CWE-285
DiscouragedImproper Authorization
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product does not perform or incorrectly performs an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.
2319 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-5C9G-8R99-23RP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-09-19 15:30 – Updated: 2024-03-21 03:35** UNSUPPPORTED WHEN ASSIGNED ** Incorrect authorisation in ekorCCP and ekorRCI, which could allow a remote attacker to obtain resources with sensitive information for the organisation, without being authenticated within the web server.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-47553"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-285",
"CWE-863"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-09-19T13:16:18Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "** UNSUPPPORTED WHEN ASSIGNED ** Incorrect authorisation in ekorCCP and ekorRCI, which could allow a remote attacker to obtain resources with sensitive information for the organisation, without being authenticated within the web server.",
"id": "GHSA-5c9g-8r99-23rp",
"modified": "2024-03-21T03:35:47Z",
"published": "2023-09-19T15:30:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-47553"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.incibe.es/en/incibe-cert/notices/aviso-sci/multiple-vulnerabilities-ormazabal-products"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-5CF7-CXRF-MQ73
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-08-02 01:20 – Updated: 2024-08-02 16:02Even with authorized_keys is filled with allowed pubkeys, If noscraper is enabled, It will allow anyone to use bouncer even it's pubkey is not in authorized_keys.
Impact
- Private bouncer
Patches
Available on version 3.0.10
Workarounds
Disable noscraper if you have authorized_keys being set in config
References
This line of code is the cause.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "bostr"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.0.10"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-41962"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-285"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-08-02T01:20:13Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-08-01T17:16:09Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Even with `authorized_keys` is filled with allowed pubkeys, If `noscraper` is enabled, It will allow anyone to use bouncer even it\u0027s pubkey is not in `authorized_keys`.\n\n### Impact\n- Private bouncer\n\n### Patches\nAvailable on version [3.0.10](https://github.com/Yonle/bostr/releases/tag/3.0.10)\n\n### Workarounds\nDisable `noscraper` if you have `authorized_keys` being set in config\n\n### References\nThis [line of code](https://github.com/Yonle/bostr/blob/8665374a66e2afb9f92d0414b0d6f420a95d5d2d/auth.js#L21) is the cause.",
"id": "GHSA-5cf7-cxrf-mq73",
"modified": "2024-08-02T16:02:10Z",
"published": "2024-08-02T01:20:13Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Yonle/bostr/security/advisories/GHSA-5cf7-cxrf-mq73"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-41962"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Yonle/bostr/commit/49181f4ec9ae1472c6675cab56bbc01e723855af"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/Yonle/bostr"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Yonle/bostr/blob/8665374a66e2afb9f92d0414b0d6f420a95d5d2d/auth.js#L21"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Yonle/bostr/releases/tag/3.0.10"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:P/VC:N/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Bostr Improper Authorization vulnerability"
}
GHSA-5CGJ-H4PF-6J35
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-08-21 06:30 – Updated: 2025-08-21 06:30The GiveWP – Donation Plugin and Fundraising Platform plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the give_update_payment_status() function in all versions up to, and including, 4.5.0. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with GiveWP Worker-level access and above, to update donations statuses. This ability is not present in the user interface.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-7221"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-285"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-08-21T06:15:34Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The GiveWP \u2013 Donation Plugin and Fundraising Platform plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the give_update_payment_status() function in all versions up to, and including, 4.5.0. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with GiveWP Worker-level access and above, to update donations statuses. This ability is not present in the user interface.",
"id": "GHSA-5cgj-h4pf-6j35",
"modified": "2025-08-21T06:30:20Z",
"published": "2025-08-21T06:30:20Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-7221"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/give/trunk/includes/payments/functions.php#L339"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3333090/give"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/8766608e-df72-4b9d-a301-a50c64fadc9a?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-5CVQ-R9W7-FCQV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-02-01 06:30 – Updated: 2023-02-08 18:30A CWE-285: Improper Authorization vulnerability exists that could cause unauthorized access to certain software functions when an attacker gets access to localhost interface of the EcoStruxure Power Commission application. Affected Products: EcoStruxure Power Commission (Versions prior to V2.25)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-4062"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-285"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-02-01T04:15:00Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "A CWE-285: Improper Authorization vulnerability exists that could cause unauthorized access to certain software functions when an attacker gets access to localhost interface of the EcoStruxure Power Commission application. Affected Products: EcoStruxure Power Commission (Versions prior to V2.25)",
"id": "GHSA-5cvq-r9w7-fcqv",
"modified": "2023-02-08T18:30:23Z",
"published": "2023-02-01T06:30:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-4062"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://download.schneider-electric.com/files?p_Doc_Ref=SEVD-2022-347-03\u0026p_enDocType=Security+and+Safety+Notice\u0026p_File_Name=SEVD-2022-347-03_EcoStruxure_Power_Commission_Security_Notification.pdf"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-5F46-VQ6X-RMC9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-29 00:31 – Updated: 2026-06-29 00:31A flaw has been found in khoj-ai khoj up to 2.0.0-beta.28. This impacts an unknown function of the file src/khoj/routers/api_chat.py of the component Conversation Sharing Handler. This manipulation of the argument conversation.agent causes incorrect authorization. Remote exploitation of the attack is possible. The exploit has been published and may be used. The pull request to fix this issue awaits acceptance.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-13508"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-285"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-28T22:16:48Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "A flaw has been found in khoj-ai khoj up to 2.0.0-beta.28. This impacts an unknown function of the file src/khoj/routers/api_chat.py of the component Conversation Sharing Handler. This manipulation of the argument conversation.agent causes incorrect authorization. Remote exploitation of the attack is possible. The exploit has been published and may be used. The pull request to fix this issue awaits acceptance.",
"id": "GHSA-5f46-vq6x-rmc9",
"modified": "2026-06-29T00:31:39Z",
"published": "2026-06-29T00:31:39Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-13508"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/khoj-ai/khoj/issues/1327"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/khoj-ai/khoj/pull/1328"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/khoj-ai/khoj"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-13508"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/838812"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/374516"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/374516/cti"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:P/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-5F64-PPMG-CVVM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-10 12:31 – Updated: 2024-10-11 18:17Adobe Commerce versions 2.4.7-p2, 2.4.6-p7, 2.4.5-p9, 2.4.4-p10 and earlier are affected by an Improper Authorization vulnerability that could result in Privilege escalation. A low-privileged attacker could leverage this vulnerability to bypass security measures and affect confidentiality. Exploitation of this issue does not require user interaction.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "magento/community-edition"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.4.7-beta1"
},
{
"fixed": "2.4.7-p3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "magento/community-edition"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.4.6-p1"
},
{
"fixed": "2.4.6-p8"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "magento/community-edition"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.4.5-p1"
},
{
"fixed": "2.4.5-p10"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "magento/community-edition"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.4.4-p11"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "magento/community-edition"
},
"versions": [
"2.4.7"
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "magento/community-edition"
},
"versions": [
"2.4.6"
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "magento/community-edition"
},
"versions": [
"2.4.5"
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "magento/community-edition"
},
"versions": [
"2.4.4"
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-45132"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-285",
"CWE-863"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-10-11T18:17:14Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-10-10T10:15:07Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Adobe Commerce versions 2.4.7-p2, 2.4.6-p7, 2.4.5-p9, 2.4.4-p10 and earlier are affected by an Improper Authorization vulnerability that could result in Privilege escalation. A low-privileged attacker could leverage this vulnerability to bypass security measures and affect confidentiality. Exploitation of this issue does not require user interaction.",
"id": "GHSA-5f64-ppmg-cvvm",
"modified": "2024-10-11T18:17:15Z",
"published": "2024-10-10T12:31:13Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-45132"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/magento/magento2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://helpx.adobe.com/security/products/magento/apsb24-73.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Magento Open Source Improper Authorization vulnerability"
}
GHSA-5F9P-F3W2-FWCH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-02 22:17 – Updated: 2026-03-19 21:22Summary
In the macOS companion app (currently beta), a parsing mismatch in exec approvals could let shell-chain payloads pass allowlist checks in system.run under specific settings.
Impact
This path requires all of the following:
- authenticated caller with operator.write
- paired macOS beta node host
- exec approvals set to security=allowlist and ask=on-miss
Under those conditions, a shell-chain command could be approved from an incomplete command view and then executed on the paired macOS host.
Default Install Status
Default installs are not affected.
Affected Packages / Versions
- Package:
openclaw(npm) - Affected:
<= 2026.2.21-2 - Patched (planned next release):
>= 2026.2.22
Technical Details
The fix hardens macOS allowlist resolution by evaluating shell chains per segment and failing closed on unsafe shell-substitution parsing in allowlist mode.
Product Status Note
The affected macOS companion app path is currently in beta.
Fix Commit(s)
5da03e622119fa012285cdb590fcf4264c965cb5e371da38aab99521c4e076cd3d95fd775e00b784
Release Process Note
patched_versions is pre-set to the planned next npm release (2026.2.22) so once that version is published, this advisory can be published without additional metadata edits.
OpenClaw thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "openclaw"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2026.2.22"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-31993"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-184",
"CWE-285"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-03-02T22:17:01Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "### Summary\nIn the macOS companion app (**currently beta**), a parsing mismatch in exec approvals could let shell-chain payloads pass allowlist checks in `system.run` under specific settings.\n\n### Impact\nThis path requires all of the following:\n- authenticated caller with `operator.write`\n- paired macOS beta node host\n- exec approvals set to `security=allowlist` and `ask=on-miss`\n\nUnder those conditions, a shell-chain command could be approved from an incomplete command view and then executed on the paired macOS host.\n\n### Default Install Status\nDefault installs are not affected.\n\n### Affected Packages / Versions\n- Package: `openclaw` (npm)\n- Affected: `\u003c= 2026.2.21-2`\n- Patched (planned next release): `\u003e= 2026.2.22`\n\n### Technical Details\nThe fix hardens macOS allowlist resolution by evaluating shell chains per segment and failing closed on unsafe shell-substitution parsing in allowlist mode.\n\n### Product Status Note\nThe affected macOS companion app path is currently in beta.\n\n### Fix Commit(s)\n- `5da03e622119fa012285cdb590fcf4264c965cb5`\n- `e371da38aab99521c4e076cd3d95fd775e00b784`\n\n### Release Process Note\n`patched_versions` is pre-set to the planned next npm release (`2026.2.22`) so once that version is published, this advisory can be published without additional metadata edits.\n\nOpenClaw thanks @tdjackey for reporting.",
"id": "GHSA-5f9p-f3w2-fwch",
"modified": "2026-03-19T21:22:24Z",
"published": "2026-03-02T22:17:01Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-5f9p-f3w2-fwch"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-31993"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/5da03e622119fa012285cdb590fcf4264c965cb5"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/e371da38aab99521c4e076cd3d95fd775e00b784"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openclaw-allowlist-parsing-mismatch-in-system-run-shell-chains"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:L/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "OpenClaw macOS companion app (beta): allowlist parsing mismatch for system.run shell chains"
}
GHSA-5FCC-VRRH-RV6C
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-02-11 18:31 – Updated: 2025-02-11 18:31Microsoft SharePoint Server Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-21400"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-285"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-02-11T18:15:38Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Microsoft SharePoint Server Remote Code Execution Vulnerability",
"id": "GHSA-5fcc-vrrh-rv6c",
"modified": "2025-02-11T18:31:40Z",
"published": "2025-02-11T18:31:40Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-21400"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2025-21400"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-5FJW-4JWW-5859
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-01-11 09:30 – Updated: 2024-01-11 09:30The Slick Social Share Buttons plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the 'dcssb_ajax_update' function in versions up to, and including, 2.4.11. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber-level permissions or above to update the site options arbitrarily.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-6878"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-285"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-01-11T09:15:52Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The Slick Social Share Buttons plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the \u0027dcssb_ajax_update\u0027 function in versions up to, and including, 2.4.11. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber-level permissions or above to update the site options arbitrarily.",
"id": "GHSA-5fjw-4jww-5859",
"modified": "2024-01-11T09:30:36Z",
"published": "2024-01-11T09:30:36Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-6878"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/slick-social-share-buttons/tags/2.4.11/inc/dcwp_admin.php#L49"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/79a5c01d-3867-4b1e-b0ba-9a802f0bed92?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-5G2C-WQM3-5VM3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-01-15 00:01 – Updated: 2023-08-17 15:30An issue has recently been discovered in Arista EOS where the incorrect use of EOS's AAA API’s by the OpenConfig and TerminAttr agents could result in unrestricted access to the device for local users with nopassword configuration.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-28500"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-285",
"CWE-863"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-01-14T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An issue has recently been discovered in Arista EOS where the incorrect use of EOS\u0027s AAA API\u2019s by the OpenConfig and TerminAttr agents could result in unrestricted access to the device for local users with nopassword configuration.",
"id": "GHSA-5g2c-wqm3-5vm3",
"modified": "2023-08-17T15:30:19Z",
"published": "2022-01-15T00:01:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-28500"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.arista.com/en/support/advisories-notices/security-advisories/13449-security-advisory-0071"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
- Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
- Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Ensure that you perform access control checks related to your business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that you apply to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor.
Mitigation MIT-4.4
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
- For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
- One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.
CAPEC-1: Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs
In applications, particularly web applications, access to functionality is mitigated by an authorization framework. This framework maps Access Control Lists (ACLs) to elements of the application's functionality; particularly URL's for web apps. In the case that the administrator failed to specify an ACL for a particular element, an attacker may be able to access it with impunity. An attacker with the ability to access functionality not properly constrained by ACLs can obtain sensitive information and possibly compromise the entire application. Such an attacker can access resources that must be available only to users at a higher privilege level, can access management sections of the application, or can run queries for data that they otherwise not supposed to.
CAPEC-104: Cross Zone Scripting
An attacker is able to cause a victim to load content into their web-browser that bypasses security zone controls and gain access to increased privileges to execute scripting code or other web objects such as unsigned ActiveX controls or applets. This is a privilege elevation attack targeted at zone-based web-browser security.
CAPEC-127: Directory Indexing
An adversary crafts a request to a target that results in the target listing/indexing the content of a directory as output. One common method of triggering directory contents as output is to construct a request containing a path that terminates in a directory name rather than a file name since many applications are configured to provide a list of the directory's contents when such a request is received. An adversary can use this to explore the directory tree on a target as well as learn the names of files. This can often end up revealing test files, backup files, temporary files, hidden files, configuration files, user accounts, script contents, as well as naming conventions, all of which can be used by an attacker to mount additional attacks.
CAPEC-13: Subverting Environment Variable Values
The adversary directly or indirectly modifies environment variables used by or controlling the target software. The adversary's goal is to cause the target software to deviate from its expected operation in a manner that benefits the adversary.
CAPEC-17: Using Malicious Files
An attack of this type exploits a system's configuration that allows an adversary to either directly access an executable file, for example through shell access; or in a possible worst case allows an adversary to upload a file and then execute it. Web servers, ftp servers, and message oriented middleware systems which have many integration points are particularly vulnerable, because both the programmers and the administrators must be in synch regarding the interfaces and the correct privileges for each interface.
CAPEC-39: Manipulating Opaque Client-based Data Tokens
In circumstances where an application holds important data client-side in tokens (cookies, URLs, data files, and so forth) that data can be manipulated. If client or server-side application components reinterpret that data as authentication tokens or data (such as store item pricing or wallet information) then even opaquely manipulating that data may bear fruit for an Attacker. In this pattern an attacker undermines the assumption that client side tokens have been adequately protected from tampering through use of encryption or obfuscation.
CAPEC-402: Bypassing ATA Password Security
An adversary exploits a weakness in ATA security on a drive to gain access to the information the drive contains without supplying the proper credentials. ATA Security is often employed to protect hard disk information from unauthorized access. The mechanism requires the user to type in a password before the BIOS is allowed access to drive contents. Some implementations of ATA security will accept the ATA command to update the password without the user having authenticated with the BIOS. This occurs because the security mechanism assumes the user has first authenticated via the BIOS prior to sending commands to the drive. Various methods exist for exploiting this flaw, the most common being installing the ATA protected drive into a system lacking ATA security features (a.k.a. hot swapping). Once the drive is installed into the new system the BIOS can be used to reset the drive password.
CAPEC-45: Buffer Overflow via Symbolic Links
This type of attack leverages the use of symbolic links to cause buffer overflows. An adversary can try to create or manipulate a symbolic link file such that its contents result in out of bounds data. When the target software processes the symbolic link file, it could potentially overflow internal buffers with insufficient bounds checking.
CAPEC-5: Blue Boxing
This type of attack against older telephone switches and trunks has been around for decades. A tone is sent by an adversary to impersonate a supervisor signal which has the effect of rerouting or usurping command of the line. While the US infrastructure proper may not contain widespread vulnerabilities to this type of attack, many companies are connected globally through call centers and business process outsourcing. These international systems may be operated in countries which have not upgraded Telco infrastructure and so are vulnerable to Blue boxing. Blue boxing is a result of failure on the part of the system to enforce strong authorization for administrative functions. While the infrastructure is different than standard current applications like web applications, there are historical lessons to be learned to upgrade the access control for administrative functions.
{'xhtml:b': 'This attack pattern is included in CAPEC for historical purposes.'}
CAPEC-51: Poison Web Service Registry
SOA and Web Services often use a registry to perform look up, get schema information, and metadata about services. A poisoned registry can redirect (think phishing for servers) the service requester to a malicious service provider, provide incorrect information in schema or metadata, and delete information about service provider interfaces.
CAPEC-59: Session Credential Falsification through Prediction
This attack targets predictable session ID in order to gain privileges. The attacker can predict the session ID used during a transaction to perform spoofing and session hijacking.
CAPEC-60: Reusing Session IDs (aka Session Replay)
This attack targets the reuse of valid session ID to spoof the target system in order to gain privileges. The attacker tries to reuse a stolen session ID used previously during a transaction to perform spoofing and session hijacking. Another name for this type of attack is Session Replay.
CAPEC-647: Collect Data from Registries
An adversary exploits a weakness in authorization to gather system-specific data and sensitive information within a registry (e.g., Windows Registry, Mac plist). These contain information about the system configuration, software, operating system, and security. The adversary can leverage information gathered in order to carry out further attacks.
CAPEC-668: Key Negotiation of Bluetooth Attack (KNOB)
An adversary can exploit a flaw in Bluetooth key negotiation allowing them to decrypt information sent between two devices communicating via Bluetooth. The adversary uses an Adversary in the Middle setup to modify packets sent between the two devices during the authentication process, specifically the entropy bits. Knowledge of the number of entropy bits will allow the attacker to easily decrypt information passing over the line of communication.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.
CAPEC-77: Manipulating User-Controlled Variables
This attack targets user controlled variables (DEBUG=1, PHP Globals, and So Forth). An adversary can override variables leveraging user-supplied, untrusted query variables directly used on the application server without any data sanitization. In extreme cases, the adversary can change variables controlling the business logic of the application. For instance, in languages like PHP, a number of poorly set default configurations may allow the user to override variables.
CAPEC-87: Forceful Browsing
An attacker employs forceful browsing (direct URL entry) to access portions of a website that are otherwise unreachable. Usually, a front controller or similar design pattern is employed to protect access to portions of a web application. Forceful browsing enables an attacker to access information, perform privileged operations and otherwise reach sections of the web application that have been improperly protected.