CWE-285
DiscouragedImproper Authorization
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product does not perform or incorrectly performs an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.
2308 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-F582-6GF6-GX4G
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-24 17:28 – Updated: 2026-03-25 21:00Summary
An authenticated control panel user with only accessCp can move entries across sections via POST /actions/entries/move-to-section, even when they do not have saveEntries:{sectionUid} permission for either source or destination section.
Details
Root-cause analysis
- actionMoveToSection accepts sectionId and entryIds, loads entries, and iterates:
Craft::$app->getEntries()->moveEntryToSection($entry, $section). - The endpoint does not enforce per-entry or per-section authorization checks.
moveEntryToSection()also does not enforce current-user authorization.- There is a permission check in
actionMoveToSectionModalDatafor building UI options, but that check is not enforced in the actual endpoint. - Therefore, a direct POST request can bypass UI filtering and perform unauthorized entry moves.
### Impact
- This is an authorization bypass permitting unauthorized content changes.
- Authenticated low-privileged control panel users can move entries they should not be able to manage, violating integrity and potentially disrupting routing/editorial controls.
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 5.9.13"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "craftcms/cms"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "5.3.0"
},
{
"fixed": "5.9.14"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-33162"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-285",
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-03-24T17:28:40Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-03-24T18:16:10Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Summary\n\nAn authenticated control panel user with only accessCp can move entries across sections via POST `/actions/entries/move-to-section`, even when they do not have `saveEntries:{sectionUid}` permission for either source or destination section.\n\n### Details\n\n#### Root-cause analysis\n\n 1. actionMoveToSection accepts sectionId and entryIds, loads entries, and iterates:\n`Craft::$app-\u003egetEntries()-\u003emoveEntryToSection($entry, $section)`.\n 2. The endpoint does not enforce per-entry or per-section authorization checks.\n 3. `moveEntryToSection()` also does not enforce current-user authorization.\n 4. There is a permission check in `actionMoveToSectionModalData` for building UI options, but that check is not enforced in the actual endpoint.\n 5. Therefore, a direct POST request can bypass UI filtering and perform unauthorized entry moves.\n\n ### Impact\n\n* This is an authorization bypass permitting unauthorized content changes.\n* Authenticated low-privileged control panel users can move entries they should not be able to manage, violating integrity and potentially disrupting routing/editorial controls.",
"id": "GHSA-f582-6gf6-gx4g",
"modified": "2026-03-25T21:00:30Z",
"published": "2026-03-24T17:28:40Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/craftcms/cms/security/advisories/GHSA-f582-6gf6-gx4g"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-33162"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/craftcms/cms/commit/3c1ab1c4445dd9237855a66e6a06ecf3591a718e"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/craftcms/cms"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/craftcms/cms/releases/tag/5.9.14"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:U",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Craft CMS has an authorization bypass which allows any control panel user to move entries without permissions"
}
GHSA-F5C8-M5VW-RMGQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-24 16:00 – Updated: 2026-05-13 13:37Impact
In versions < 1.3.0, the toggle endpoint (POST /nova-vendor/nova-toggle/toggle/{resource}/{resourceId}) was protected only by web + auth:<guard> middleware. Any user authenticated on the configured guard could call the endpoint and flip boolean attributes on any Nova resource — including users who do not have access to Nova itself (for example, frontend customers sharing the web guard with the Nova admin area).
The endpoint also accepted an arbitrary attribute parameter, which meant a valid caller could toggle any boolean column on the underlying model — not just columns exposed as Toggle fields on the resource.
Patches
Fixed in 1.3.0:
- The route is now protected by Nova's
nova:apimiddleware, which enforces theviewNovagate. - The controller now checks the resource's
authorizedToUpdatepolicy. - The controller only accepts attributes that are declared as a
Togglefield on the resource and are not readonly in the current request context.
Workarounds
Users who cannot upgrade immediately can either remove the package or restrict access to the /nova-vendor/nova-toggle/toggle/* routes via an additional middleware in their application that enforces the viewNova gate.
Credits
nova-toggle-5 thanks Roberto Negro for the responsible disclosure.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "almirhodzic/nova-toggle-5"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.3.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-42202"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-285"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-04-24T16:00:09Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-08T22:16:31Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Impact\n\nIn versions `\u003c 1.3.0`, the toggle endpoint (`POST /nova-vendor/nova-toggle/toggle/{resource}/{resourceId}`) was protected only by `web` + `auth:\u003cguard\u003e` middleware. Any user authenticated on the configured guard could call the endpoint and flip boolean attributes on any Nova resource \u2014 including users who do not have access to Nova itself (for example, frontend customers sharing the `web` guard with the Nova admin area).\n\nThe endpoint also accepted an arbitrary `attribute` parameter, which meant a valid caller could toggle any boolean column on the underlying model \u2014 not just columns exposed as `Toggle` fields on the resource.\n\n### Patches\n\nFixed in `1.3.0`:\n\n- The route is now protected by Nova\u0027s `nova:api` middleware, which enforces the `viewNova` gate.\n- The controller now checks the resource\u0027s `authorizedToUpdate` policy.\n- The controller only accepts attributes that are declared as a `Toggle` field on the resource and are not readonly in the current request context.\n\n### Workarounds\n\nUsers who cannot upgrade immediately can either remove the package or restrict access to the `/nova-vendor/nova-toggle/toggle/*` routes via an additional middleware in their application that enforces the `viewNova` gate.\n\n### Credits\n\nnova-toggle-5 thanks [Roberto Negro](https://github.com/RobertoNegro) for the responsible disclosure.",
"id": "GHSA-f5c8-m5vw-rmgq",
"modified": "2026-05-13T13:37:39Z",
"published": "2026-04-24T16:00:09Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/almirhodzic/nova-toggle-5/security/advisories/GHSA-f5c8-m5vw-rmgq"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-42202"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/almirhodzic/nova-toggle-5"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/almirhodzic/nova-toggle-5/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/almirhodzic/nova-toggle-5/releases/tag/v1.3.0"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "nova-toggle-5: Improper authorization on toggle endpoint allowed non-Nova users to modify boolean fields"
}
GHSA-F5F3-6JHH-MFQC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-22 18:30 – Updated: 2025-10-24 15:31Jira Align is vulnerable to an authorization issue. A low-privilege user can access unexpected endpoints that disclose a small amount of sensitive information. For example, a low-level user was able to read external reports without the required permission.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-22172"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-285"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-10-22T17:15:57Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Jira Align is vulnerable to an authorization issue. A low-privilege user can access unexpected endpoints that disclose a small amount of sensitive information. For example, a low-level user was able to read external reports without the required permission.",
"id": "GHSA-f5f3-6jhh-mfqc",
"modified": "2025-10-24T15:31:24Z",
"published": "2025-10-22T18:30:38Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-22172"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://jira.atlassian.com/browse/JIRAALIGN-8641"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-F5J2-WJWV-GXGV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 03:19 – Updated: 2022-05-14 03:19The Backup Server component in SAP Sybase ASE 15.7 before SP51 allows remote attackers to bypass access restrictions and perform database dumps by leveraging failure to validate credentials, aka SAP Security Note 1927859.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2013-7245"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-285"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-04-24T20:29:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The Backup Server component in SAP Sybase ASE 15.7 before SP51 allows remote attackers to bypass access restrictions and perform database dumps by leveraging failure to validate credentials, aka SAP Security Note 1927859.",
"id": "GHSA-f5j2-wjwv-gxgv",
"modified": "2022-05-14T03:19:06Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T03:19:06Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2013-7245"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www3.trustwave.com/spiderlabs/advisories/TWSL2013-035.txt"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://blog.spiderlabs.com/2014/01/sap-sybase-ase-157-security-updates.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-F5PF-48X3-2GH6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 03:41 – Updated: 2022-05-17 03:41Rockwell Automation FactoryTalk EnergyMetrix before 2.20.00 does not invalidate credentials upon a logout action, which makes it easier for remote attackers to obtain access by leveraging an unattended workstation.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2016-4531"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-285"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2016-07-28T02:02:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Rockwell Automation FactoryTalk EnergyMetrix before 2.20.00 does not invalidate credentials upon a logout action, which makes it easier for remote attackers to obtain access by leveraging an unattended workstation.",
"id": "GHSA-f5pf-48x3-2gh6",
"modified": "2022-05-17T03:41:05Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T03:41:05Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-4531"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://ics-cert.us-cert.gov/advisories/ICSA-16-173-03"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/92135"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-F67Q-RX5W-V4HR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-02-24 03:31 – Updated: 2025-02-24 03:31A vulnerability, which was classified as problematic, has been found in SourceCodester Best Employee Management System 1.0. This issue affects some unknown processing of the file /admin/salary_slip.php. The manipulation of the argument id leads to authorization bypass. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-1607"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-285",
"CWE-639"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-02-24T01:15:09Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability, which was classified as problematic, has been found in SourceCodester Best Employee Management System 1.0. This issue affects some unknown processing of the file /admin/salary_slip.php. The manipulation of the argument id leads to authorization bypass. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
"id": "GHSA-f67q-rx5w-v4hr",
"modified": "2025-02-24T03:31:51Z",
"published": "2025-02-24T03:31:51Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-1607"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/xiahao90/CVEproject/blob/main/xiahao.webray.com.cn/Best-employee-management-system-unauthorized-access.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.296597"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.296597"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.498432"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.sourcecodester.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-F6PC-CRHH-CP96
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2020-06-30 16:33 – Updated: 2022-10-22 00:58Affected
This affects Presto server installations. This does NOT affect clients such as the CLI or JDBC driver.
Impact
Authenticated users can bypass authorization checks by directly accessing internal APIs. This impacts Presto server installations with secure internal communication configured.
This does not affect installations that have not configured secure internal communication, as these installations are inherently insecure.
Patches
This issue has been fixed starting with PrestoSQL version 337.
Workarounds
This issue can be mitigated by blocking network access to internal APIs on the coordinator and workers.
References
See the Presto documentation for Secure Internal Communication.
For more information
If you have any questions or comments about this advisory: * Join the #security channel on Slack. * Contact the security team at security@trino.io
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "io.prestosql:presto-server"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "337"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-15087"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-285"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2020-06-30T16:33:11Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2020-06-30T17:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "### Affected\nThis affects Presto server installations. This does NOT affect clients such as the CLI or JDBC driver.\n\n### Impact\nAuthenticated users can bypass authorization checks by directly accessing internal APIs. This impacts Presto server installations with secure internal communication configured.\n\nThis does not affect installations that have not configured secure internal communication, as these installations are inherently insecure.\n\n### Patches\nThis issue has been fixed starting with PrestoSQL version 337.\n\n### Workarounds\nThis issue can be mitigated by blocking network access to internal APIs on the coordinator and workers. \n\n### References\nSee the Presto documentation for [Secure Internal Communication](https://trino.io/docs/current/security/internal-communication.html).\n\n### For more information\nIf you have any questions or comments about this advisory:\n* Join the **#security** channel on [Slack](https://trino.io/slack.html).\n* Contact the security team at [security@trino.io](mailto:security@trino.io)",
"id": "GHSA-f6pc-crhh-cp96",
"modified": "2022-10-22T00:58:08Z",
"published": "2020-06-30T16:33:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/prestosql/presto/security/advisories/GHSA-f6pc-crhh-cp96"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/trinodb/trino/security/advisories/GHSA-f6pc-crhh-cp96"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-15087"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://prestosql.io/docs/current/release/release-337.html#security-changes"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://trino.io/docs/current/release/release-337.html#security-changes"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Privilege escalation in Presto"
}
GHSA-F6V3-X585-9MF5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-10-07 18:15 – Updated: 2022-10-10 00:00Improper authorization vulnerability in Samsung Internet prior to version 18.0.4.14 allows physical attackers to add bookmarks in secret mode without user authentication.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-39873"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-285",
"CWE-863"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-10-07T15:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Improper authorization vulnerability in Samsung Internet prior to version 18.0.4.14 allows physical attackers to add bookmarks in secret mode without user authentication.",
"id": "GHSA-f6v3-x585-9mf5",
"modified": "2022-10-10T00:00:32Z",
"published": "2022-10-07T18:15:48Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-39873"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.samsungmobile.com/serviceWeb.smsb?year=2022\u0026month=10"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:P/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-F723-PFG4-V3P5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-08-09 06:31 – Updated: 2026-04-08 18:32The FULL - Customer plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Arbitrary File Upload via the /install-plugin REST route in versions up to, and including, 2.2.3 due to improper authorization. This allows authenticated attackers with subscriber-level permissions and above to execute code by installing plugins from arbitrary remote locations including non-repository sources onto the site, granted they are packaged as a valid WordPress plugin.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-4243"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-285",
"CWE-434"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-08-09T04:15:10Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The FULL - Customer plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Arbitrary File Upload via the /install-plugin REST route in versions up to, and including, 2.2.3 due to improper authorization. This allows authenticated attackers with subscriber-level permissions and above to execute code by installing plugins from arbitrary remote locations including non-repository sources onto the site, granted they are packaged as a valid WordPress plugin.",
"id": "GHSA-f723-pfg4-v3p5",
"modified": "2026-04-08T18:32:16Z",
"published": "2023-08-09T06:31:10Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-4243"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/full-customer/tags/1.1.0/app/api/Plugin.php"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/full-customer/tags/2.2.1/app/api/PluginInstallation.php"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/full-customer/tags/2.3/app/api/Controller.php?rev=2951561"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/9799df3f-e34e-42a7-8a72-fa57682f7014?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-F7QF-QC3W-6GVG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-08-16 03:33 – Updated: 2024-08-16 03:33A vulnerability has been found in SourceCodester Yoga Class Registration System 1.0 and classified as critical. This vulnerability affects unknown code of the file /classes/Users.php?f=save of the component Add User Handler. The manipulation leads to improper authorization. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-7851"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-285"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-08-16T02:15:18Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability has been found in SourceCodester Yoga Class Registration System 1.0 and classified as critical. This vulnerability affects unknown code of the file /classes/Users.php?f=save of the component Add User Handler. The manipulation leads to improper authorization. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.",
"id": "GHSA-f7qf-qc3w-6gvg",
"modified": "2024-08-16T03:33:48Z",
"published": "2024-08-16T03:33:48Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-7851"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Wsstiger/cve/blob/main/Yoga_add.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.274756"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.274756"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.391640"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
Mitigation
- Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
- Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Ensure that you perform access control checks related to your business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that you apply to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor.
Mitigation MIT-4.4
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
- For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
- One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.
CAPEC-1: Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs
In applications, particularly web applications, access to functionality is mitigated by an authorization framework. This framework maps Access Control Lists (ACLs) to elements of the application's functionality; particularly URL's for web apps. In the case that the administrator failed to specify an ACL for a particular element, an attacker may be able to access it with impunity. An attacker with the ability to access functionality not properly constrained by ACLs can obtain sensitive information and possibly compromise the entire application. Such an attacker can access resources that must be available only to users at a higher privilege level, can access management sections of the application, or can run queries for data that they otherwise not supposed to.
CAPEC-104: Cross Zone Scripting
An attacker is able to cause a victim to load content into their web-browser that bypasses security zone controls and gain access to increased privileges to execute scripting code or other web objects such as unsigned ActiveX controls or applets. This is a privilege elevation attack targeted at zone-based web-browser security.
CAPEC-127: Directory Indexing
An adversary crafts a request to a target that results in the target listing/indexing the content of a directory as output. One common method of triggering directory contents as output is to construct a request containing a path that terminates in a directory name rather than a file name since many applications are configured to provide a list of the directory's contents when such a request is received. An adversary can use this to explore the directory tree on a target as well as learn the names of files. This can often end up revealing test files, backup files, temporary files, hidden files, configuration files, user accounts, script contents, as well as naming conventions, all of which can be used by an attacker to mount additional attacks.
CAPEC-13: Subverting Environment Variable Values
The adversary directly or indirectly modifies environment variables used by or controlling the target software. The adversary's goal is to cause the target software to deviate from its expected operation in a manner that benefits the adversary.
CAPEC-17: Using Malicious Files
An attack of this type exploits a system's configuration that allows an adversary to either directly access an executable file, for example through shell access; or in a possible worst case allows an adversary to upload a file and then execute it. Web servers, ftp servers, and message oriented middleware systems which have many integration points are particularly vulnerable, because both the programmers and the administrators must be in synch regarding the interfaces and the correct privileges for each interface.
CAPEC-39: Manipulating Opaque Client-based Data Tokens
In circumstances where an application holds important data client-side in tokens (cookies, URLs, data files, and so forth) that data can be manipulated. If client or server-side application components reinterpret that data as authentication tokens or data (such as store item pricing or wallet information) then even opaquely manipulating that data may bear fruit for an Attacker. In this pattern an attacker undermines the assumption that client side tokens have been adequately protected from tampering through use of encryption or obfuscation.
CAPEC-402: Bypassing ATA Password Security
An adversary exploits a weakness in ATA security on a drive to gain access to the information the drive contains without supplying the proper credentials. ATA Security is often employed to protect hard disk information from unauthorized access. The mechanism requires the user to type in a password before the BIOS is allowed access to drive contents. Some implementations of ATA security will accept the ATA command to update the password without the user having authenticated with the BIOS. This occurs because the security mechanism assumes the user has first authenticated via the BIOS prior to sending commands to the drive. Various methods exist for exploiting this flaw, the most common being installing the ATA protected drive into a system lacking ATA security features (a.k.a. hot swapping). Once the drive is installed into the new system the BIOS can be used to reset the drive password.
CAPEC-45: Buffer Overflow via Symbolic Links
This type of attack leverages the use of symbolic links to cause buffer overflows. An adversary can try to create or manipulate a symbolic link file such that its contents result in out of bounds data. When the target software processes the symbolic link file, it could potentially overflow internal buffers with insufficient bounds checking.
CAPEC-5: Blue Boxing
This type of attack against older telephone switches and trunks has been around for decades. A tone is sent by an adversary to impersonate a supervisor signal which has the effect of rerouting or usurping command of the line. While the US infrastructure proper may not contain widespread vulnerabilities to this type of attack, many companies are connected globally through call centers and business process outsourcing. These international systems may be operated in countries which have not upgraded Telco infrastructure and so are vulnerable to Blue boxing. Blue boxing is a result of failure on the part of the system to enforce strong authorization for administrative functions. While the infrastructure is different than standard current applications like web applications, there are historical lessons to be learned to upgrade the access control for administrative functions.
{'xhtml:b': 'This attack pattern is included in CAPEC for historical purposes.'}
CAPEC-51: Poison Web Service Registry
SOA and Web Services often use a registry to perform look up, get schema information, and metadata about services. A poisoned registry can redirect (think phishing for servers) the service requester to a malicious service provider, provide incorrect information in schema or metadata, and delete information about service provider interfaces.
CAPEC-59: Session Credential Falsification through Prediction
This attack targets predictable session ID in order to gain privileges. The attacker can predict the session ID used during a transaction to perform spoofing and session hijacking.
CAPEC-60: Reusing Session IDs (aka Session Replay)
This attack targets the reuse of valid session ID to spoof the target system in order to gain privileges. The attacker tries to reuse a stolen session ID used previously during a transaction to perform spoofing and session hijacking. Another name for this type of attack is Session Replay.
CAPEC-647: Collect Data from Registries
An adversary exploits a weakness in authorization to gather system-specific data and sensitive information within a registry (e.g., Windows Registry, Mac plist). These contain information about the system configuration, software, operating system, and security. The adversary can leverage information gathered in order to carry out further attacks.
CAPEC-668: Key Negotiation of Bluetooth Attack (KNOB)
An adversary can exploit a flaw in Bluetooth key negotiation allowing them to decrypt information sent between two devices communicating via Bluetooth. The adversary uses an Adversary in the Middle setup to modify packets sent between the two devices during the authentication process, specifically the entropy bits. Knowledge of the number of entropy bits will allow the attacker to easily decrypt information passing over the line of communication.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.
CAPEC-77: Manipulating User-Controlled Variables
This attack targets user controlled variables (DEBUG=1, PHP Globals, and So Forth). An adversary can override variables leveraging user-supplied, untrusted query variables directly used on the application server without any data sanitization. In extreme cases, the adversary can change variables controlling the business logic of the application. For instance, in languages like PHP, a number of poorly set default configurations may allow the user to override variables.
CAPEC-87: Forceful Browsing
An attacker employs forceful browsing (direct URL entry) to access portions of a website that are otherwise unreachable. Usually, a front controller or similar design pattern is employed to protect access to portions of a web application. Forceful browsing enables an attacker to access information, perform privileged operations and otherwise reach sections of the web application that have been improperly protected.