CWE-319
AllowedCleartext Transmission of Sensitive Information
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product transmits sensitive or security-critical data in cleartext in a communication channel that can be sniffed by unauthorized actors.
1147 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-F6C3-2788-H964
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-01-06 00:30 – Updated: 2023-01-12 15:30Communication between the client and the server application of the affected products is partially done using CORBA (Common Object Request Broker Architecture) over TCP/IP. This protocol is not encrypted and allows tracing of internal messages. This issue affects * FOXMAN-UN product: FOXMAN-UN R15B, FOXMAN-UN R15A, FOXMAN-UN R14B, FOXMAN-UN R14A, FOXMAN-UN R11B, FOXMAN-UN R11A, FOXMAN-UN R10C, FOXMAN-UN R9C; * UNEM product: UNEM R15B, UNEM R15A, UNEM R14B, UNEM R14A, UNEM R11B, UNEM R11A, UNEM R10C, UNEM R9C. List of CPEs: * cpe:2.3:a:hitachienergy:foxman-un:R15B::::::: * cpe:2.3:a:hitachienergy:foxman-un:R15A::::::: * cpe:2.3:a:hitachienergy:foxman-un:R14B::::::: * cpe:2.3:a:hitachienergy:foxman-un:R14A::::::: * cpe:2.3:a:hitachienergy:foxman-un:R11B::::::: * cpe:2.3:a:hitachienergy:foxman-un:R11A::::::: * cpe:2.3:a:hitachienergy:foxman-un:R10C::::::: * cpe:2.3:a:hitachienergy:foxman-un:R9C::::::: * cpe:2.3:a:hitachienergy:unem:R15B::::::: * cpe:2.3:a:hitachienergy:unem:R15A::::::: * cpe:2.3:a:hitachienergy:unem:R14B::::::: * cpe:2.3:a:hitachienergy:unem:R14A::::::: * cpe:2.3:a:hitachienergy:unem:R11B::::::: * cpe:2.3:a:hitachienergy:unem:R11A::::::: * cpe:2.3:a:hitachienergy:unem:R10C::::::: * cpe:2.3:a:hitachienergy:unem:R9C:::::::
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-3929"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-319"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-01-05T22:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Communication between the client and the server application of the affected products is partially done using CORBA (Common Object Request Broker Architecture) over TCP/IP. This protocol is not encrypted and allows tracing of internal messages. This issue affects * FOXMAN-UN product: FOXMAN-UN R15B, FOXMAN-UN R15A, FOXMAN-UN R14B, FOXMAN-UN R14A, FOXMAN-UN R11B, FOXMAN-UN R11A, FOXMAN-UN R10C, FOXMAN-UN R9C; * UNEM product: UNEM R15B, UNEM R15A, UNEM R14B, UNEM R14A, UNEM R11B, UNEM R11A, UNEM R10C, UNEM R9C. List of CPEs: * cpe:2.3:a:hitachienergy:foxman-un:R15B:*:*:*:*:*:*:* * cpe:2.3:a:hitachienergy:foxman-un:R15A:*:*:*:*:*:*:* * cpe:2.3:a:hitachienergy:foxman-un:R14B:*:*:*:*:*:*:* * cpe:2.3:a:hitachienergy:foxman-un:R14A:*:*:*:*:*:*:* * cpe:2.3:a:hitachienergy:foxman-un:R11B:*:*:*:*:*:*:* * cpe:2.3:a:hitachienergy:foxman-un:R11A:*:*:*:*:*:*:* * cpe:2.3:a:hitachienergy:foxman-un:R10C:*:*:*:*:*:*:* * cpe:2.3:a:hitachienergy:foxman-un:R9C:*:*:*:*:*:*:* * cpe:2.3:a:hitachienergy:unem:R15B:*:*:*:*:*:*:* * cpe:2.3:a:hitachienergy:unem:R15A:*:*:*:*:*:*:* * cpe:2.3:a:hitachienergy:unem:R14B:*:*:*:*:*:*:* * cpe:2.3:a:hitachienergy:unem:R14A:*:*:*:*:*:*:* * cpe:2.3:a:hitachienergy:unem:R11B:*:*:*:*:*:*:* * cpe:2.3:a:hitachienergy:unem:R11A:*:*:*:*:*:*:* * cpe:2.3:a:hitachienergy:unem:R10C:*:*:*:*:*:*:* * cpe:2.3:a:hitachienergy:unem:R9C:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
"id": "GHSA-f6c3-2788-h964",
"modified": "2023-01-12T15:30:24Z",
"published": "2023-01-06T00:30:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-3929"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://search.abb.com/library/Download.aspx?DocumentID=8DBD000083\u0026LanguageCode=en\u0026DocumentPartId=\u0026Action=Launch"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://search.abb.com/library/Download.aspx?DocumentID=8DBD000084\u0026LanguageCode=en\u0026DocumentPartId=\u0026Action=Launch"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-F6G8-PXVP-9328
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:56 – Updated: 2023-02-23 20:32Inedo ProGet Plugin Plugin stores a service password in its global Jenkins configuration.
While the password is stored encrypted on disk, it was transmitted in plain text as part of the configuration form. This could result in exposure of the password through browser extensions, cross-site scripting vulnerabilities, and similar situations.
Inedo ProGet Plugin Plugin now encrypts the password transmitted to administrators viewing the global configuration form.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "com.inedo.proget:inedo-proget"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-10412"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-319"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-02-23T20:32:49Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2019-09-25T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "Inedo ProGet Plugin Plugin stores a service password in its global Jenkins configuration.\n\nWhile the password is stored encrypted on disk, it was transmitted in plain text as part of the configuration form. This could result in exposure of the password through browser extensions, cross-site scripting vulnerabilities, and similar situations.\n\nInedo ProGet Plugin Plugin now encrypts the password transmitted to administrators viewing the global configuration form.",
"id": "GHSA-f6g8-pxvp-9328",
"modified": "2023-02-23T20:32:49Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:56:45Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-10412"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/jenkinsci/inedo-proget-plugin/commit/9634846c65f204c2b54237674b2cecf66d5d5fdb"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://jenkins.io/security/advisory/2019-09-25/#SECURITY-1514"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2019/09/25/3"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Jenkins Inedo ProGet Plugin Plugin has Cleartext Transmission of Sensitive Information"
}
GHSA-F76W-JWJ3-G9RC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-12-20 00:32 – Updated: 2023-12-20 00:32An attacker with network access could perform a man-in-the-middle (MitM) attack and capture sensitive information to gain unauthorized access to the application.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-50703"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-319"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-12-20T00:15:08Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "\nAn attacker with network access could perform a man-in-the-middle (MitM) attack and capture sensitive information to gain unauthorized access to the application.\n\n\n\n\n",
"id": "GHSA-f76w-jwj3-g9rc",
"modified": "2023-12-20T00:32:45Z",
"published": "2023-12-20T00:32:45Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-50703"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/icsa-23-353-03"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-F796-QH67-HM9P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:19 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:19IBM InfoSphere Information Server 11.3, 11.5, and 11.7 could allow a remote attacker to obtain sensitive information, caused by the failure to properly enable HTTP Strict Transport Security. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability to obtain sensitive information using man in the middle techniques. IBM X-Force ID: 140089.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-1454"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-319"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-06-05T15:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "IBM InfoSphere Information Server 11.3, 11.5, and 11.7 could allow a remote attacker to obtain sensitive information, caused by the failure to properly enable HTTP Strict Transport Security. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability to obtain sensitive information using man in the middle techniques. IBM X-Force ID: 140089.",
"id": "GHSA-f796-qh67-hm9p",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:19:08Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:19:08Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-1454"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/140089"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg22015222"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1041038"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-F7VM-G3RR-MF92
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-03 18:33 – Updated: 2026-06-04 00:30Mercusys AC12G (EU) V1 with firmware AC12G(EU)_V1_200909 transmits DDNS credentials over plaintext HTTP with only Base64 encoding. The firmware contains no TLS implementation, allowing man-in-the-middle interception of DDNS service credentials.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-36610"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-319"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-03T18:16:22Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Mercusys AC12G (EU) V1 with firmware AC12G(EU)_V1_200909 transmits DDNS credentials over plaintext HTTP with only Base64 encoding. The firmware contains no TLS implementation, allowing man-in-the-middle interception of DDNS service credentials.",
"id": "GHSA-f7vm-g3rr-mf92",
"modified": "2026-06-04T00:30:25Z",
"published": "2026-06-03T18:33:11Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-36610"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Tymbark7372/MERCUSYS-AC12G/blob/master/advisories/CVE-2026-36610.md"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-F8F4-FCQP-C74W
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-07-03 12:34 – Updated: 2025-07-03 12:34All communication between the VNC server and client(s) is unencrypted. This allows an attacker to intercept the traffic and obtain sensitive data.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-27457"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-319"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-07-03T12:15:23Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "All communication between the VNC server and client(s) is unencrypted. This allows an attacker to intercept the traffic and obtain sensitive data.",
"id": "GHSA-f8f4-fcqp-c74w",
"modified": "2025-07-03T12:34:58Z",
"published": "2025-07-03T12:34:58Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-27457"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://sick.com/psirt"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/resources-tools/resources/ics-recommended-practices"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.endress.com"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/3.1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.sick.com/.well-known/csaf/white/2025/sca-2025-0008.json"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.sick.com/.well-known/csaf/white/2025/sca-2025-0008.pdf"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-F8M7-75X7-J2X2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-09-14 18:32 – Updated: 2024-04-04 07:40A vulnerability has been identified in QMS Automotive (All versions < V12.39). The affected application lacks security control to prevent unencrypted communication without HTTPS. An attacker who managed to gain machine-in-the-middle position could manipulate, or steal confidential information.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-40729"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-319"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-09-12T10:15:29Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A vulnerability has been identified in QMS Automotive (All versions \u003c V12.39). The affected application lacks security control to prevent unencrypted communication without HTTPS. An attacker who managed to gain machine-in-the-middle position could manipulate, or steal confidential information.",
"id": "GHSA-f8m7-75x7-j2x2",
"modified": "2024-04-04T07:40:33Z",
"published": "2023-09-14T18:32:40Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-40729"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/pdf/ssa-147266.pdf"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-F973-758W-88M4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:19 – Updated: 2024-04-04 02:51D-Link DIR-865L Ax 1.20B01 Beta devices have Cleartext Transmission of Sensitive Information.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-13787"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-200",
"CWE-319"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-06-03T17:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "D-Link DIR-865L Ax 1.20B01 Beta devices have Cleartext Transmission of Sensitive Information.",
"id": "GHSA-f973-758w-88m4",
"modified": "2024-04-04T02:51:21Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:19:03Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-13787"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://supportannouncement.us.dlink.com/announcement/publication.aspx?name=SAP10174"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/6-new-d-link-vulnerabilities-found-on-home-routers"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-F9V6-P7HP-C3QX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:10 – Updated: 2023-01-14 05:22A missing permission check in Jenkins P4 Plugin 1.10.10 and earlier allows attackers with Overall/Read permission to trigger builds or add labels in the Perforce repository.
P4 Plugin 1.10.11 appropriate user permissions for the affected HTTP endpoints.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.jenkins-ci.plugins:p4"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.10.11"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-2142"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-319",
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-01-14T05:22:07Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2020-03-09T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A missing permission check in Jenkins P4 Plugin 1.10.10 and earlier allows attackers with Overall/Read permission to trigger builds or add labels in the Perforce repository.\n\nP4 Plugin 1.10.11 appropriate user permissions for the affected HTTP endpoints.",
"id": "GHSA-f9v6-p7hp-c3qx",
"modified": "2023-01-14T05:22:07Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:10:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-2142"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/jenkinsci/p4-plugin/commit/2f2a31d8d36de7abab45820fab3a82f4c682b760"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/jenkinsci/p4-plugin"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://jenkins.io/security/advisory/2020-03-09/#SECURITY-1765"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2020/03/09/1"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Missing permission checks in Jenkins P4 Plugin"
}
GHSA-FC4C-3F9M-8737
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-06-19 15:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 04:57A remote unprivileged attacker can intercept the communication via e.g. Man-In-The-Middle, due to the absence of Transport Layer Security (TLS) in the SICK EventCam App. This lack of encryption in the communication channel can lead to the unauthorized disclosure of sensitive information. The attacker can exploit this weakness to eavesdrop on the communication between the EventCam App and the Client, and potentially manipulate the data being transmitted.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-31410"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-319"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-06-19T15:15:09Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A remote unprivileged attacker can intercept the communication via e.g. Man-In-The-Middle, due to the absence of Transport Layer Security (TLS) in the SICK EventCam App. This lack of encryption in the communication channel can lead to the unauthorized disclosure of sensitive information. The attacker can exploit this weakness to eavesdrop on the communication between the EventCam App and the Client, and potentially manipulate the data being transmitted.",
"id": "GHSA-fc4c-3f9m-8737",
"modified": "2024-04-04T04:57:13Z",
"published": "2023-06-19T15:30:49Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-31410"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://sick.com/.well-known/csaf/white/2023/sca-2023-0005.json"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://sick.com/.well-known/csaf/white/2023/sca-2023-0005.pdf"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://sick.com/psirt"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
Before transmitting, encrypt the data using reliable, confidentiality-protecting cryptographic protocols.
Mitigation
When using web applications with SSL, use SSL for the entire session from login to logout, not just for the initial login page.
Mitigation
When designing hardware platforms, ensure that approved encryption algorithms (such as those recommended by NIST) protect paths from security critical data to trusted user applications.
Mitigation
Use tools and techniques that require manual (human) analysis, such as penetration testing, threat modeling, and interactive tools that allow the tester to record and modify an active session. These may be more effective than strictly automated techniques. This is especially the case with weaknesses that are related to design and business rules.
Mitigation
Configure servers to use encrypted channels for communication, which may include SSL or other secure protocols.
CAPEC-102: Session Sidejacking
Session sidejacking takes advantage of an unencrypted communication channel between a victim and target system. The attacker sniffs traffic on a network looking for session tokens in unencrypted traffic. Once a session token is captured, the attacker performs malicious actions by using the stolen token with the targeted application to impersonate the victim. This attack is a specific method of session hijacking, which is exploiting a valid session token to gain unauthorized access to a target system or information. Other methods to perform a session hijacking are session fixation, cross-site scripting, or compromising a user or server machine and stealing the session token.
CAPEC-117: Interception
An adversary monitors data streams to or from the target for information gathering purposes. This attack may be undertaken to solely gather sensitive information or to support a further attack against the target. This attack pattern can involve sniffing network traffic as well as other types of data streams (e.g. radio). The adversary can attempt to initiate the establishment of a data stream or passively observe the communications as they unfold. In all variants of this attack, the adversary is not the intended recipient of the data stream. In contrast to other means of gathering information (e.g., targeting data leaks), the adversary must actively position themself so as to observe explicit data channels (e.g. network traffic) and read the content. However, this attack differs from a Adversary-In-the-Middle (CAPEC-94) attack, as the adversary does not alter the content of the communications nor forward data to the intended recipient.
CAPEC-383: Harvesting Information via API Event Monitoring
An adversary hosts an event within an application framework and then monitors the data exchanged during the course of the event for the purpose of harvesting any important data leaked during the transactions. One example could be harvesting lists of usernames or userIDs for the purpose of sending spam messages to those users. One example of this type of attack involves the adversary creating an event within the sub-application. Assume the adversary hosts a "virtual sale" of rare items. As other users enter the event, the attacker records via AiTM (CAPEC-94) proxy the user_ids and usernames of everyone who attends. The adversary would then be able to spam those users within the application using an automated script.
CAPEC-477: Signature Spoofing by Mixing Signed and Unsigned Content
An attacker exploits the underlying complexity of a data structure that allows for both signed and unsigned content, to cause unsigned data to be processed as though it were signed data.
CAPEC-65: Sniff Application Code
An adversary passively sniffs network communications and captures application code bound for an authorized client. Once obtained, they can use it as-is, or through reverse-engineering glean sensitive information or exploit the trust relationship between the client and server. Such code may belong to a dynamic update to the client, a patch being applied to a client component or any such interaction where the client is authorized to communicate with the server.