Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-203

Allowed

Observable Discrepancy

Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete

The product behaves differently or sends different responses under different circumstances in a way that is observable to an unauthorized actor.

886 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-95CP-MQGP-V35F

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-24 18:30 – Updated: 2025-09-24 18:30
VLAI
Details

Side-channel information leakage in V8 in Google Chrome prior to 140.0.7339.207 allowed a remote attacker to leak cross-origin data via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: High)

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-10890"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1300",
      "CWE-203"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-09-24T17:15:39Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "Side-channel information leakage in V8 in Google Chrome prior to 140.0.7339.207 allowed a remote attacker to leak cross-origin data via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: High)",
  "id": "GHSA-95cp-mqgp-v35f",
  "modified": "2025-09-24T18:30:31Z",
  "published": "2025-09-24T18:30:31Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-10890"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2025/09/stable-channel-update-for-desktop_23.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://issues.chromium.org/issues/430336833"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-96G2-7CQX-5GGH

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:22 – Updated: 2025-12-18 15:30
VLAI
Details

The client side in OpenSSH 5.7 through 8.3 has an Observable Discrepancy leading to an information leak in the algorithm negotiation. This allows man-in-the-middle attackers to target initial connection attempts (where no host key for the server has been cached by the client).

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-14145"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-200",
      "CWE-203"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2020-06-29T18:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The client side in OpenSSH 5.7 through 8.3 has an Observable Discrepancy leading to an information leak in the algorithm negotiation. This allows man-in-the-middle attackers to target initial connection attempts (where no host key for the server has been cached by the client).",
  "id": "GHSA-96g2-7cqx-5ggh",
  "modified": "2025-12-18T15:30:24Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:22:01Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-14145"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://anongit.mindrot.org/openssh.git/commit/?id=b3855ff053f5078ec3d3c653cdaedefaa5fc362d"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://docs.ssh-mitm.at/CVE-2020-14145.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/openssh/openssh-portable/compare/V_8_3_P1...V_8_4_P1"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ssh-mitm/ssh-mitm/blob/master/ssh_proxy_server/plugins/session/cve202014145.py"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202105-35"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20200709-0004"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.fzi.de/en/news/news/detail-en/artikel/fsa-2020-2-ausnutzung-eines-informationslecks-fuer-gezielte-mitm-angriffe-auf-ssh-clients"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2020/12/02/1"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-96Q7-C2W2-93P8

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-08-11 00:00 – Updated: 2022-08-16 00:00
VLAI
Details

A vulnerability in the handling of RSA keys on devices running Cisco Adaptive Security Appliance (ASA) Software and Cisco Firepower Threat Defense (FTD) Software could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to retrieve an RSA private key. This vulnerability is due to a logic error when the RSA key is stored in memory on a hardware platform that performs hardware-based cryptography. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by using a Lenstra side-channel attack against the targeted device. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to retrieve the RSA private key. The following conditions may be observed on an affected device: This vulnerability will apply to approximately 5 percent of the RSA keys on a device that is running a vulnerable release of Cisco ASA Software or Cisco FTD Software; not all RSA keys are expected to be affected due to mathematical calculations applied to the RSA key. The RSA key could be valid but have specific characteristics that make it vulnerable to the potential leak of the RSA private key. If an attacker obtains the RSA private key, they could use the key to impersonate a device that is running Cisco ASA Software or Cisco FTD Software or to decrypt the device traffic. See the Indicators of Compromise section for more information on the detection of this type of RSA key. The RSA key could be malformed and invalid. A malformed RSA key is not functional, and a TLS client connection to a device that is running Cisco ASA Software or Cisco FTD Software that uses the malformed RSA key will result in a TLS signature failure, which means a vulnerable software release created an invalid RSA signature that failed verification. If an attacker obtains the RSA private key, they could use the key to impersonate a device that is running Cisco ASA Software or Cisco FTD Software or to decrypt the device traffic.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-20866"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-203"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-08-10T17:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability in the handling of RSA keys on devices running Cisco Adaptive Security Appliance (ASA) Software and Cisco Firepower Threat Defense (FTD) Software could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to retrieve an RSA private key. This vulnerability is due to a logic error when the RSA key is stored in memory on a hardware platform that performs hardware-based cryptography. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by using a Lenstra side-channel attack against the targeted device. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to retrieve the RSA private key. The following conditions may be observed on an affected device: This vulnerability will apply to approximately 5 percent of the RSA keys on a device that is running a vulnerable release of Cisco ASA Software or Cisco FTD Software; not all RSA keys are expected to be affected due to mathematical calculations applied to the RSA key. The RSA key could be valid but have specific characteristics that make it vulnerable to the potential leak of the RSA private key. If an attacker obtains the RSA private key, they could use the key to impersonate a device that is running Cisco ASA Software or Cisco FTD Software or to decrypt the device traffic. See the Indicators of Compromise section for more information on the detection of this type of RSA key. The RSA key could be malformed and invalid. A malformed RSA key is not functional, and a TLS client connection to a device that is running Cisco ASA Software or Cisco FTD Software that uses the malformed RSA key will result in a TLS signature failure, which means a vulnerable software release created an invalid RSA signature that failed verification. If an attacker obtains the RSA private key, they could use the key to impersonate a device that is running Cisco ASA Software or Cisco FTD Software or to decrypt the device traffic.",
  "id": "GHSA-96q7-c2w2-93p8",
  "modified": "2022-08-16T00:00:24Z",
  "published": "2022-08-11T00:00:21Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-20866"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-asaftd-rsa-key-leak-Ms7UEfZz"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-96QQ-4JQ4-P5HW

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-01-22 00:33 – Updated: 2025-01-22 18:31
VLAI
Details

In reload of ServiceListing.java , there is a possible way to allow a malicious app to hide an NLS from Settings due to a logic error in the code. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-49733"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-200",
      "CWE-203"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-01-21T23:15:14Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "In reload of ServiceListing.java , there is a possible way to allow a malicious app to hide an NLS from Settings due to a logic error in the code. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.",
  "id": "GHSA-96qq-4jq4-p5hw",
  "modified": "2025-01-22T18:31:55Z",
  "published": "2025-01-22T00:33:37Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-49733"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/2025-01-01"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-974V-C5M7-M9WC

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-04-25 18:30 – Updated: 2024-04-25 18:30
VLAI
Details

A timing-based side-channel flaw exists in the perl-Crypt-OpenSSL-RSA package, which could be sufficient to recover plaintext across a network in a Bleichenbacher-style attack. To achieve successful decryption, an attacker would have to be able to send a large number of trial messages. The vulnerability affects the legacy PKCS#1v1.5 RSA encryption padding mode.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-2467"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-203",
      "CWE-208"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-04-25T17:15:49Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A timing-based side-channel flaw exists in the perl-Crypt-OpenSSL-RSA package, which could be sufficient to recover plaintext across a network in a Bleichenbacher-style attack. To achieve successful decryption, an attacker would have to be able to send a large number of trial messages. The vulnerability affects the legacy PKCS#1v1.5 RSA encryption padding mode.",
  "id": "GHSA-974v-c5m7-m9wc",
  "modified": "2024-04-25T18:30:39Z",
  "published": "2024-04-25T18:30:39Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-2467"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/toddr/Crypt-OpenSSL-RSA/issues/42"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2024-2467"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2269567"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://people.redhat.com/~hkario/marvin"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-97GP-82PC-QC6X

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:37 – Updated: 2025-04-20 03:49
VLAI
Details

wolfSSL prior to version 3.12.2 provides a weak Bleichenbacher oracle when any TLS cipher suite using RSA key exchange is negotiated. An attacker can recover the private key from a vulnerable wolfSSL application. This vulnerability is referred to as "ROBOT."

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2017-13099"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-203"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2017-12-13T01:29:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "wolfSSL prior to version 3.12.2 provides a weak Bleichenbacher oracle when any TLS cipher suite using RSA key exchange is negotiated. An attacker can recover the private key from a vulnerable wolfSSL application. This vulnerability is referred to as \"ROBOT.\"",
  "id": "GHSA-97gp-82pc-qc6x",
  "modified": "2025-04-20T03:49:53Z",
  "published": "2022-05-13T01:37:44Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-13099"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/wolfSSL/wolfssl/pull/1229"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/pdf/ssa-464260.pdf"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://robotattack.org"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.arubanetworks.com/assets/alert/ARUBA-PSA-2018-002.txt"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/144389"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/102174"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-98FG-HP5J-CM68

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:57 – Updated: 2025-11-25 18:32
VLAI
Details

Navigation events were not fully adhering to the W3C's "Navigation-Timing Level 2" draft specification in some instances for the unload event, which restricts access to detailed timing attributes to only be same-origin. This resulted in potential cross-origin information exposure of history through timing side-channel attacks. This vulnerability affects Firefox < 69, Thunderbird < 68.1, Thunderbird < 60.9, Firefox ESR < 60.9, and Firefox ESR < 68.1.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2019-11743"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-203"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2019-09-27T18:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Navigation events were not fully adhering to the W3C\u0027s \"Navigation-Timing Level 2\" draft specification in some instances for the unload event, which restricts access to detailed timing attributes to only be same-origin. This resulted in potential cross-origin information exposure of history through timing side-channel attacks. This vulnerability affects Firefox \u003c 69, Thunderbird \u003c 68.1, Thunderbird \u003c 60.9, Firefox ESR \u003c 60.9, and Firefox ESR \u003c 68.1.",
  "id": "GHSA-98fg-hp5j-cm68",
  "modified": "2025-11-25T18:32:17Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T16:57:03Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-11743"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1560495"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/201911-07"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://usn.ubuntu.com/4150-1"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://w3c.github.io/navigation-timing"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2019-25"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2019-26"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2019-27"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2019-29"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2019-30"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2019-10/msg00009.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2019-10/msg00010.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2019-10/msg00011.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2019-10/msg00017.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-98P8-4MPF-G28Q

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-13 21:30 – Updated: 2024-11-13 21:30
VLAI
Details

Observable discrepancy in some Intel(R) QAT Engine for OpenSSL software before version v1.6.1 may allow information disclosure via network access.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-28885"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-203"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-11-13T21:15:14Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Observable discrepancy in some Intel(R) QAT Engine for OpenSSL software before version v1.6.1 may allow information disclosure via network access.",
  "id": "GHSA-98p8-4mpf-g28q",
  "modified": "2024-11-13T21:30:36Z",
  "published": "2024-11-13T21:30:36Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-28885"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/security-center/advisory/intel-sa-01177.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-999G-VPH2-WR2C

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:08 – Updated: 2022-12-26 03:30
VLAI
Details

An issue was discovered in Arm Mbed TLS before 2.24.0. An attacker can recover a private key (for RSA or static Diffie-Hellman) via a side-channel attack against generation of base blinding/unblinding values.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-36424"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-203"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-07-19T17:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "An issue was discovered in Arm Mbed TLS before 2.24.0. An attacker can recover a private key (for RSA or static Diffie-Hellman) via a side-channel attack against generation of base blinding/unblinding values.",
  "id": "GHSA-999g-vph2-wr2c",
  "modified": "2022-12-26T03:30:21Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T19:08:21Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-36424"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugs.gentoo.org/740108"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ARMmbed/mbedtls/releases/tag/v2.16.8"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ARMmbed/mbedtls/releases/tag/v2.24.0"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ARMmbed/mbedtls/releases/tag/v2.7.17"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2022/12/msg00036.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://tls.mbed.org/tech-updates/security-advisories/mbedtls-security-advisory-2020-09-2"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-99WH-FQ8C-C266

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-10-30 18:30 – Updated: 2023-11-04 03:30
VLAI
Details

In Package Manager Service, there is a possible way to determine whether an app is installed, without query permissions, due to side channel information disclosure. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-21354"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-203"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-10-30T17:15:51Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "In Package Manager Service, there is a possible way to determine whether an app is installed, without query permissions, due to side channel information disclosure. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.",
  "id": "GHSA-99wh-fq8c-c266",
  "modified": "2023-11-04T03:30:19Z",
  "published": "2023-10-30T18:30:25Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-21354"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://source.android.com/docs/security/bulletin/android-14"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

Mitigation MIT-46
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Separation of Privilege

  • Compartmentalize the system to have "safe" areas where trust boundaries can be unambiguously drawn. Do not allow sensitive data to go outside of the trust boundary and always be careful when interfacing with a compartment outside of the safe area.
  • Ensure that appropriate compartmentalization is built into the system design, and the compartmentalization allows for and reinforces privilege separation functionality. Architects and designers should rely on the principle of least privilege to decide the appropriate time to use privileges and the time to drop privileges.
Mitigation MIT-39
Implementation
  • Ensure that error messages only contain minimal details that are useful to the intended audience and no one else. The messages need to strike the balance between being too cryptic (which can confuse users) or being too detailed (which may reveal more than intended). The messages should not reveal the methods that were used to determine the error. Attackers can use detailed information to refine or optimize their original attack, thereby increasing their chances of success.
  • If errors must be captured in some detail, record them in log messages, but consider what could occur if the log messages can be viewed by attackers. Highly sensitive information such as passwords should never be saved to log files.
  • Avoid inconsistent messaging that might accidentally tip off an attacker about internal state, such as whether a user account exists or not.
CAPEC-189: Black Box Reverse Engineering

An adversary discovers the structure, function, and composition of a type of computer software through black box analysis techniques. 'Black Box' methods involve interacting with the software indirectly, in the absence of direct access to the executable object. Such analysis typically involves interacting with the software at the boundaries of where the software interfaces with a larger execution environment, such as input-output vectors, libraries, or APIs. Black Box Reverse Engineering also refers to gathering physical side effects of a hardware device, such as electromagnetic radiation or sounds.