Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-295
AllowedImproper Certificate Validation
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product does not validate, or incorrectly validates, a certificate.
1906 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2023-33861 (GCVE-0-2023-33861)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-05-20 14:51 – Updated: 2025-08-16 23:42
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
IBM Security ReaQta improper certificate validation
Summary
IBM Security ReaQta EDR 3.12 could allow an attacker to spoof a trusted entity by interfering with the communication path between the host and client.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-295 - Improper Certificate Validation
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7233972 | vendor-advisorypatch |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| IBM | Security ReaQta EDR |
Affected:
3.12
cpe:2.3:a:ibm:security_qradar_edr:3.12:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2023-32464 (GCVE-0-2023-32464)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2023-06-23 07:57 – Updated: 2024-11-08 16:11
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
Dell VxRail, versions prior to 7.0.450, contain an improper certificate validation vulnerability. A high privileged remote attacker may potentially exploit this vulnerability to carry out a man-in-the-middle attack by supplying a crafted certificate and intercepting the victim's traffic to view or modify a victim’s data in transit.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-295 - Improper Certificate Validation
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.dell.com/support/kbdoc/en-us/00021301… | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dell | Dell EMC VxRail Appliance |
Affected:
7.0.x versions before 7.0.450
|
Date Public
2023-05-04 06:30
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CVE-2023-32330 (GCVE-0-2023-32330)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-02-07 16:09 – Updated: 2025-11-03 21:48
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
IBM Security Verify Access man in the middle
Summary
IBM Security Verify Access 10.0.0.0 through 10.0.6.1 uses insecure calls that could allow an attacker on the network to take control of the server. IBM X-Force ID: 254977.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-295 - Improper Certificate Validation
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7106586 | vendor-advisory |
| https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilit… | vdb-entry |
| http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2024/Nov/0 |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| IBM | Security Verify Access Appliance |
Affected:
10.0.0.0 , ≤ 10.0.6.1
(semver)
|
|
| IBM | Security Verify Access Docker |
Affected:
10.0.0.0 , ≤ 10.0.6.1
(semver)
|
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CVE-2023-31421 (GCVE-0-2023-31421)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2023-10-26 03:10 – Updated: 2024-08-02 14:53
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Beats, Elastic Agent, APM Server, and Fleet Server Improper Certificate Validation issue
Summary
It was discovered that when acting as TLS clients, Beats, Elastic Agent, APM Server, and Fleet Server did not verify whether the server certificate is valid for the target IP address; however, certificate signature validation is still performed. More specifically, when the client is configured to connect to an IP address (instead of a hostname) it does not validate the server certificate's IP SAN values against that IP address and certificate validation fails, and therefore the connection is not blocked as expected.
Severity
5.9 (Medium)
CWE
- CWE-295 - Improper Certificate Validation
Assigner
References
2 references
Impacted products
4 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Elastic | Beats |
Affected:
8.0.0, 8.9.2
|
|
| Elastic | Elastic Agent |
Affected:
8.0.0, 8.9.2
|
|
| Elastic | APM Server |
Affected:
8.0.0, 8.9.2
|
|
| Elastic | Fleet Server |
Affected:
8.0.0, 8.9.2
|
Date Public
2023-09-19 15:32
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CVE-2023-31190 (GCVE-0-2023-31190)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2023-07-11 08:43 – Updated: 2024-11-12 16:21
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Missing TLS (HTTPS) certificate validation during firmware update in DroneScout ds230 Remote ID receiver from BlueMark Innovations
Summary
DroneScout ds230 Remote ID receiver from BlueMark Innovations is affected by an Improper Authentication vulnerability during the firmware update procedure.
Specifically, the firmware update procedure ignores and does not check the validity of the TLS certificate of the HTTPS endpoint from which the firmware update package (.tar.bz2 file) is downloaded.
An attacker with the ability to put himself in a Man-in-the-Middle situation (e.g., DNS poisoning, ARP poisoning, control of a node on the route to the endpoint, etc.) can trick the DroneScout ds230 to install a crafted malicious firmware update containing arbitrary files (e.g., executable and configuration) and gain administrative (root) privileges on the underlying Linux operating system.
This issue affects DroneScout ds230 firmware from version 20211210-1627 through 20230329-1042.
Severity
8.1 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-295 - Improper Certificate Validation
Assigner
References
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| bluemark | ds230 |
Affected:
20211210-1627 , ≤ 20230329-1042
(N/A)
|
|
| bluemark | dronescout_ds230 |
Affected:
20211210-1627 , ≤ 20230329-1042
(custom)
cpe:2.3:h:bluemark:dronescout_ds230:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
Date Public
2023-07-11 10:00
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CVE-2023-31151 (GCVE-0-2023-31151)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2023-05-10 19:21 – Updated: 2025-01-24 19:04
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Improper Certificate Validation
Summary
An Improper Certificate Validation vulnerability
in the Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories Real-Time Automation Controller (SEL RTAC) Web Interface
could allow a remote unauthenticated attacker to conduct a man-in-the-middle (MitM) attack.
See SEL Service Bulletin dated 2022-11-15 for more details.
Severity
4.7 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-295 - Improper Certificate Validation
Assigner
References
2 references
Impacted products
10 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories | SEL-3505 |
Affected:
R147-V0 , < R150-V2
(custom)
Affected: R147-V0 , < R149-V4 (custom) Affected: R147-V0 , < R148-V7 (custom) Affected: R147-V0 , < R147-V6 (custom) |
|
| Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories | SEL-3505-3 |
Affected:
R147-V0 , < R150-V2
(custom)
Affected: R147-V0 , < R149-V4 (custom) Affected: R147-V0 , < R148-V7 (custom) Affected: R147-V0 , < R147-V6 (custom) |
|
| Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories | SEL-3530 |
Affected:
R147-V0 , < R150-V2
(custom)
Affected: R147-V0 , < R149-V4 (custom) Affected: R147-V0 , < R148-V7 (custom) Affected: R147-V0 , < R147-V6 (custom) |
|
| Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories | SEL-3530-4 |
Affected:
R147-V0 , < R150-V2
(custom)
Affected: R147-V0 , < R149-V4 (custom) Affected: R147-V0 , < R148-V7 (custom) Affected: R147-V0 , < R147-V6 (custom) |
|
| Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories | SEL-3532 |
Affected:
R147-V0 , < R150-V2
(custom)
Affected: R147-V0 , < R149-V4 (custom) Affected: R147-V0 , < R148-V7 (custom) Affected: R147-V0 , < R147-V6 (custom) |
|
| Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories | SEL-3555 |
Affected:
R147-V0 , < R150-V2
(custom)
Affected: R147-V0 , < R149-V4 (custom) Affected: R147-V0 , < R148-V7 (custom) Affected: R147-V0 , < R147-V6 (custom) |
|
| Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories | SEL-3560S |
Affected:
R147-V0 , < R150-V2
(custom)
Affected: R147-V0 , < R149-V4 (custom) Affected: R147-V0 , < R148-V7 (custom) Affected: R147-V0 , < R147-V6 (custom) |
|
| Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories | SEL-3560E |
Affected:
R147-V0 , < R150-V2
(custom)
Affected: R147-V0 , < R149-V4 (custom) Affected: R147-V0 , < R148-V7 (custom) Affected: R147-V0 , < R147-V6 (custom) |
|
| Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories | SEL-2241 RTAC module |
Affected:
R147-V0 , < R150-V2
(custom)
Affected: R147-V0 , < R149-V4 (custom) Affected: R147-V0 , < R148-V7 (custom) Affected: R147-V0 , < R147-V6 (custom) |
|
| Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories | SEL-3350 |
Affected:
R148-V0 , < R150-V2
(custom)
Affected: R148-V0 , < R149-V4 (custom) Affected: R148-V0 , < R148-V7 (custom) |
Date Public
2023-05-10 07:00
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CVE-2023-29175 (GCVE-0-2023-29175)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2023-06-13 08:41 – Updated: 2026-01-14 13:45
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
An improper certificate validation vulnerability [CWE-295] in FortiOS 6.2 all versions, 6.4 all versions, 7.0.0 through 7.0.10, 7.2.0 and FortiProxy 1.2 all versions, 2.0 all versions, 7.0.0 through 7.0.9, 7.2.0 through 7.2.3 may allow a remote and unauthenticated attacker to perform a Man-in-the-Middle attack on the communication channel between the vulnerable device and the remote FortiGuard's map server.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-295 - Information disclosure
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fortinet | FortiOS |
Affected:
7.2.0
Affected: 7.0.0 , ≤ 7.0.10 (semver) Affected: 6.4.0 , ≤ 6.4.16 (semver) Affected: 6.2.0 , ≤ 6.2.17 (semver) Affected: 6.0.0 , ≤ 6.0.18 (semver) cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.2.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.16:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.15:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.14:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.13:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.12:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.11:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.2.17:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.2.16:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.2.15:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.2.14:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.2.13:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.2.12:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.2.11:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.2.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.2.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.2.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.2.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.2.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.2.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.2.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.2.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.2.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.2.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.2.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.0.18:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.0.17:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.0.16:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.0.15:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.0.14:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.0.13:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.0.12:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.0.11:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.0.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.0.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.0.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.0.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.0.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.0.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.0.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.0.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.0.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.0.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| Fortinet | FortiProxy |
Affected:
7.2.0 , ≤ 7.2.3
(semver)
Affected: 7.0.0 , ≤ 7.0.9 (semver) Affected: 2.0.0 , ≤ 2.0.14 (semver) cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.2.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.2.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.2.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.2.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.0.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.0.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.0.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.0.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.0.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.0.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.0.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.0.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.0.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:7.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:2.0.14:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:2.0.13:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:2.0.12:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:2.0.11:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:2.0.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:2.0.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:2.0.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:2.0.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:2.0.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:2.0.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:2.0.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:2.0.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:2.0.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:2.0.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:2.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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"value": "Please upgrade to FortiOS version 7.2.1 or above\nPlease upgrade to FortiOS version 7.0.11 or above\n\nPlease upgrade to FortiProxy version 7.2.4 or above\nPlease upgrade to FortiProxy version 7.0.10 or above"
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CVE-2023-29000 (GCVE-0-2023-29000)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2023-04-04 12:53 – Updated: 2025-02-11 16:20
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Nextcloud Desktop client does not verify received singed certificate in end-to-end encryption
Summary
The Nextcloud Desktop Client is a tool to synchronize files from Nextcloud Server. Starting with version 3.0.0 and prior to version 3.7.0, by trusting that the server will return a certificate that belongs to the keypair of the user, a malicious server could get the desktop client to encrypt files with a key known to the attacker. This issue is fixed in Nextcloud Desktop 3.7.0. No known workarounds are available.
Severity
5.4 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-295 - Improper Certificate Validation
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/nextcloud/security-advisories/… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/nextcloud/desktop/pull/4949 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://hackerone.com/reports/1679267 | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nextcloud | security-advisories |
Affected:
>= 3.0.0, < 3.7.0
|
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CVE-2023-28807 (GCVE-0-2023-28807)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-01-31 19:16 – Updated: 2025-06-17 21:29
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Bypass of ZIA domain fronting detection module through evasion technique
Summary
In Zscaler Internet Access (ZIA) a mismatch between Connect Host and Client Hello's Server Name Indication (SNI) enables attackers to evade network security controls by hiding their communications within legitimate traffic.
Severity
5.1 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-295 - Improper Certificate Validation
Assigner
References
Date Public
2024-02-01 02:00
Credits
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CVE-2023-28321 (GCVE-0-2023-28321)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2023-05-26 00:00 – Updated: 2025-01-15 15:54
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
An improper certificate validation vulnerability exists in curl <v8.1.0 in the way it supports matching of wildcard patterns when listed as "Subject Alternative Name" in TLS server certificates. curl can be built to use its own name matching function for TLS rather than one provided by a TLS library. This private wildcard matching function would match IDN (International Domain Name) hosts incorrectly and could as a result accept patterns that otherwise should mismatch. IDN hostnames are converted to puny code before used for certificate checks. Puny coded names always start with `xn--` and should not be allowed to pattern match, but the wildcard check in curl could still check for `x*`, which would match even though the IDN name most likely contained nothing even resembling an `x`.
Severity
5.9 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-295 - Improper Certificate Validation (CWE-295)
Assigner
References
12 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n/a | https://github.com/curl/curl |
Affected:
Fixed in 8.1.0
|
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Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Implementation
Certificates should be carefully managed and checked to assure that data are encrypted with the intended owner's public key.
Mitigation
Implementation
If certificate pinning is being used, ensure that all relevant properties of the certificate are fully validated before the certificate is pinned, including the hostname.
CAPEC-459: Creating a Rogue Certification Authority Certificate
An adversary exploits a weakness resulting from using a hashing algorithm with weak collision resistance to generate certificate signing requests (CSR) that contain collision blocks in their "to be signed" parts. The adversary submits one CSR to be signed by a trusted certificate authority then uses the signed blob to make a second certificate appear signed by said certificate authority. Due to the hash collision, both certificates, though different, hash to the same value and so the signed blob works just as well in the second certificate. The net effect is that the adversary's second X.509 certificate, which the Certification Authority has never seen, is now signed and validated by that Certification Authority.
CAPEC-475: Signature Spoofing by Improper Validation
An adversary exploits a cryptographic weakness in the signature verification algorithm implementation to generate a valid signature without knowing the key.