Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-1333

Allowed

Inefficient Regular Expression Complexity

Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product uses a regular expression with a worst-case computational complexity that is inefficient and possibly exponential.

732 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-9H6G-PR28-7CQP

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-01-31 22:42 – Updated: 2025-09-03 15:21
VLAI
Summary
nodemailer ReDoS when trying to send a specially crafted email
Details

Summary

A ReDoS vulnerability occurs when nodemailer tries to parse img files with the parameter attachDataUrls set, causing the stuck of event loop. Another flaw was found when nodemailer tries to parse an attachments with a embedded file, causing the stuck of event loop.

Details

Regex: /^data:((?:[^;];)(?:[^,])),(.)$/

Path: compile -> getAttachments -> _processDataUrl

Regex: /(] src\s=[\s"']*)(data:([^;]+);[^"'>\s]+)/

Path: _convertDataImages

PoC

https://gist.github.com/francoatmega/890dd5053375333e40c6fdbcc8c58df6 https://gist.github.com/francoatmega/9aab042b0b24968d7b7039818e8b2698

async function exploit() {
   const MailComposer = require(\"nodemailer/lib/mail-composer\");
   const MailComposerObject = new MailComposer();

   // Create a malicious data URL that will cause excessive backtracking
   // This data URL is crafted to have a long sequence of characters that will cause the regex to backtrack
   const maliciousDataUrl = 'data:image/png;base64,' + 'A;B;C;D;E;F;G;H;I;J;K;L;M;N;O;P;Q;R;S;T;U;V;W;X;Y;Z;'.repeat(1000) + '==';

   // Call the vulnerable method with the crafted input
   const result = await MailComposerObject._processDataUrl({ path: maliciousDataUrl });
}

await exploit();

Impact

ReDoS causes the event loop to stuck a specially crafted evil email can cause this problem.

Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L
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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 6.9.8"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "nodemailer"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "6.9.9"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1333"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2024-01-31T22:42:54Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\nA ReDoS vulnerability occurs when nodemailer tries to parse img files with the parameter `attachDataUrls` set, causing the stuck of event loop. \nAnother flaw was found when nodemailer tries to parse an attachments with a embedded file, causing the stuck of event loop. \n\n### Details\n\nRegex: /^data:((?:[^;]*;)*(?:[^,]*)),(.*)$/\n\nPath: compile -\u003e getAttachments -\u003e _processDataUrl\n\nRegex: /(\u003cimg\\b[^\u003e]* src\\s*=[\\s\"\u0027]*)(data:([^;]+);[^\"\u0027\u003e\\s]+)/\n\nPath: _convertDataImages\n\n### PoC\n\nhttps://gist.github.com/francoatmega/890dd5053375333e40c6fdbcc8c58df6\nhttps://gist.github.com/francoatmega/9aab042b0b24968d7b7039818e8b2698\n\n```js\nasync function exploit() {\n   const MailComposer = require(\\\"nodemailer/lib/mail-composer\\\");\n   const MailComposerObject = new MailComposer();\n\n   // Create a malicious data URL that will cause excessive backtracking\n   // This data URL is crafted to have a long sequence of characters that will cause the regex to backtrack\n   const maliciousDataUrl = \u0027data:image/png;base64,\u0027 + \u0027A;B;C;D;E;F;G;H;I;J;K;L;M;N;O;P;Q;R;S;T;U;V;W;X;Y;Z;\u0027.repeat(1000) + \u0027==\u0027;\n\n   // Call the vulnerable method with the crafted input\n   const result = await MailComposerObject._processDataUrl({ path: maliciousDataUrl });\n}\n\nawait exploit();\n```\n\n### Impact\n\nReDoS causes the event loop to stuck a specially crafted evil email can cause this problem.",
  "id": "GHSA-9h6g-pr28-7cqp",
  "modified": "2025-09-03T15:21:03Z",
  "published": "2024-01-31T22:42:54Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/nodemailer/nodemailer/security/advisories/GHSA-9h6g-pr28-7cqp"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/nodemailer/nodemailer/commit/dd8f5e8a4ddc99992e31df76bcff9c590035cd4a"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://gist.github.com/francoatmega/890dd5053375333e40c6fdbcc8c58df6"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://gist.github.com/francoatmega/9aab042b0b24968d7b7039818e8b2698"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/nodemailer/nodemailer"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "nodemailer ReDoS when trying to send a specially crafted email"
}

GHSA-9JXF-24G6-463J

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-12-21 03:30 – Updated: 2024-01-04 15:30
VLAI
Details

An issue was discovered in Heimdal Thor agent versions 3.4.2 and before on Windows and 2.6.9 and before on macOS, allows attackers to cause a denial of service (DoS) via the Threat To Process Correlation threat prevention module.

Severity
9.1 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H
Show details on source website
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-29487"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1333"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-12-21T01:15:32Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "An issue was discovered in Heimdal Thor agent versions 3.4.2 and before on Windows and 2.6.9 and before on macOS, allows attackers to cause a denial of service (DoS) via the Threat To Process Correlation threat prevention module.",
  "id": "GHSA-9jxf-24g6-463j",
  "modified": "2024-01-04T15:30:21Z",
  "published": "2023-12-21T03:30:33Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-29487"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://medium.com/%40drabek.a/weaknesses-in-heimdal-thors-line-of-products-9d0e5095fb93"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-9M49-P2J3-C6XM

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-16 09:30 – Updated: 2025-11-05 20:49
VLAI
Summary
Apache Traffic Control has an Inefficient Regular Expression Complexity vulnerability
Details

*** UNSUPPORTED WHEN ASSIGNED *** Inefficient Regular Expression Complexity vulnerability in Apache Traffic Control.

This issue affects Apache Traffic Control: all versions.

People with access to the management interface of the Traffic Router component could specify malicious patterns and cause unavailability.

As this project is retired, it is not planned to release a version that fixes this issue. Users are recommended to find an alternative or restrict access to the instance to trusted users.

NOTE: This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer.

Severity
1.3 (Low)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:U
Show details on source website
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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "github.com/apache/trafficcontrol/v8"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "last_affected": "8.0.2"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-61581"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1333"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2025-10-16T21:14:47Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-10-16T09:15:35Z",
    "severity": "LOW"
  },
  "details": "*** UNSUPPORTED WHEN ASSIGNED ***\nInefficient Regular Expression Complexity vulnerability in Apache Traffic Control.\n\nThis issue affects Apache Traffic Control: all versions.\n\nPeople with access to the management interface of the Traffic Router component could specify malicious patterns and cause unavailability.\n\nAs this project is retired, it is not planned to release a version that fixes this issue. Users are recommended to find an alternative or restrict access to the instance to trusted users.\n\nNOTE: This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer.",
  "id": "GHSA-9m49-p2j3-c6xm",
  "modified": "2025-11-05T20:49:23Z",
  "published": "2025-10-16T09:30:25Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-61581"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/apache/trafficcontrol"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread/mx2jxgnlop2f4vbqnvmrldh4pqmobxvp"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2025/10/16/3"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:U",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Apache Traffic Control has an Inefficient Regular Expression Complexity vulnerability"
}

GHSA-9QHC-GMHR-257V

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-09 21:31 – Updated: 2026-03-11 15:31
VLAI
Details

An issue pertaining to CWE-1333: Inefficient Regular Expression Complexity (4.19) was discovered in Sunbird-Ed SunbirdEd-portal v1.13.4.

Severity
7.5 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Show details on source website
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-70030"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1333"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-03-09T20:16:02Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "An issue pertaining to CWE-1333: Inefficient Regular Expression Complexity (4.19) was discovered in Sunbird-Ed SunbirdEd-portal v1.13.4.",
  "id": "GHSA-9qhc-gmhr-257v",
  "modified": "2026-03-11T15:31:37Z",
  "published": "2026-03-09T21:31:38Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-70030"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://gist.github.com/zcxlighthouse/d80812b9d90683c0ac65db656ae3cfb0"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/Sunbird-Ed"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/Sunbird-Ed/SunbirdEd-portal"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-9RMH-MM8F-R9H6

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-14 20:29 – Updated: 2026-06-09 18:41
VLAI
Summary
Svelte: ReDoS in `<svelte:element>` Tag Validation
Details

An internal regex in the Svelte runtime can take exponential time to test in <svelte:element this={tag}></svelte:element>. You are only vulnerable to this if you allow tags of unconstrained length. If your application only allows a predetermined list of tags or trims their length before passing them to svelte:element, you are safe.

Severity
5.9 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:P/PR:H/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 5.55.6"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "svelte"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "5.51.5"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "5.55.7"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-42567"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1333"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-05-14T20:29:05Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-06-09T17:17:07Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "An internal regex in the Svelte runtime can take exponential time to test in `\u003csvelte:element this={tag}\u003e\u003c/svelte:element\u003e`. You are only vulnerable to this if you allow tags of unconstrained length. If your application only allows a predetermined list of tags or trims their length before passing them to `svelte:element`, you are safe.",
  "id": "GHSA-9rmh-mm8f-r9h6",
  "modified": "2026-06-09T18:41:19Z",
  "published": "2026-05-14T20:29:05Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/sveltejs/svelte/security/advisories/GHSA-9rmh-mm8f-r9h6"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-42567"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/sveltejs/svelte"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/sveltejs/svelte/releases/tag/svelte%405.55.7"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:P/PR:H/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Svelte: ReDoS in `\u003csvelte:element\u003e` Tag Validation"
}

GHSA-9VVW-CC9W-F27H

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-01-09 12:30 – Updated: 2023-01-13 17:19
VLAI
Summary
debug Inefficient Regular Expression Complexity vulnerability
Details

A vulnerability classified as problematic has been found in debug-js debug up to 3.0.x. This affects the function useColors of the file src/node.js. The manipulation of the argument str leads to inefficient regular expression complexity. Upgrading to version 3.1.0 is able to address this issue. The name of the patch is c38a0166c266a679c8de012d4eaccec3f944e685. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component. The identifier VDB-217665 was assigned to this vulnerability. The patch has been backported to the 2.6.x branch in version 2.6.9.

Severity
7.5 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "debug"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "3.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "3.1.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "debug"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2.6.9"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2017-20165"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1333"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2023-01-10T21:49:01Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-01-09T10:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability classified as problematic has been found in debug-js debug up to 3.0.x. This affects the function useColors of the file src/node.js. The manipulation of the argument str leads to inefficient regular expression complexity. Upgrading to version 3.1.0 is able to address this issue. The name of the patch is c38a0166c266a679c8de012d4eaccec3f944e685. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component. The identifier VDB-217665 was assigned to this vulnerability. The patch has been backported to the 2.6.x branch in version 2.6.9.",
  "id": "GHSA-9vvw-cc9w-f27h",
  "modified": "2023-01-13T17:19:08Z",
  "published": "2023-01-09T12:30:19Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-20165"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/debug-js/debug/pull/504"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/debug-js/debug/commit/c38a0166c266a679c8de012d4eaccec3f944e685"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/debug-js/debug/commit/f53962e944a87e6ca9bb622a2a12dffc22a9bb5a"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/debug-js/debug"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/debug-js/debug/releases/tag/2.6.9"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/debug-js/debug/releases/tag/3.1.0"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.217665"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.217665"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "debug Inefficient Regular Expression Complexity vulnerability"
}

GHSA-9W7F-MWXM-3G85

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-09-12 18:31 – Updated: 2024-09-12 18:31
VLAI
Details

An issue was discovered in GitLab CE/EE affecting all versions starting from 16.4 prior to 17.1.7, starting from 17.2 prior to 17.2.5, starting from 17.3 prior to 17.3.2 which could cause Denial of Service via sending a large glm_source parameter.

Severity
7.5 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-8124"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1333"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-09-12T17:15:06Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "An issue was discovered in GitLab CE/EE affecting all versions starting from 16.4 prior to 17.1.7, starting from 17.2 prior to 17.2.5, starting from 17.3 prior to 17.3.2  which could cause Denial of Service via sending a large `glm_source` parameter.",
  "id": "GHSA-9w7f-mwxm-3g85",
  "modified": "2024-09-12T18:31:42Z",
  "published": "2024-09-12T18:31:42Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-8124"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://hackerone.com/reports/2634880"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/480533"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-9WV6-86V2-598J

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-09-09 20:19 – Updated: 2025-01-24 21:31
VLAI
Summary
path-to-regexp outputs backtracking regular expressions
Details

Impact

A bad regular expression is generated any time you have two parameters within a single segment, separated by something that is not a period (.). For example, /:a-:b.

Patches

For users of 0.1, upgrade to 0.1.10. All other users should upgrade to 8.0.0.

These versions add backtrack protection when a custom regex pattern is not provided:

They do not protect against vulnerable user supplied capture groups. Protecting against explicit user patterns is out of scope for old versions and not considered a vulnerability.

Version 7.1.0 can enable strict: true and get an error when the regular expression might be bad.

Version 8.0.0 removes the features that can cause a ReDoS.

Workarounds

All versions can be patched by providing a custom regular expression for parameters after the first in a single segment. As long as the custom regular expression does not match the text before the parameter, you will be safe. For example, change /:a-:b to /:a-:b([^-/]+).

If paths cannot be rewritten and versions cannot be upgraded, another alternative is to limit the URL length. For example, halving the attack string improves performance by 4x faster.

Details

Using /:a-:b will produce the regular expression /^\/([^\/]+?)-([^\/]+?)\/?$/. This can be exploited by a path such as /a${'-a'.repeat(8_000)}/a. OWASP has a good example of why this occurs, but the TL;DR is the /a at the end ensures this route would never match but due to naive backtracking it will still attempt every combination of the :a-:b on the repeated 8,000 -a.

Because JavaScript is single threaded and regex matching runs on the main thread, poor performance will block the event loop and can lead to a DoS. In local benchmarks, exploiting the unsafe regex will result in performance that is over 1000x worse than the safe regex. In a more realistic environment using Express v4 and 10 concurrent connections, this translated to average latency of ~600ms vs 1ms.

References

Severity
7.5 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
7.7 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P
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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "path-to-regexp"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0.2.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.9.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "path-to-regexp"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "0.1.10"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "path-to-regexp"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "7.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "8.0.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "path-to-regexp"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "2.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "3.3.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "path-to-regexp"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "4.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "6.3.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-45296"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1333"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2024-09-09T20:19:15Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-09-09T19:15:13Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "### Impact\n\nA bad regular expression is generated any time you have two parameters within a single segment, separated by something that is not a period (`.`). For example, `/:a-:b`.\n\n### Patches\n\nFor users of 0.1, upgrade to `0.1.10`. All other users should upgrade to `8.0.0`.\n\nThese versions add backtrack protection when a custom regex pattern is not provided:\n\n- [0.1.10](https://github.com/pillarjs/path-to-regexp/releases/tag/v0.1.10)\n- [1.9.0](https://github.com/pillarjs/path-to-regexp/releases/tag/v1.9.0)\n- [3.3.0](https://github.com/pillarjs/path-to-regexp/releases/tag/v3.3.0)\n- [6.3.0](https://github.com/pillarjs/path-to-regexp/releases/tag/v6.3.0)\n\nThey do not protect against vulnerable user supplied capture groups. Protecting against explicit user patterns is out of scope for old versions and not considered a vulnerability.\n\nVersion [7.1.0](https://github.com/pillarjs/path-to-regexp/releases/tag/v7.1.0) can enable `strict: true` and get an error when the regular expression might be bad.\n\nVersion [8.0.0](https://github.com/pillarjs/path-to-regexp/releases/tag/v8.0.0) removes the features that can cause a ReDoS.\n\n### Workarounds\n\nAll versions can be patched by providing a custom regular expression for parameters after the first in a single segment. As long as the custom regular expression does not match the text before the parameter, you will be safe. For example, change `/:a-:b` to `/:a-:b([^-/]+)`.\n\nIf paths cannot be rewritten and versions cannot be upgraded, another alternative is to limit the URL length. For example, halving the attack string improves performance by 4x faster.\n\n### Details\n\nUsing `/:a-:b` will produce the regular expression `/^\\/([^\\/]+?)-([^\\/]+?)\\/?$/`. This can be exploited by a path such as `/a${\u0027-a\u0027.repeat(8_000)}/a`. [OWASP](https://owasp.org/www-community/attacks/Regular_expression_Denial_of_Service_-_ReDoS) has a good example of why this occurs, but the TL;DR is the `/a` at the end ensures this route would never match but due to naive backtracking it will still attempt every combination of the `:a-:b` on the repeated 8,000 `-a`.\n\nBecause JavaScript is single threaded and regex matching runs on the main thread, poor performance will block the event loop and can lead to a DoS. In local benchmarks, exploiting the unsafe regex will result in performance that is over 1000x worse than the safe regex. In a more realistic environment using Express v4 and 10 concurrent connections, this translated to average latency of ~600ms vs 1ms.\n\n### References\n\n* [OWASP](https://owasp.org/www-community/attacks/Regular_expression_Denial_of_Service_-_ReDoS)\n* [Detailed blog post](https://blakeembrey.com/posts/2024-09-web-redos/)",
  "id": "GHSA-9wv6-86v2-598j",
  "modified": "2025-01-24T21:31:27Z",
  "published": "2024-09-09T20:19:15Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/pillarjs/path-to-regexp/security/advisories/GHSA-9wv6-86v2-598j"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-45296"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/pillarjs/path-to-regexp/commit/29b96b4a1de52824e1ca0f49a701183cc4ed476f"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/pillarjs/path-to-regexp/commit/60f2121e9b66b7b622cc01080df0aabda9eedee6"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/pillarjs/path-to-regexp/commit/925ac8e3c5780b02f58cbd4e52f95da8ad2ac485"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/pillarjs/path-to-regexp/commit/d31670ae8f6e69cbfd56e835742195b7d10942ef"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/pillarjs/path-to-regexp/commit/f1253b47b347dcb909e3e80b0eb2649109e59894"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/pillarjs/path-to-regexp"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/pillarjs/path-to-regexp/releases/tag/v6.3.0"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20250124-0001"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "path-to-regexp outputs backtracking regular expressions"
}

GHSA-9X8H-2288-5G98

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-08-08 12:30 – Updated: 2024-08-08 12:30
VLAI
Details

ReDoS flaw in RefMatcher when matching branch names using wildcards in GitLab EE/CE affecting all versions from 11.3 prior to 17.0.6, 17.1 prior to 17.1.4, and 17.2 prior to 17.2.2 allows denial of service via Regex backtracking.

Severity
6.5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Show details on source website
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-2800"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1333",
      "CWE-400"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-08-08T11:15:12Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "ReDoS flaw in RefMatcher when matching branch names using wildcards in GitLab EE/CE affecting all versions from 11.3 prior to 17.0.6, 17.1 prior to 17.1.4, and 17.2 prior to 17.2.2 allows denial of service via Regex backtracking.",
  "id": "GHSA-9x8h-2288-5g98",
  "modified": "2024-08-08T12:30:34Z",
  "published": "2024-08-08T12:30:34Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-2800"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://hackerone.com/reports/2416332"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/451293"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-9XX7-RP3V-8694

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-05-23 12:31 – Updated: 2024-05-23 12:31
VLAI
Details

A Denial of Service (DoS) condition has been discovered in GitLab CE/EE affecting all versions before 16.10.6, version 16.11 before 16.11.3, and 17.0 before 17.0.1. It is possible for an attacker to cause a denial of service using a crafted wiki page.

Severity
4.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L
Show details on source website
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-6502"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1333",
      "CWE-400"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-05-23T11:15:22Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A Denial of Service (DoS) condition has been discovered in GitLab CE/EE affecting all versions before 16.10.6, version 16.11 before 16.11.3, and 17.0 before 17.0.1. It is possible for an attacker to cause a denial of service using a crafted wiki page.",
  "id": "GHSA-9xx7-rp3v-8694",
  "modified": "2024-05-23T12:31:02Z",
  "published": "2024-05-23T12:31:02Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-6502"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://hackerone.com/reports/2263638"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/433534"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Use regular expressions that do not support backtracking, e.g. by removing nested quantifiers.

Mitigation
System Configuration

Set backtracking limits in the configuration of the regular expression implementation, such as PHP's pcre.backtrack_limit. Also consider limits on execution time for the process.

Mitigation
Implementation

Do not use regular expressions with untrusted input. If regular expressions must be used, avoid using backtracking in the expression.

Mitigation
Implementation

Limit the length of the input that the regular expression will process.

CAPEC-492: Regular Expression Exponential Blowup

An adversary may execute an attack on a program that uses a poor Regular Expression(Regex) implementation by choosing input that results in an extreme situation for the Regex. A typical extreme situation operates at exponential time compared to the input size. This is due to most implementations using a Nondeterministic Finite Automaton(NFA) state machine to be built by the Regex algorithm since NFA allows backtracking and thus more complex regular expressions.

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