CWE-285
DiscouragedImproper Authorization
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product does not perform or incorrectly performs an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.
2310 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-65F3-3278-7M65
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-03-12 00:00 – Updated: 2023-06-30 22:10Duplicate Advisory
This advisory has been withdrawn because it is a duplicate of GHSA-gw5h-h6hj-f56g. This link is maintained to preserve external references.
Original Description
Impact
Expired PAM accounts and accounts with expired passwords are continued to be seen as valid. Installations use PAM as authentication sources are affected.
Patches
Expired PAM accounts and accounts with expired passwords are no longer being seen as valid. Users should upgrade to 0.12.5 or the latest 0.13.0+dev.
Workarounds
In addition to marking PAM accounts as expired, also disable/lock them. Running usermod -L <username> will add an exclamation mark to the password hash and would result in wrong passwords responses when trying to login.
References
https://huntr.dev/bounties/ea82cfc9-b55c-41fe-ae58-0d0e0bd7ab62/
For more information
If you have any questions or comments about this advisory, please post on https://github.com/gogs/gogs/issues/6810.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "gogs.io/gogs"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.12.5"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-285",
"CWE-862",
"CWE-863"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-03-14T22:58:34Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2022-03-11T12:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "## Duplicate Advisory\nThis advisory has been withdrawn because it is a duplicate of GHSA-gw5h-h6hj-f56g. This link is maintained to preserve external references.\n\n## Original Description\n### Impact\n\nExpired PAM accounts and accounts with expired passwords are continued to be seen as valid. Installations use PAM as authentication sources are affected.\n\n### Patches\n\nExpired PAM accounts and accounts with expired passwords are no longer being seen as valid. Users should upgrade to 0.12.5 or the latest 0.13.0+dev.\n\n### Workarounds\n\nIn addition to marking PAM accounts as expired, also disable/lock them. Running `usermod -L \u003cusername\u003e` will add an exclamation mark to the password hash and would result in wrong passwords responses when trying to login. \n\n### References\n\nhttps://huntr.dev/bounties/ea82cfc9-b55c-41fe-ae58-0d0e0bd7ab62/\n\n### For more information\n\nIf you have any questions or comments about this advisory, please post on https://github.com/gogs/gogs/issues/6810.\n",
"id": "GHSA-65f3-3278-7m65",
"modified": "2023-06-30T22:10:59Z",
"published": "2022-03-12T00:00:34Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-0871"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/gogs/gogs/commit/64102be2c90e1b47dbdd379873ba76c80d4b0e78"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/gogs/gogs"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://huntr.dev/bounties/ea82cfc9-b55c-41fe-ae58-0d0e0bd7ab62"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Duplicate Advisory: Improper Authorization in Gogs",
"withdrawn": "2023-06-30T22:10:59Z"
}
GHSA-65GH-443Q-R8G2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-28 00:31 – Updated: 2026-03-28 00:31The Ultimate Member plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Sensitive Information Exposure in all versions up to, and including, 2.11.2. This is due to the '{usermeta:password_reset_link}' template tag being processed within post content via the '[um_loggedin]' shortcode, which generates a valid password reset token for the currently logged-in user viewing the page. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Contributor-level access and above, to craft a malicious pending post that, when previewed by an Administrator, generates a password reset token for the Administrator and exfiltrates it to an attacker-controlled server, leading to full account takeover.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-4248"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-285"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-03-27T23:17:14Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The Ultimate Member plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Sensitive Information Exposure in all versions up to, and including, 2.11.2. This is due to the \u0027{usermeta:password_reset_link}\u0027 template tag being processed within post content via the \u0027[um_loggedin]\u0027 shortcode, which generates a valid password reset token for the currently logged-in user viewing the page. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Contributor-level access and above, to craft a malicious pending post that, when previewed by an Administrator, generates a password reset token for the Administrator and exfiltrates it to an attacker-controlled server, leading to full account takeover.",
"id": "GHSA-65gh-443q-r8g2",
"modified": "2026-03-28T00:31:16Z",
"published": "2026-03-28T00:31:16Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-4248"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ultimatemember/ultimatemember/pull/1799"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/ultimate-member/tags/2.11.2/includes/um-short-functions.php#L205"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3492178/ultimate-member/trunk/includes/um-short-functions.php"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/baafd001-144d-4ee4-b7e6-28c0931e6e10?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-65M9-M259-7JQW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2020-09-03 15:49 – Updated: 2021-10-04 21:06All versions of react-oauth-flow fail to properly implement the OAuth protocol. The package stores secrets in the front-end code. Instead of using a public OAuth client, it uses a confidential client on the browser. This may allow attackers to compromise server credentials.
Recommendation
No fix is currently available. Consider using an alternative module until a fix is made available.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "react-oauth-flow"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0.0.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-285"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2020-08-31T19:01:08Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "All versions of `react-oauth-flow` fail to properly implement the OAuth protocol. The package stores secrets in the front-end code. Instead of using a public OAuth client, it uses a confidential client on the browser. This may allow attackers to compromise server credentials.\n\n\n## Recommendation\n\nNo fix is currently available. Consider using an alternative module until a fix is made available.",
"id": "GHSA-65m9-m259-7jqw",
"modified": "2021-10-04T21:06:12Z",
"published": "2020-09-03T15:49:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ethereum/web3.js/issues/2739"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/ethereum/web3.js"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.npmjs.com/advisories/1487"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [],
"summary": "Improper Authorization in react-oauth-flow"
}
GHSA-6658-9VPG-8PQ9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-04-17 00:30 – Updated: 2024-04-17 00:30Vulnerability in the Oracle Complex Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul product of Oracle E-Business Suite (component: LOV). Supported versions that are affected are 12.2.3-12.2.13. Easily exploitable vulnerability allows unauthenticated attacker with network access via HTTP to compromise Oracle Complex Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul. Successful attacks require human interaction from a person other than the attacker and while the vulnerability is in Oracle Complex Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul, attacks may significantly impact additional products (scope change). Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in unauthorized update, insert or delete access to some of Oracle Complex Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul accessible data as well as unauthorized read access to a subset of Oracle Complex Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul accessible data. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 6.1 (Confidentiality and Integrity impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N).
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-21018"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-285"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-04-16T22:15:16Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Vulnerability in the Oracle Complex Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul product of Oracle E-Business Suite (component: LOV). Supported versions that are affected are 12.2.3-12.2.13. Easily exploitable vulnerability allows unauthenticated attacker with network access via HTTP to compromise Oracle Complex Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul. Successful attacks require human interaction from a person other than the attacker and while the vulnerability is in Oracle Complex Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul, attacks may significantly impact additional products (scope change). Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in unauthorized update, insert or delete access to some of Oracle Complex Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul accessible data as well as unauthorized read access to a subset of Oracle Complex Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul accessible data. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 6.1 (Confidentiality and Integrity impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N).",
"id": "GHSA-6658-9vpg-8pq9",
"modified": "2024-04-17T00:30:54Z",
"published": "2024-04-17T00:30:54Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-21018"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpuapr2024.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-67MG-GM8M-PH5R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-04-21 15:30 – Updated: 2024-09-24 21:26In modoboa prior to 2.1.0, sending a GET request to the endpoint /api/v2/parameters/core/ returns sensitive information without any authentication or authorization.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "modoboa"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.1.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-2227"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-285"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-04-24T20:23:45Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2023-04-21T13:15:07Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "In modoboa prior to 2.1.0, sending a GET request to the endpoint `/api/v2/parameters/core/` returns sensitive information without any authentication or authorization.",
"id": "GHSA-67mg-gm8m-ph5r",
"modified": "2024-09-24T21:26:20Z",
"published": "2023-04-21T15:30:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-2227"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/modoboa/modoboa/commit/7bcd3f6eb264d4e3e01071c97c2bac51cdd6fe97"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/modoboa/modoboa"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/modoboa/PYSEC-2023-35.yaml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://huntr.dev/bounties/351f9055-2008-4af0-b820-01ff66678bf3"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Improper Authorization in modoboa"
}
GHSA-67QG-PJV2-PG9V
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-07-06 21:14 – Updated: 2024-04-04 05:39Improper Authorization vulnerability in OTRS AG OTRS 8 (Websocket API backend) allows any as Agent authenticated attacker to track user behaviour and to gain live insight into overall system usage. User IDs can easily be correlated with real names e. g. via ticket histories by any user. (Fuzzing for garnering other adjacent user/sensitive data). Subscribing to all possible push events could also lead to performance implications on the server side, depending on the size of the installation and the number of active users. (Flooding)This issue affects OTRS: from 8.0.X before 8.0.32.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-2534"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-285",
"CWE-863"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-05-08T08:15:43Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Improper Authorization vulnerability in OTRS AG OTRS 8 (Websocket API backend) allows any as Agent authenticated attacker to track user behaviour and to gain live insight into overall system usage. User IDs can easily be correlated with real names e. g. via\nticket histories by any user. (Fuzzing for garnering other adjacent user/sensitive data).\u00a0Subscribing to all possible push events could also lead to performance implications on the server side, depending on the size of the installation\nand the number of active users. (Flooding)This issue affects OTRS: from 8.0.X before 8.0.32.\n\n",
"id": "GHSA-67qg-pjv2-pg9v",
"modified": "2024-04-04T05:39:43Z",
"published": "2023-07-06T21:14:54Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-2534"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://otrs.com/release-notes/otrs-security-advisory-2023-03"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-67VH-5V34-43VX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-11-10 12:01 – Updated: 2022-11-10 19:01Improper authorization vulnerability in StorageManagerService prior to SMR Nov-2022 Release 1 allows local attacker to call privileged API.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-39883"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-285",
"CWE-732"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-11-09T22:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Improper authorization vulnerability in StorageManagerService prior to SMR Nov-2022 Release 1 allows local attacker to call privileged API.",
"id": "GHSA-67vh-5v34-43vx",
"modified": "2022-11-10T19:01:09Z",
"published": "2022-11-10T12:01:08Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-39883"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.samsungmobile.com/securityUpdate.smsb?year=2022\u0026month=11"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-6C24-P57F-55QM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:02 – Updated: 2022-07-31 00:00Low privileged users can use the AJAX action 'cp_plugins_do_button_job_later_callback' in the WooCommerce Conditional Marketing Mailer WordPress plugin before 1.5.2, to install any plugin (including a specific version) from the WordPress repository, as well as activate arbitrary plugin from then blog, which helps attackers install vulnerable plugins and could lead to more critical vulnerabilities like RCE.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-24190"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-285"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-05-14T12:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Low privileged users can use the AJAX action \u0027cp_plugins_do_button_job_later_callback\u0027 in the WooCommerce Conditional Marketing Mailer WordPress plugin before 1.5.2, to install any plugin (including a specific version) from the WordPress repository, as well as activate arbitrary plugin from then blog, which helps attackers install vulnerable plugins and could lead to more critical vulnerabilities like RCE.",
"id": "GHSA-6c24-p57f-55qm",
"modified": "2022-07-31T00:00:58Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:02:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-24190"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wpscan.com/vulnerability/74889e29-5349-43d1-baf5-1622493be90c"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-6C5H-FJMF-JPG3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-05-24 00:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 04:19The Go Pricing - WordPress Responsive Pricing Tables plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized arbitrary file uploads due to an improper capability check on the 'validate_upload' function in versions up to, and including, 3.3.19. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers with a role that the administrator previously granted access to the plugin to upload arbitrary files on the affected site's server which may make remote code execution possible.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-2496"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-285"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-05-24T00:15:09Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The Go Pricing - WordPress Responsive Pricing Tables plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized arbitrary file uploads due to an improper capability check on the \u0027validate_upload\u0027 function in versions up to, and including, 3.3.19. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers with a role that the administrator previously granted access to the plugin to upload arbitrary files on the affected site\u0027s server which may make remote code execution possible.",
"id": "GHSA-6c5h-fjmf-jpg3",
"modified": "2024-04-04T04:19:23Z",
"published": "2023-05-24T00:30:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-2496"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://codecanyon.net/item/go-pricing-wordpress-responsive-pricing-tables/3725820"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/477c6fa2-16a8-4461-b4d4-d087e13e3ca7?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-6C72-GX9W-JX46
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-04 03:32 – Updated: 2025-10-04 03:32The GiveWP – Donation Plugin and Fundraising Platform plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Information Exposure in all versions up to, and including, 4.10.0 via the 'registerGetForm', 'registerGetForms', 'registerGetCampaign' and 'registerGetCampaigns' functions due to a missing capability check. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to extract data from private and draft donation forms, as well as archived campaigns.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-11227"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-285"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-10-04T03:15:36Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The GiveWP \u2013 Donation Plugin and Fundraising Platform plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Information Exposure in all versions up to, and including, 4.10.0 via the \u0027registerGetForm\u0027, \u0027registerGetForms\u0027, \u0027registerGetCampaign\u0027 and \u0027registerGetCampaigns\u0027 functions due to a missing capability check. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to extract data from private and draft donation forms, as well as archived campaigns.",
"id": "GHSA-6c72-gx9w-jx46",
"modified": "2025-10-04T03:32:58Z",
"published": "2025-10-04T03:32:58Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-11227"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/give/tags/4.9.0/src/API/REST/V3/Routes/Campaigns/RegisterCampaignRoutes.php#L60"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/give/tags/4.9.0/src/API/REST/V3/Routes/Campaigns/RegisterCampaignRoutes.php#L91"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/give/tags/4.9.0/src/DonationForms/Routes/DonationFormsEntityRoute.php#L52"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/give/tags/4.9.0/src/DonationForms/Routes/DonationFormsEntityRoute.php#L82"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=\u0026reponame=\u0026old=3371948%40give\u0026new=3371948%40give\u0026sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail="
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/54db1807-69ff-445c-9e02-9abce9fd3940?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
- Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
- Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Ensure that you perform access control checks related to your business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that you apply to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor.
Mitigation MIT-4.4
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
- For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
- One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.
CAPEC-1: Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs
In applications, particularly web applications, access to functionality is mitigated by an authorization framework. This framework maps Access Control Lists (ACLs) to elements of the application's functionality; particularly URL's for web apps. In the case that the administrator failed to specify an ACL for a particular element, an attacker may be able to access it with impunity. An attacker with the ability to access functionality not properly constrained by ACLs can obtain sensitive information and possibly compromise the entire application. Such an attacker can access resources that must be available only to users at a higher privilege level, can access management sections of the application, or can run queries for data that they otherwise not supposed to.
CAPEC-104: Cross Zone Scripting
An attacker is able to cause a victim to load content into their web-browser that bypasses security zone controls and gain access to increased privileges to execute scripting code or other web objects such as unsigned ActiveX controls or applets. This is a privilege elevation attack targeted at zone-based web-browser security.
CAPEC-127: Directory Indexing
An adversary crafts a request to a target that results in the target listing/indexing the content of a directory as output. One common method of triggering directory contents as output is to construct a request containing a path that terminates in a directory name rather than a file name since many applications are configured to provide a list of the directory's contents when such a request is received. An adversary can use this to explore the directory tree on a target as well as learn the names of files. This can often end up revealing test files, backup files, temporary files, hidden files, configuration files, user accounts, script contents, as well as naming conventions, all of which can be used by an attacker to mount additional attacks.
CAPEC-13: Subverting Environment Variable Values
The adversary directly or indirectly modifies environment variables used by or controlling the target software. The adversary's goal is to cause the target software to deviate from its expected operation in a manner that benefits the adversary.
CAPEC-17: Using Malicious Files
An attack of this type exploits a system's configuration that allows an adversary to either directly access an executable file, for example through shell access; or in a possible worst case allows an adversary to upload a file and then execute it. Web servers, ftp servers, and message oriented middleware systems which have many integration points are particularly vulnerable, because both the programmers and the administrators must be in synch regarding the interfaces and the correct privileges for each interface.
CAPEC-39: Manipulating Opaque Client-based Data Tokens
In circumstances where an application holds important data client-side in tokens (cookies, URLs, data files, and so forth) that data can be manipulated. If client or server-side application components reinterpret that data as authentication tokens or data (such as store item pricing or wallet information) then even opaquely manipulating that data may bear fruit for an Attacker. In this pattern an attacker undermines the assumption that client side tokens have been adequately protected from tampering through use of encryption or obfuscation.
CAPEC-402: Bypassing ATA Password Security
An adversary exploits a weakness in ATA security on a drive to gain access to the information the drive contains without supplying the proper credentials. ATA Security is often employed to protect hard disk information from unauthorized access. The mechanism requires the user to type in a password before the BIOS is allowed access to drive contents. Some implementations of ATA security will accept the ATA command to update the password without the user having authenticated with the BIOS. This occurs because the security mechanism assumes the user has first authenticated via the BIOS prior to sending commands to the drive. Various methods exist for exploiting this flaw, the most common being installing the ATA protected drive into a system lacking ATA security features (a.k.a. hot swapping). Once the drive is installed into the new system the BIOS can be used to reset the drive password.
CAPEC-45: Buffer Overflow via Symbolic Links
This type of attack leverages the use of symbolic links to cause buffer overflows. An adversary can try to create or manipulate a symbolic link file such that its contents result in out of bounds data. When the target software processes the symbolic link file, it could potentially overflow internal buffers with insufficient bounds checking.
CAPEC-5: Blue Boxing
This type of attack against older telephone switches and trunks has been around for decades. A tone is sent by an adversary to impersonate a supervisor signal which has the effect of rerouting or usurping command of the line. While the US infrastructure proper may not contain widespread vulnerabilities to this type of attack, many companies are connected globally through call centers and business process outsourcing. These international systems may be operated in countries which have not upgraded Telco infrastructure and so are vulnerable to Blue boxing. Blue boxing is a result of failure on the part of the system to enforce strong authorization for administrative functions. While the infrastructure is different than standard current applications like web applications, there are historical lessons to be learned to upgrade the access control for administrative functions.
{'xhtml:b': 'This attack pattern is included in CAPEC for historical purposes.'}
CAPEC-51: Poison Web Service Registry
SOA and Web Services often use a registry to perform look up, get schema information, and metadata about services. A poisoned registry can redirect (think phishing for servers) the service requester to a malicious service provider, provide incorrect information in schema or metadata, and delete information about service provider interfaces.
CAPEC-59: Session Credential Falsification through Prediction
This attack targets predictable session ID in order to gain privileges. The attacker can predict the session ID used during a transaction to perform spoofing and session hijacking.
CAPEC-60: Reusing Session IDs (aka Session Replay)
This attack targets the reuse of valid session ID to spoof the target system in order to gain privileges. The attacker tries to reuse a stolen session ID used previously during a transaction to perform spoofing and session hijacking. Another name for this type of attack is Session Replay.
CAPEC-647: Collect Data from Registries
An adversary exploits a weakness in authorization to gather system-specific data and sensitive information within a registry (e.g., Windows Registry, Mac plist). These contain information about the system configuration, software, operating system, and security. The adversary can leverage information gathered in order to carry out further attacks.
CAPEC-668: Key Negotiation of Bluetooth Attack (KNOB)
An adversary can exploit a flaw in Bluetooth key negotiation allowing them to decrypt information sent between two devices communicating via Bluetooth. The adversary uses an Adversary in the Middle setup to modify packets sent between the two devices during the authentication process, specifically the entropy bits. Knowledge of the number of entropy bits will allow the attacker to easily decrypt information passing over the line of communication.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.
CAPEC-77: Manipulating User-Controlled Variables
This attack targets user controlled variables (DEBUG=1, PHP Globals, and So Forth). An adversary can override variables leveraging user-supplied, untrusted query variables directly used on the application server without any data sanitization. In extreme cases, the adversary can change variables controlling the business logic of the application. For instance, in languages like PHP, a number of poorly set default configurations may allow the user to override variables.
CAPEC-87: Forceful Browsing
An attacker employs forceful browsing (direct URL entry) to access portions of a website that are otherwise unreachable. Usually, a front controller or similar design pattern is employed to protect access to portions of a web application. Forceful browsing enables an attacker to access information, perform privileged operations and otherwise reach sections of the web application that have been improperly protected.