Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-1321
AllowedImproperly Controlled Modification of Object Prototype Attributes ('Prototype Pollution')
Abstraction: Variant · Status: Incomplete
The product receives input from an upstream component that specifies attributes that are to be initialized or updated in an object, but it does not properly control modifications of attributes of the object prototype.
866 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-35209 (GCVE-0-2026-35209)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-06 17:26 – Updated: 2026-04-06 18:49
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
defu: Prototype pollution via `__proto__` key in defaults argument
Summary
defu is software that allows uers to assign default properties recursively. Prior to version 6.1.5, applications that pass unsanitized user input (e.g. parsed JSON request bodies, database records, or config files from untrusted sources) as the first argument to `defu()` are vulnerable to prototype pollution. A crafted payload containing a `__proto__` key can override intended default values in the merged resul. The internal `_defu` function used `Object.assign({}, defaults)` to copy the defaults object. `Object.assign` invokes the `__proto__` setter, which replaces the resulting object's `[[Prototype]]` with attacker-controlled values. Properties inherited from the polluted prototype then bypass the existing `__proto__` key guard in the `for...in` loop and land in the final result. Version 6.1.5 replaces `Object.assign({}, defaults)` with object spread (`{ ...defaults }`), which uses `[[DefineOwnProperty]]` and does not invoke the `__proto__` setter.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-04-06 18:49 UTC
CWE
- CWE-1321 - Improperly Controlled Modification of Object Prototype Attributes ('Prototype Pollution')
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/unjs/defu/security/advisories/… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/unjs/defu/pull/156 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/unjs/defu/commit/3942bfbbcaa72… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/unjs/defu/releases/tag/v6.1.5 | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2026-34626 (GCVE-0-2026-34626)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-14 16:18 – Updated: 2026-08-27 22:15
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Acrobat Reader | Improperly Controlled Modification of Object Prototype Attributes ('Prototype Pollution') (CWE-1321)
Summary
Acrobat Reader versions 26.001.21411, 24.001.30360, 24.001.30362 and earlier are affected by an Improperly Controlled Modification of Object Prototype Attributes ('Prototype Pollution') vulnerability that could result in arbitrary file system read in the context of the current user. Exploitation of this issue requires user interaction in that a victim must open a malicious file.
Severity
6.3 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-04-14 17:52 UTC
CWE
- CWE-1321 - Improperly Controlled Modification of Object Prototype Attributes ('Prototype Pollution') (CWE-1321)
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://helpx.adobe.com/security/products/acrobat… | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
3 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adobe | Acrobat DC |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 26.001.21411
(custom)
Unaffected: 26.001.21431 (custom) |
|
| Adobe | Acrobat Reader DC |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 26.001.21411
(custom)
Unaffected: 26.001.21431 (custom) |
|
| Adobe | Acrobat 2024 |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 24.001.30362 (Win), 24.001.30360 (Mac)
(custom)
Unaffected: 24.001.30365 (custom) |
Date Public
2026-04-14 17:00
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CVE-2026-34622 (GCVE-0-2026-34622)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-14 16:18 – Updated: 2026-08-27 22:15
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Acrobat Reader | Improperly Controlled Modification of Object Prototype Attributes ('Prototype Pollution') (CWE-1321)
Summary
Acrobat Reader versions 26.001.21411, 24.001.30360, 24.001.30362 and earlier are affected by an Improperly Controlled Modification of Object Prototype Attributes ('Prototype Pollution') vulnerability that could result in arbitrary code execution in the context of the current user. Exploitation of this issue requires user interaction in that a victim must open a malicious file.
Severity
8.6 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-04-14 00:00 UTC
CWE
- CWE-1321 - Improperly Controlled Modification of Object Prototype Attributes ('Prototype Pollution') (CWE-1321)
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://helpx.adobe.com/security/products/acrobat… | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
3 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adobe | Acrobat DC |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 26.001.21411
(custom)
Unaffected: 26.001.21431 (custom) |
|
| Adobe | Acrobat Reader DC |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 26.001.21411
(custom)
Unaffected: 26.001.21431 (custom) |
|
| Adobe | Acrobat 2024 |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 24.001.30362 (Win), 24.001.30360 (Mac)
(custom)
Unaffected: 24.001.30365 (custom) |
Date Public
2026-04-14 17:00
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CVE-2026-34621 (GCVE-0-2026-34621)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-11 06:45 – Updated: 2026-08-27 22:15
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Acrobat Reader | Improperly Controlled Modification of Object Prototype Attributes ('Prototype Pollution') (CWE-1321)
Summary
Acrobat Reader versions 24.001.30356, 26.001.21367 and earlier are affected by an Improperly Controlled Modification of Object Prototype Attributes ('Prototype Pollution') vulnerability that could result in arbitrary code execution in the context of the current user. Exploitation of this issue requires user interaction in that a victim must open a malicious file.
Severity
8.6 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: active
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-04-11 00:00 UTC
CWE
- CWE-1321 - Improperly Controlled Modification of Object Prototype Attributes ('Prototype Pollution') (CWE-1321)
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://helpx.adobe.com/security/products/acrobat… | vendor-advisory |
| https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilit… | government-resource |
Impacted products
3 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adobe | Acrobat DC |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 26.001.21367
(custom)
Unaffected: 26.001.21411 (custom) |
|
| Adobe | Acrobat Reader DC |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 26.001.21367
(custom)
Unaffected: 26.001.21411 (custom) |
|
| Adobe | Acrobat 2024 |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 24.001.30356
(custom)
Unaffected: 24.001.30362 (Win), 24.001.30360 (Mac) (custom) |
Date Public
2026-04-10 17:00
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CVE-2026-34221 (GCVE-0-2026-34221)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-31 15:17 – Updated: 2026-03-31 18:52
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
MikroORM has Prototype Pollution in Utils.merge
Summary
MikroORM is a TypeScript ORM for Node.js based on Data Mapper, Unit of Work and Identity Map patterns. Prior to versions 6.6.10 and 7.0.6, a prototype pollution vulnerability exists in the Utils.merge helper used internally by MikroORM when merging object structures. The function did not prevent special keys such as __proto__, constructor, or prototype, allowing attacker-controlled input to modify the JavaScript object prototype when merged. This issue has been patched in versions 6.6.10 and 7.0.6.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-03-31 18:50 UTC
CWE
- CWE-1321 - Improperly Controlled Modification of Object Prototype Attributes ('Prototype Pollution')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/mikro-orm/mikro-orm/security/a… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-33994 (GCVE-0-2026-33994)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-27 22:15 – Updated: 2026-04-01 13:45
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Locutus Prototype Pollution due to incomplete fix for CVE-2026-25521
Summary
Locutus brings stdlibs of other programming languages to JavaScript for educational purposes. Starting in version 2.0.39 and prior to version 3.0.25, a prototype pollution vulnerability exists in the `parse_str` function of the npm package locutus. An attacker can pollute `Object.prototype` by overriding `RegExp.prototype.test` and then passing a crafted query string to `parse_str`, bypassing the prototype pollution guard. This vulnerability stems from an incomplete fix for CVE-2026-25521. The CVE-2026-25521 patch replaced the `String.prototype.includes()`-based guard with a `RegExp.prototype.test()`-based guard. However, `RegExp.prototype.test` is itself a writable prototype method that can be overridden, making the new guard bypassable in the same way as the original — trading one hijackable built-in for another. Version 3.0.25 contains an updated fix.
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-04-01 13:45 UTC
CWE
- CWE-1321 - Improperly Controlled Modification of Object Prototype Attributes ('Prototype Pollution')
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/locutusjs/locutus/security/adv… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/locutusjs/locutus/pull/597 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/locutusjs/locutus/commit/345a6… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/locutusjs/locutus/releases/tag… | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2026-33993 (GCVE-0-2026-33993)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-27 22:14 – Updated: 2026-03-30 15:45
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Locutus has Prototype Pollution via __proto__ Key Injection in unserialize()
Summary
Locutus brings stdlibs of other programming languages to JavaScript for educational purposes. Prior to version 3.0.25, the `unserialize()` function in `locutus/php/var/unserialize` assigns deserialized keys to plain objects via bracket notation without filtering the `__proto__` key. When a PHP serialized payload contains `__proto__` as an array or object key, JavaScript's `__proto__` setter is invoked, replacing the deserialized object's prototype with attacker-controlled content. This enables property injection, for...in propagation of injected properties, and denial of service via built-in method override. This is distinct from the previously reported prototype pollution in `parse_str` (GHSA-f98m-q3hr-p5wq, GHSA-rxrv-835q-v5mh) — `unserialize` is a different function with no mitigation applied. Version 3.0.25 patches the issue.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-03-30 15:45 UTC
CWE
- CWE-1321 - Improperly Controlled Modification of Object Prototype Attributes ('Prototype Pollution')
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/locutusjs/locutus/security/adv… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/locutusjs/locutus/pull/597 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/locutusjs/locutus/commit/345a6… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/locutusjs/locutus/releases/tag… | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2026-33916 (GCVE-0-2026-33916)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-27 21:00 – Updated: 2026-03-30 15:41
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Handlebars.js has Prototype Pollution Leading to XSS through Partial Template Injection
Summary
Handlebars provides the power necessary to let users build semantic templates. In versions 4.0.0 through 4.7.8, `resolvePartial()` in the Handlebars runtime resolves partial names via a plain property lookup on `options.partials` without guarding against prototype-chain traversal. When `Object.prototype` has been polluted with a string value whose key matches a partial reference in a template, the polluted string is used as the partial body and rendered without HTML escaping, resulting in reflected or stored XSS. Version 4.7.9 fixes the issue. Some workarounds are available. Apply `Object.freeze(Object.prototype)` early in application startup to prevent prototype pollution. Note: this may break other libraries, and/or use the Handlebars runtime-only build (`handlebars/runtime`), which does not compile templates and reduces the attack surface.
Severity
4.7 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-03-30 15:41 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/handlebars-lang/handlebars.js/… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/handlebars-lang/handlebars.js/… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/handlebars-lang/handlebars.js/… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| handlebars-lang | handlebars.js |
Affected:
>= 4.0.0, < 4.7.9
|
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CVE-2026-33696 (GCVE-0-2026-33696)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-25 17:40 – Updated: 2026-03-25 20:08
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
n8n Vulnerable to Prototype Pollution in XML & GSuiteAdmin node parameters lead to RCE
Summary
n8n is an open source workflow automation platform. Prior to versions 2.14.1, 2.13.3, and 1.123.27, an authenticated user with permission to create or modify workflows could exploit a prototype pollution vulnerability in the XML and the GSuiteAdmin nodes. By supplying a crafted parameters as part of node configuration, an attacker could write attacker-controlled values onto `Object.prototype`. An attacker could use this prototype pollution to achieve remote code execution on the n8n instance. The issue has been fixed in n8n versions 2.14.1, 2.13.3, and 1.123.27. Users should upgrade to one of these versions or later to remediate the vulnerability. If upgrading is not immediately possible, administrators should consider the following temporary mitigations: Limit workflow creation and editing permissions to fully trusted users only, and/or disable the XML node by adding `n8n-nodes-base.xml` to the `NODES_EXCLUDE` environment variable. These workarounds do not fully remediate the risk and should only be used as short-term mitigation measures.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-03-25 20:08 UTC
CWE
- CWE-1321 - Improperly Controlled Modification of Object Prototype Attributes ('Prototype Pollution')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/n8n-io/n8n/security/advisories… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-33672 (GCVE-0-2026-33672)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-26 21:39 – Updated: 2026-03-27 13:58
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Picomatch: Method Injection in POSIX Character Classes causes incorrect Glob Matching
Summary
Picomatch is a glob matcher written JavaScript. Versions prior to 4.0.4, 3.0.2, and 2.3.2 are vulnerable to a method injection vulnerability affecting the `POSIX_REGEX_SOURCE` object. Because the object inherits from `Object.prototype`, specially crafted POSIX bracket expressions (e.g., `[[:constructor:]]`) can reference inherited method names. These methods are implicitly converted to strings and injected into the generated regular expression. This leads to incorrect glob matching behavior (integrity impact), where patterns may match unintended filenames. The issue does not enable remote code execution, but it can cause security-relevant logic errors in applications that rely on glob matching for filtering, validation, or access control. All users of affected `picomatch` versions that process untrusted or user-controlled glob patterns are potentially impacted. This issue is fixed in picomatch 4.0.4, 3.0.2 and 2.3.2. Users should upgrade to one of these versions or later, depending on their supported release line. If upgrading is not immediately possible, avoid passing untrusted glob patterns to picomatch. Possible mitigations include sanitizing or rejecting untrusted glob patterns, especially those containing POSIX character classes like `[[:...:]]`; avoiding the use of POSIX bracket expressions if user input is involved; and manually patching the library by modifying `POSIX_REGEX_SOURCE` to use a null prototype.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-03-27 13:31 UTC
CWE
- CWE-1321 - Improperly Controlled Modification of Object Prototype Attributes ('Prototype Pollution')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/micromatch/picomatch/security/… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/micromatch/picomatch/commit/45… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| micromatch | picomatch |
Affected:
>= 4.0.0, < 4.0.4
Affected: >= 3.0.0, < 3.0.2 Affected: < 2.3.2 |
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Mitigation
Implementation
By freezing the object prototype first (for example, Object.freeze(Object.prototype)), modification of the prototype becomes impossible.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
By blocking modifications of attributes that resolve to object prototype, such as proto or prototype, this weakness can be mitigated.
Mitigation
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
When handling untrusted objects, validating using a schema can be used.
Mitigation
Implementation
By using an object without prototypes (via Object.create(null) ), adding object prototype attributes by accessing the prototype via the special attributes becomes impossible, mitigating this weakness.
Mitigation
Implementation
Map can be used instead of objects in most cases. If Map methods are used instead of object attributes, it is not possible to access the object prototype or modify it.
CAPEC-1: Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs
In applications, particularly web applications, access to functionality is mitigated by an authorization framework. This framework maps Access Control Lists (ACLs) to elements of the application's functionality; particularly URL's for web apps. In the case that the administrator failed to specify an ACL for a particular element, an attacker may be able to access it with impunity. An attacker with the ability to access functionality not properly constrained by ACLs can obtain sensitive information and possibly compromise the entire application. Such an attacker can access resources that must be available only to users at a higher privilege level, can access management sections of the application, or can run queries for data that they otherwise not supposed to.
CAPEC-180: Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels
An attacker exploits a weakness in the configuration of access controls and is able to bypass the intended protection that these measures guard against and thereby obtain unauthorized access to the system or network. Sensitive functionality should always be protected with access controls. However configuring all but the most trivial access control systems can be very complicated and there are many opportunities for mistakes. If an attacker can learn of incorrectly configured access security settings, they may be able to exploit this in an attack.
CAPEC-77: Manipulating User-Controlled Variables
This attack targets user controlled variables (DEBUG=1, PHP Globals, and So Forth). An adversary can override variables leveraging user-supplied, untrusted query variables directly used on the application server without any data sanitization. In extreme cases, the adversary can change variables controlling the business logic of the application. For instance, in languages like PHP, a number of poorly set default configurations may allow the user to override variables.