messages or content that looks authentic but contains buttons that point to an attacker controlled destination.
CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws
An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.
CAPEC-701: Browser in the Middle (BiTM)
An adversary exploits the inherent functionalities of a web browser, in order to establish an unnoticed remote desktop connection in the victim's browser to the adversary's system. The adversary must deploy a web client with a remote desktop session that the victim can access.