CWE-327
Allowed-with-ReviewUse of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product uses a broken or risky cryptographic algorithm or protocol.
960 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-PM9V-2R47-3Q48
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:44 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:44IBM DataPower Gateway 10.0.0.0 through 10.0.1.0 uses weaker than expected cryptographic algorithms that could allow an attacker to decrypt highly sensitive information. IBM X-Force ID: 189965.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-4831"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-327"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-03-12T17:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "IBM DataPower Gateway 10.0.0.0 through 10.0.1.0 uses weaker than expected cryptographic algorithms that could allow an attacker to decrypt highly sensitive information. IBM X-Force ID: 189965.",
"id": "GHSA-pm9v-2r47-3q48",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:44:27Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:44:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-4831"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/189965"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/6398744"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-PPQ5-QXWQ-WHVW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-12-26 00:00 – Updated: 2023-08-08 15:31In NetBSD through 9.2, there is an information leak in the TCP ISN (ISS) generation algorithm.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-45488"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-327"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-12-25T02:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In NetBSD through 9.2, there is an information leak in the TCP ISN (ISS) generation algorithm.",
"id": "GHSA-ppq5-qxwq-whvw",
"modified": "2023-08-08T15:31:27Z",
"published": "2021-12-26T00:00:48Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-45488"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2112.09604.pdf"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/security/advisories/NetBSD-SA2021-001.txt.asc"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PQ3V-R83J-PGG5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:17 – Updated: 2022-10-27 19:00An Information Exposure vulnerability in Juniper Networks SRC Series devices configured for NETCONF over SSH permits the negotiation of weak ciphers, which could allow a remote attacker to obtain sensitive information. A remote attacker with read and write access to network data could exploit this vulnerability to display plaintext bits from a block of ciphertext and obtain sensitive information. This issue affects all Juniper Networks SRC Series versions prior to 4.13.0-R6.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-31352"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-200",
"CWE-327"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-10-19T19:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An Information Exposure vulnerability in Juniper Networks SRC Series devices configured for NETCONF over SSH permits the negotiation of weak ciphers, which could allow a remote attacker to obtain sensitive information. A remote attacker with read and write access to network data could exploit this vulnerability to display plaintext bits from a block of ciphertext and obtain sensitive information. This issue affects all Juniper Networks SRC Series versions prior to 4.13.0-R6.",
"id": "GHSA-pq3v-r83j-pgg5",
"modified": "2022-10-27T19:00:38Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:17:55Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-31352"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://kb.juniper.net/JSA11217"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PRFW-69R3-WQXF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-04 12:30 – Updated: 2026-07-14 20:47A security vulnerability has been detected in modelscope ms-swift up to 4.2.0. This affects the function Template._save_pil_image of the file swift/template/base.py of the component PIL Image Cache Key Handler. The manipulation leads to use of weak hash. An attack has to be approached locally. A high degree of complexity is needed for the attack. It is indicated that the exploitability is difficult. The exploit has been disclosed publicly and may be used. The pull request to fix this issue awaits acceptance.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "ms-swift"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "4.2.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-10801"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-327"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-07-14T20:47:50Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-04T11:16:25Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "A security vulnerability has been detected in modelscope ms-swift up to 4.2.0. This affects the function Template._save_pil_image of the file swift/template/base.py of the component PIL Image Cache Key Handler. The manipulation leads to use of weak hash. An attack has to be approached locally. A high degree of complexity is needed for the attack. It is indicated that the exploitability is difficult. The exploit has been disclosed publicly and may be used. The pull request to fix this issue awaits acceptance.",
"id": "GHSA-prfw-69r3-wqxf",
"modified": "2026-07-14T20:47:50Z",
"published": "2026-06-04T12:30:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-10801"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/modelscope/ms-swift/issues/9360"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/modelscope/ms-swift/pull/9359"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/modelscope/ms-swift/commit/27426a6431759a82e2a1c98344b425f90be17e07"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/modelscope/ms-swift"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-10801"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/831455"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/831456"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/368250"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/368250/cti"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:H/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "ms-swift: Image Cache Hash Collision via Missing Dimension Metadata"
}
GHSA-PRXX-4M38-9M83
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:12 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:12Cyrus IMAP before 3.4.2 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (multiple-minute daemon hang) via input that is mishandled during hash-table interaction. Because there are many insertions into a single bucket, strcmp becomes slow. This is fixed in 3.4.2, 3.2.8, and 3.0.16.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-33582"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-327"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-09-01T06:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Cyrus IMAP before 3.4.2 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (multiple-minute daemon hang) via input that is mishandled during hash-table interaction. Because there are many insertions into a single bucket, strcmp becomes slow. This is fixed in 3.4.2, 3.2.8, and 3.0.16.",
"id": "GHSA-prxx-4m38-9m83",
"modified": "2022-05-24T19:12:50Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:12:50Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-33582"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cyrus.topicbox.com/groups/announce/T3dde0a2352462975-M1386fc44adf967e072f8df13/cyrus-imap-3-4-2-3-2-8-and-3-0-16-released"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/cyrusimap/cyrus-imapd/commits/master"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/cyrusimap/cyrus-imapd/security/advisories"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2022/06/msg00013.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/6HEO3RURJW6NLIXS7NK5PVU6MGHC4SCM"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/WJZB45QBUN7CZFGOWCZYUYACNBTX7LVS"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cyrusimap.org/imap/download/release-notes/index.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PVVP-X5GJ-XMCR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-01 23:57 – Updated: 2024-02-09 03:32libxcrypt in SUSE openSUSE 11.0 uses the DES algorithm when the configuration specifies the MD5 algorithm, which makes it easier for attackers to conduct brute-force attacks against hashed passwords.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2008-3188"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-326",
"CWE-327"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2008-07-22T16:41:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "libxcrypt in SUSE openSUSE 11.0 uses the DES algorithm when the configuration specifies the MD5 algorithm, which makes it easier for attackers to conduct brute-force attacks against hashed passwords.",
"id": "GHSA-pvvp-x5gj-xmcr",
"modified": "2024-02-09T03:32:53Z",
"published": "2022-05-01T23:57:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2008-3188"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/43927"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2008-07/msg00008.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2008-08/msg00001.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/31096"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/31339"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/30301"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PWCH-2WCF-W874
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:48 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:48CMS Made Simple (CMSMS) through 2.2.6 contains a privilege escalation vulnerability from ordinary user to admin user by arranging for the eff_uid value within $_COOKIE[$this->_loginkey] to equal 1, because an SHA-1 cryptographic protection mechanism can be bypassed.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-10084"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-327"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-04-13T05:29:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "CMS Made Simple (CMSMS) through 2.2.6 contains a privilege escalation vulnerability from ordinary user to admin user by arranging for the eff_uid value within $_COOKIE[$this-\u003e_loginkey] to equal 1, because an SHA-1 cryptographic protection mechanism can be bypassed.",
"id": "GHSA-pwch-2wcf-w874",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:48:41Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:48:41Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-10084"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/itodaro/cve/blob/master/README.md"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PX4F-Q3PW-J682
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:01 – Updated: 2026-04-14 09:30An issue was discovered in the ALFA Windows 10 driver 6.1316.1209 for AWUS036H. The WEP, WPA, WPA2, and WPA3 implementations accept plaintext frames in a protected Wi-Fi network. An adversary can abuse this to inject arbitrary data frames independent of the network configuration.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-26140"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-327",
"CWE-74"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-05-11T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered in the ALFA Windows 10 driver 6.1316.1209 for AWUS036H. The WEP, WPA, WPA2, and WPA3 implementations accept plaintext frames in a protected Wi-Fi network. An adversary can abuse this to inject arbitrary data frames independent of the network configuration.",
"id": "GHSA-px4f-q3pw-j682",
"modified": "2026-04-14T09:30:37Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:01:58Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-26140"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/ssa-019200.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/ssa-913875.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/pdf/ssa-913875.pdf"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/vanhoefm/fragattacks/blob/master/SUMMARY.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-wifi-faf-22epcEWu"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.arista.com/en/support/advisories-notices/security-advisories/12602-security-advisory-63"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.fragattacks.com"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2021/05/11/12"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PXM5-G8XH-GCPM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-02-22 18:30 – Updated: 2023-03-03 15:30TP-Link router TL-WR940N V6 3.19.1 Build 180119 uses a deprecated MD5 algorithm to hash the admin password used for basic authentication.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-23040"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-327"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-02-22T17:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "TP-Link router TL-WR940N V6 3.19.1 Build 180119 uses a deprecated MD5 algorithm to hash the admin password used for basic authentication.",
"id": "GHSA-pxm5-g8xh-gcpm",
"modified": "2023-03-03T15:30:24Z",
"published": "2023-02-22T18:30:33Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-23040"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://midist0xf.medium.com/tl-wr940n-uses-weak-md5-hashing-algorithm-ae7b589860d2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.tp-link.com/en/support/download/tl-wr940n/#Firmware"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-Q37Q-6C8J-QF6Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-07 18:31 – Updated: 2025-11-04 18:31An issue was discovered in Siime Eye 14.1.00000001.3.330.0.0.3.14. The password for the root user is hashed using an old and deprecated hashing technique. Because of this deprecated hashing, the success probability of an attacker in an offline cracking attack is greatly increased.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-11916"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-327"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-11-07T18:15:15Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered in Siime Eye 14.1.00000001.3.330.0.0.3.14. The password for the root user is hashed using an old and deprecated hashing technique. Because of this deprecated hashing, the success probability of an attacker in an offline cracking attack is greatly increased.",
"id": "GHSA-q37q-6c8j-qf6q",
"modified": "2025-11-04T18:31:30Z",
"published": "2024-11-07T18:31:24Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-11916"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2024/Jul/14"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2024/Jul/14"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-24
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- When there is a need to store or transmit sensitive data, use strong, up-to-date cryptographic algorithms to encrypt that data. Select a well-vetted algorithm that is currently considered to be strong by experts in the field, and use well-tested implementations. As with all cryptographic mechanisms, the source code should be available for analysis.
- For example, US government systems require FIPS 140-2 certification [REF-1192].
- Do not develop custom or private cryptographic algorithms. They will likely be exposed to attacks that are well-understood by cryptographers. Reverse engineering techniques are mature. If the algorithm can be compromised if attackers find out how it works, then it is especially weak.
- Periodically ensure that the cryptography has not become obsolete. Some older algorithms, once thought to require a billion years of computing time, can now be broken in days or hours. This includes MD4, MD5, SHA1, DES, and other algorithms that were once regarded as strong. [REF-267]
Mitigation MIT-52
Ensure that the design allows one cryptographic algorithm to be replaced with another in the next generation or version. Where possible, use wrappers to make the interfaces uniform. This will make it easier to upgrade to stronger algorithms. With hardware, design the product at the Intellectual Property (IP) level so that one cryptographic algorithm can be replaced with another in the next generation of the hardware product.
Mitigation
Carefully manage and protect cryptographic keys (see CWE-320). If the keys can be guessed or stolen, then the strength of the cryptography itself is irrelevant.
Mitigation MIT-4
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
- Industry-standard implementations will save development time and may be more likely to avoid errors that can occur during implementation of cryptographic algorithms. Consider the ESAPI Encryption feature.
Mitigation MIT-25
When using industry-approved techniques, use them correctly. Don't cut corners by skipping resource-intensive steps (CWE-325). These steps are often essential for preventing common attacks.
CAPEC-20: Encryption Brute Forcing
An attacker, armed with the cipher text and the encryption algorithm used, performs an exhaustive (brute force) search on the key space to determine the key that decrypts the cipher text to obtain the plaintext.
CAPEC-459: Creating a Rogue Certification Authority Certificate
An adversary exploits a weakness resulting from using a hashing algorithm with weak collision resistance to generate certificate signing requests (CSR) that contain collision blocks in their "to be signed" parts. The adversary submits one CSR to be signed by a trusted certificate authority then uses the signed blob to make a second certificate appear signed by said certificate authority. Due to the hash collision, both certificates, though different, hash to the same value and so the signed blob works just as well in the second certificate. The net effect is that the adversary's second X.509 certificate, which the Certification Authority has never seen, is now signed and validated by that Certification Authority.
CAPEC-473: Signature Spoof
An attacker generates a message or datablock that causes the recipient to believe that the message or datablock was generated and cryptographically signed by an authoritative or reputable source, misleading a victim or victim operating system into performing malicious actions.
CAPEC-475: Signature Spoofing by Improper Validation
An adversary exploits a cryptographic weakness in the signature verification algorithm implementation to generate a valid signature without knowing the key.
CAPEC-608: Cryptanalysis of Cellular Encryption
The use of cryptanalytic techniques to derive cryptographic keys or otherwise effectively defeat cellular encryption to reveal traffic content. Some cellular encryption algorithms such as A5/1 and A5/2 (specified for GSM use) are known to be vulnerable to such attacks and commercial tools are available to execute these attacks and decrypt mobile phone conversations in real-time. Newer encryption algorithms in use by UMTS and LTE are stronger and currently believed to be less vulnerable to these types of attacks. Note, however, that an attacker with a Cellular Rogue Base Station can force the use of weak cellular encryption even by newer mobile devices.
CAPEC-614: Rooting SIM Cards
SIM cards are the de facto trust anchor of mobile devices worldwide. The cards protect the mobile identity of subscribers, associate devices with phone numbers, and increasingly store payment credentials, for example in NFC-enabled phones with mobile wallets. This attack leverages over-the-air (OTA) updates deployed via cryptographically-secured SMS messages to deliver executable code to the SIM. By cracking the DES key, an attacker can send properly signed binary SMS messages to a device, which are treated as Java applets and are executed on the SIM. These applets are allowed to send SMS, change voicemail numbers, and query the phone location, among many other predefined functions. These capabilities alone provide plenty of potential for abuse.
CAPEC-97: Cryptanalysis
Cryptanalysis is a process of finding weaknesses in cryptographic algorithms and using these weaknesses to decipher the ciphertext without knowing the secret key (instance deduction). Sometimes the weakness is not in the cryptographic algorithm itself, but rather in how it is applied that makes cryptanalysis successful. An attacker may have other goals as well, such as: Total Break (finding the secret key), Global Deduction (finding a functionally equivalent algorithm for encryption and decryption that does not require knowledge of the secret key), Information Deduction (gaining some information about plaintexts or ciphertexts that was not previously known) and Distinguishing Algorithm (the attacker has the ability to distinguish the output of the encryption (ciphertext) from a random permutation of bits).