CWE-116
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product prepares a structured message for communication with another component, but encoding or escaping of the data is either missing or done incorrectly. As a result, the intended structure of the message is not preserved.
614 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-5V8V-CP6R-MQ7C
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-09-25 00:00 – Updated: 2025-06-01 12:30In Kitty before 0.26.2, insufficient validation in the desktop notification escape sequence can lead to arbitrary code execution. The user must display attacker-controlled content in the terminal, then click on a notification popup.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-41322"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-116"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-09-23T05:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In Kitty before 0.26.2, insufficient validation in the desktop notification escape sequence can lead to arbitrary code execution. The user must display attacker-controlled content in the terminal, then click on a notification popup.",
"id": "GHSA-5v8v-cp6r-mq7c",
"modified": "2025-06-01T12:30:24Z",
"published": "2022-09-25T00:00:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-41322"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/kovidgoyal/kitty/commit/f05783e64d5fa62e1aed603e8d69aced5e49824f"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugs.gentoo.org/868543"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/kovidgoyal/kitty/compare/v0.26.1...v0.26.2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/06/msg00000.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/47RK7MBSVY5BWDUTYMJUFPBAYFSWMTOI"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/6RRNAPU33PHEH64P77YL3AJO6CTZGHTX"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/47RK7MBSVY5BWDUTYMJUFPBAYFSWMTOI"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/6RRNAPU33PHEH64P77YL3AJO6CTZGHTX"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202209-22"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://sw.kovidgoyal.net/kitty/changelog/#detailed-list-of-changes"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-5W87-92QG-PW53
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-21 21:30 – Updated: 2024-11-06 00:31A vulnerability in the AWV (Audio, Web and Video Conferencing) component of Mitel MiCollab through 9.8 SP1 FP2 (9.8.1.201) could allow an unauthenticated attacker to conduct a CRLF injection attack due to inadequate encoding of user input in URLs. A successful exploit could allow an attacker to perform a phishing attack.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-47224"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-116"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-10-21T21:15:06Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability in the AWV (Audio, Web and Video Conferencing) component of Mitel MiCollab through 9.8 SP1 FP2 (9.8.1.201) could allow an unauthenticated attacker to conduct a CRLF injection attack due to inadequate encoding of user input in URLs. A successful exploit could allow an attacker to perform a phishing attack.",
"id": "GHSA-5w87-92qg-pw53",
"modified": "2024-11-06T00:31:54Z",
"published": "2024-10-21T21:30:54Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-47224"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mitel.com/support/security-advisories/mitel-product-security-advisory-misa-2024-0025"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-5WWF-XV6V-8PF8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-07-25 21:31 – Updated: 2024-04-04 06:21RTX TRAP v1.0 was discovered to be vulnerable to host header poisoning.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-31458"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-116"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-07-25T20:15:12Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "RTX TRAP v1.0 was discovered to be vulnerable to host header poisoning.",
"id": "GHSA-5wwf-xv6v-8pf8",
"modified": "2024-04-04T06:21:22Z",
"published": "2023-07-25T21:31:32Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-31458"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://medium.com/%40rohitgautam26/cve-2022-31458-49b7818e8ac9"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://medium.com/@rohitgautam26/cve-2022-31458-49b7818e8ac9"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.acunetix.com/vulnerabilities/web/host-header-attack"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-5XC6-PMR2-QJ78
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-09-21 00:00 – Updated: 2025-11-03 21:30The OWASP ModSecurity Core Rule Set (CRS) is affected by a partial rule set bypass for HTTP multipart requests by submitting a payload that uses a character encoding scheme via the Content-Type or the deprecated Content-Transfer-Encoding multipart MIME header fields that will not be decoded and inspected by the web application firewall engine and the rule set. The multipart payload will therefore bypass detection. A vulnerable backend that supports these encoding schemes can potentially be exploited. The legacy CRS versions 3.0.x and 3.1.x are affected, as well as the currently supported versions 3.2.1 and 3.3.2. Integrators and users are advised upgrade to 3.2.2 and 3.3.3 respectively. The mitigation against these vulnerabilities depends on the installation of the latest ModSecurity version (v2.9.6 / v3.0.8).
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-39956"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-116",
"CWE-863"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-09-20T07:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "The OWASP ModSecurity Core Rule Set (CRS) is affected by a partial rule set bypass for HTTP multipart requests by submitting a payload that uses a character encoding scheme via the Content-Type or the deprecated Content-Transfer-Encoding multipart MIME header fields that will not be decoded and inspected by the web application firewall engine and the rule set. The multipart payload will therefore bypass detection. A vulnerable backend that supports these encoding schemes can potentially be exploited. The legacy CRS versions 3.0.x and 3.1.x are affected, as well as the currently supported versions 3.2.1 and 3.3.2. Integrators and users are advised upgrade to 3.2.2 and 3.3.3 respectively. The mitigation against these vulnerabilities depends on the installation of the latest ModSecurity version (v2.9.6 / v3.0.8).",
"id": "GHSA-5xc6-pmr2-qj78",
"modified": "2025-11-03T21:30:43Z",
"published": "2022-09-21T00:00:52Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-39956"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://coreruleset.org/20220919/crs-version-3-3-3-and-3-2-2-covering-several-cves"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2023/01/msg00033.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/08/msg00004.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/HL2L2GF7GOCWPMJZDUE5OXDSXHGG3XUJ"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/PD56EAYNGB6E6QQH62LAYCONOP6OH5DZ"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/YPQ6CCMX3MU4A7MTCGQJA7VMJW3IQDXV"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/HL2L2GF7GOCWPMJZDUE5OXDSXHGG3XUJ"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/PD56EAYNGB6E6QQH62LAYCONOP6OH5DZ"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/YPQ6CCMX3MU4A7MTCGQJA7VMJW3IQDXV"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202305-25"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-62CM-C2H4-RG2M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-22 15:34 – Updated: 2025-06-04 21:31Improper Output Neutralization for Logs vulnerability in Tridium Niagara Framework on Windows, Linux, QNX, Tridium Niagara Enterprise Security on Windows, Linux, QNX allows Input Data Manipulation. This issue affects Niagara Framework: before 4.14.2, before 4.15.1, before 4.10.11; Niagara Enterprise Security: before 4.14.2, before 4.15.1, before 4.10.11. Tridium recommends upgrading to Niagara Framework and Enterprise Security versions 4.14.2u2, 4.15.u1, or 4.10u.11.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-3942"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-116",
"CWE-117"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-05-22T13:15:57Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Improper Output Neutralization for Logs vulnerability in Tridium Niagara Framework on Windows, Linux, QNX, Tridium Niagara Enterprise Security on Windows, Linux, QNX allows Input Data Manipulation. This issue affects Niagara Framework: before 4.14.2, before 4.15.1, before 4.10.11; Niagara Enterprise Security: before 4.14.2, before 4.15.1, before 4.10.11.\u00a0Tridium recommends upgrading to Niagara Framework and Enterprise Security versions 4.14.2u2, 4.15.u1, or 4.10u.11.",
"id": "GHSA-62cm-c2h4-rg2m",
"modified": "2025-06-04T21:31:10Z",
"published": "2025-05-22T15:34:49Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-3942"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.honeywell.com/us/en/product-security#security-notices"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.tridium.com/us/en/product-security"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-633W-6X85-3M7X
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-21 21:30 – Updated: 2024-10-22 18:32A Directory Traversal vulnerability in the Boa webserver of Vilo 5 Mesh WiFi System <= 5.16.1.33 allows remote, unauthenticated attackers to enumerate the existence and length of any file in the filesystem by placing malicious payloads in the path of any HTTP request.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-40088"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-116",
"CWE-79"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-10-21T21:15:06Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A Directory Traversal vulnerability in the Boa webserver of Vilo 5 Mesh WiFi System \u003c= 5.16.1.33 allows remote, unauthenticated attackers to enumerate the existence and length of any file in the filesystem by placing malicious payloads in the path of any HTTP request.",
"id": "GHSA-633w-6x85-3m7x",
"modified": "2024-10-22T18:32:11Z",
"published": "2024-10-21T21:30:54Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-40088"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/byu-cybersecurity-research/vilo/blob/main/vulns/CVE-2024-40088.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://vilo.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-63FR-HQMM-7X7R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-01-24 18:31 – Updated: 2024-01-24 18:31Dell Unity, versions prior to 5.4, contain a vulnerability whereby log messages can be spoofed by an authenticated attacker. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability to forge log entries, create false alarms, and inject malicious content into logs that compromise logs integrity. A malicious attacker could also prevent the product from logging information while malicious actions are performed or implicate an arbitrary user for malicious activities.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-22229"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-116",
"CWE-117"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-01-24T17:15:08Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "\nDell Unity, versions prior to 5.4, contain a vulnerability whereby log messages can be spoofed by an authenticated attacker. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability to forge log entries, create false alarms, and inject malicious content into logs that compromise logs integrity. A malicious attacker could also prevent the product from logging information while malicious actions are performed or implicate an arbitrary user for malicious activities.\n\n",
"id": "GHSA-63fr-hqmm-7x7r",
"modified": "2024-01-24T18:31:01Z",
"published": "2024-01-24T18:31:01Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-22229"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.dell.com/support/kbdoc/en-us/000213152/dsa-2023-141-dell-unity-unity-vsa-and-unity-xt-security-update-for-multiple-vulnerabilities"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-63XF-X242-85MQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:31 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:31BigBlueButton before 2.3 does not implement LibreOffice sandboxing. This might make it easier for remote authenticated users to read the API shared secret in the bigbluebutton.properties file. With the API shared secret, an attacker can (for example) use api/join to join an arbitrary meeting regardless of its guestPolicy setting.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-27604"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-116"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-10-21T15:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "BigBlueButton before 2.3 does not implement LibreOffice sandboxing. This might make it easier for remote authenticated users to read the API shared secret in the bigbluebutton.properties file. With the API shared secret, an attacker can (for example) use api/join to join an arbitrary meeting regardless of its guestPolicy setting.",
"id": "GHSA-63xf-x242-85mq",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:31:44Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:31:44Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-27604"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.bigbluebutton.org/dev/api.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.golem.de/news/big-blue-button-das-grosse-blaue-sicherheitsrisiko-2010-151610.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-675Q-G72P-GC3C
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-12-10 00:00 – Updated: 2021-12-15 00:01Apache Airavata Django Portal allows CRLF log injection because of lack of escaping log statements. In particular, some HTTP request parameters are logged without first being escaped. Versions affected: master branch before commit 3c5d8c7 [1] of airavata-django-portal [1] https://github.com/apache/airavata-django-portal/commit/3c5d8c72bfc3eb0af8693a655a5d60f9273f8170
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-43410"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-116"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-12-09T09:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Apache Airavata Django Portal allows CRLF log injection because of lack of escaping log statements. In particular, some HTTP request parameters are logged without first being escaped. Versions affected: master branch before commit 3c5d8c7 [1] of airavata-django-portal [1] https://github.com/apache/airavata-django-portal/commit/3c5d8c72bfc3eb0af8693a655a5d60f9273f8170",
"id": "GHSA-675q-g72p-gc3c",
"modified": "2021-12-15T00:01:44Z",
"published": "2021-12-10T00:00:47Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-43410"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread/q64h16ofdxk29soz3jj561nysnzcrl31"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-67P3-VGWG-JFJF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-10-30 00:30 – Updated: 2023-11-08 21:30HTML and SMTP injections on the registration page of LiquidFiles versions 3.7.13 and below, allow an attacker to perform more advanced phishing attacks against an organization.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-4393"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-116",
"CWE-20",
"CWE-74"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-10-30T00:15:39Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "HTML and SMTP injections on the registration page of LiquidFiles versions 3.7.13 and below, allow an attacker to perform more advanced phishing attacks against an organization.",
"id": "GHSA-67p3-vgwg-jfjf",
"modified": "2023-11-08T21:30:33Z",
"published": "2023-10-30T00:30:17Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-4393"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.themissinglink.com.au/security-advisories/cve-2023-4393"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-4.3
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, consider using the ESAPI Encoding control [REF-45] or a similar tool, library, or framework. These will help the programmer encode outputs in a manner less prone to error.
- Alternately, use built-in functions, but consider using wrappers in case those functions are discovered to have a vulnerability.
Mitigation MIT-27
Strategy: Parameterization
- If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
- For example, stored procedures can enforce database query structure and reduce the likelihood of SQL injection.
Mitigation
Understand the context in which your data will be used and the encoding that will be expected. This is especially important when transmitting data between different components, or when generating outputs that can contain multiple encodings at the same time, such as web pages or multi-part mail messages. Study all expected communication protocols and data representations to determine the required encoding strategies.
Mitigation
In some cases, input validation may be an important strategy when output encoding is not a complete solution. For example, you may be providing the same output that will be processed by multiple consumers that use different encodings or representations. In other cases, you may be required to allow user-supplied input to contain control information, such as limited HTML tags that support formatting in a wiki or bulletin board. When this type of requirement must be met, use an extremely strict allowlist to limit which control sequences can be used. Verify that the resulting syntactic structure is what you expect. Use your normal encoding methods for the remainder of the input.
Mitigation
Use input validation as a defense-in-depth measure to reduce the likelihood of output encoding errors (see CWE-20).
Mitigation
Fully specify which encodings are required by components that will be communicating with each other.
Mitigation
When exchanging data between components, ensure that both components are using the same character encoding. Ensure that the proper encoding is applied at each interface. Explicitly set the encoding you are using whenever the protocol allows you to do so.
CAPEC-104: Cross Zone Scripting
An attacker is able to cause a victim to load content into their web-browser that bypasses security zone controls and gain access to increased privileges to execute scripting code or other web objects such as unsigned ActiveX controls or applets. This is a privilege elevation attack targeted at zone-based web-browser security.
CAPEC-73: User-Controlled Filename
An attack of this type involves an adversary inserting malicious characters (such as a XSS redirection) into a filename, directly or indirectly that is then used by the target software to generate HTML text or other potentially executable content. Many websites rely on user-generated content and dynamically build resources like files, filenames, and URL links directly from user supplied data. In this attack pattern, the attacker uploads code that can execute in the client browser and/or redirect the client browser to a site that the attacker owns. All XSS attack payload variants can be used to pass and exploit these vulnerabilities.
CAPEC-81: Web Server Logs Tampering
Web Logs Tampering attacks involve an attacker injecting, deleting or otherwise tampering with the contents of web logs typically for the purposes of masking other malicious behavior. Additionally, writing malicious data to log files may target jobs, filters, reports, and other agents that process the logs in an asynchronous attack pattern. This pattern of attack is similar to "Log Injection-Tampering-Forging" except that in this case, the attack is targeting the logs of the web server and not the application.
CAPEC-85: AJAX Footprinting
This attack utilizes the frequent client-server roundtrips in Ajax conversation to scan a system. While Ajax does not open up new vulnerabilities per se, it does optimize them from an attacker point of view. A common first step for an attacker is to footprint the target environment to understand what attacks will work. Since footprinting relies on enumeration, the conversational pattern of rapid, multiple requests and responses that are typical in Ajax applications enable an attacker to look for many vulnerabilities, well-known ports, network locations and so on. The knowledge gained through Ajax fingerprinting can be used to support other attacks, such as XSS.