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Administrator-set rules take precedence over the rules Moby sets to discard unencrypted VXLAN datagrams, which can potentially admit unencrypted datagrams that should have been discarded.\n\nOn Red Hat Enterprise Linux and derivatives such as CentOS and Rocky, the `xt_u32` module has been:\n* [moved to the kernel-modules-extra package and no longer installed by default in RHEL 8.3](https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/8/html/8.3_release_notes/rhel-8-3-0-release#technology-preview_networking)\n* [officially deprecated in RHEL 8.6](https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/8/html/8.6_release_notes/deprecated_functionality#deprecated-functionality_networking)\n* [removed completely in RHEL 9](https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/9/html/considerations_in_adopting_rhel_9/assembly_networking_considerations-in-adopting-rhel-9#ref_firewall-networking_assembly_networking)\n\nThese rules are not created when `xt_u32` is unavailable, even though the container is still attached to the network.\n\n## Impact\nEncrypted overlay networks on affected configurations silently accept cleartext VXLAN datagrams that are tagged with the VNI of an encrypted overlay network. As a result, it is possible to inject arbitrary Ethernet frames into the encrypted overlay network by encapsulating them in VXLAN datagrams.\n\nThe injection of arbitrary Ethernet frames can enable a Denial of Service attack. A sophisticated attacker may be able to establish a UDP or TCP connection by way of the container\u2019s outbound gateway that would otherwise be blocked by a stateful firewall, or carry out other escalations beyond simple injection by smuggling packets into the overlay network.\n\n## Patches\nPatches are available in Moby releases 23.0.3, and 20.10.24. As Mirantis Container Runtime\u0027s 20.10 releases are numbered differently, users of that platform should update to 20.10.16.\n\n## Workarounds\n* Close the VXLAN port (by default, UDP port 4789) to incoming traffic at the Internet boundary (see [GHSA-vwm3-crmr-xfxw](https://github.com/moby/moby/security/advisories/GHSA-vwm3-crmr-xfxw)) to prevent all VXLAN packet injection.\n* Ensure that the `xt_u32` kernel module is available on all nodes of the Swarm cluster.\n\n## Background\n* [#43382](https://github.com/moby/moby/issues/43382) partially discussed this concern, but did not consider the security implications.\n* Mirantis FIELD-5788 essentially duplicates [#43382](https://github.com/moby/moby/issues/43382), and was created six months earlier; it similarly overlooked the security implications.\n* [#45118](https://github.com/moby/moby/pull/45118) is the ancestor of the final patches, and was where the security implications were discovered.\n\n## Related\n* [CVE-2023-28841: Encrypted overlay network traffic may be unencrypted](https://github.com/moby/moby/security/advisories/GHSA-33pg-m6jh-5237)\n* [CVE-2023-28842: Encrypted overlay network with a single endpoint is unauthenticated](https://github.com/moby/moby/security/advisories/GHSA-6wrf-mxfj-pf5p)\n* [GHSA-vwm3-crmr-xfxw: The Swarm VXLAN port may be exposed to attack due to ambiguous documentation](https://github.com/moby/moby/security/advisories/GHSA-vwm3-crmr-xfxw)\n* [GHSA-gvm4-2qqg-m333: Security issues in encrypted overlay networks](https://github.com/moby/libnetwork/security/advisories/GHSA-gvm4-2qqg-m333) (libnetwork)",
  "id": "GHSA-232p-vwff-86mp",
  "modified": "2023-04-05T23:16:22Z",
  "published": "2023-04-04T21:13:06Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/moby/libnetwork/security/advisories/GHSA-gvm4-2qqg-m333"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/moby/moby/security/advisories/GHSA-232p-vwff-86mp"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/moby/moby/security/advisories/GHSA-33pg-m6jh-5237"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/moby/moby/security/advisories/GHSA-6wrf-mxfj-pf5p"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/moby/moby/security/advisories/GHSA-vwm3-crmr-xfxw"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-28840"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/moby/moby/issues/43382"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/moby/moby/pull/45118"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/moby/moby"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Docker Swarm encrypted overlay network may be unauthenticated"
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "github.com/modelcontextprotocol/registry"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.7.9"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-45781"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-636"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-05-19T15:39:55Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-05-14T21:16:48Z",
    "severity": "LOW"
  },
  "details": "# OCI ownership validation fails open on upstream rate limits, allowing attacker to claim arbitrary public OCI images under their own namespace\n\nSeverity: Low (re-scored post-triage; see Maintainer triage note below)\nAffected: `modelcontextprotocol/registry` main branch at commit `fe0cb3b` (current HEAD as of 2026-05-09).\nLive deployment: `https://registry.modelcontextprotocol.io` (per repo README).\nRoute: GitHub private security advisory (per repo SECURITY.md).\n\n---\n\n## Title\n\nOCI ownership validation skips label-match check when upstream OCI registry returns HTTP 429, letting any authenticated publisher bind their `io.github.\u003cuser\u003e/*` namespace to OCI images they do not control.\n\n## Summary\n\n`internal/validators/registries/oci.go:104-119` fails open on `http.StatusTooManyRequests`: when the\nregistry\u0027s anonymous fetch to the upstream OCI registry is rate-limited, `ValidateOCI` returns `nil`\nand the publish is accepted without ever running the\n`io.modelcontextprotocol.server.name` label-match check at lines 122-141. That label check is the\nonly cross-system ownership proof the registry applies to OCI packages \u2014 every other registry type\n(NPM, PyPI, NuGet, MCPB) treats a non-200 upstream response as a hard error.\n\nThe fail-open trigger is attacker-controllable. The registry uses `authn.Anonymous` against Docker\nHub, which is rate-limited to 100 manifest pulls per 6 hours per egress IP, and the production\nNGINX rate limit allows 180 publishes/minute (3 RPS, burst 540) per source IP. A single attacker\nfrom a single IP can exhaust the registry\u0027s shared anonymous quota in roughly 33 seconds, then\nsubmit a final publish that points `packages[].identifier` at a Docker Hub image they do not own.\nThe validator hits the 429 fail-open branch, returns `nil`, and the registry stores a record under\nthe attacker\u0027s namespace claiming the unrelated image as its package payload, with no label proof\nin evidence.\n\nThe fail-open is also reached without an attacker present. Docker Hub routinely 429s busy egress IPs\nduring organic traffic, so publishes during those windows skip OCI ownership validation silently.\n\n## Vulnerable code\n\n`internal/validators/registries/oci.go:97-142`:\n\n```go\nimg, err := remote.Image(ref, remote.WithAuth(authn.Anonymous), remote.WithContext(timeoutCtx))\nif err != nil {\n    if errors.Is(err, context.DeadlineExceeded) {\n        return fmt.Errorf(\"OCI image validation timed out after 30 seconds for \u0027%s\u0027. The registry may be slow or unreachable\", pkg.Identifier)\n    }\n\n    var transportErr *transport.Error\n    if errors.As(err, \u0026transportErr) {\n        switch transportErr.StatusCode {\n        case http.StatusTooManyRequests:\n            // Rate limited - skip validation to avoid blocking publishers\n            // This is intentional: we prioritize UX over strict validation during high traffic\n            log.Printf(\"Skipping OCI validation for %s due to rate limiting\", pkg.Identifier)\n            return nil                                              // \u003c-- FAIL-OPEN\n        case http.StatusNotFound:\n            return fmt.Errorf(\"OCI image \u0027%s\u0027 does not exist in the registry\", pkg.Identifier)\n        case http.StatusUnauthorized, http.StatusForbidden:\n            return fmt.Errorf(\"OCI image \u0027%s\u0027 is private or requires authentication. Only public images are supported\", pkg.Identifier)\n        }\n    }\n    return fmt.Errorf(\"failed to fetch OCI image: %w\", err)\n}\n\n// Get the image config which contains labels\nconfigFile, err := img.ConfigFile()\nif err != nil {\n    return fmt.Errorf(\"failed to get image config: %w\", err)\n}\n\n// Validate the MCP server name label\nif configFile.Config.Labels == nil {\n    return fmt.Errorf(\"OCI image \u0027%s\u0027 is missing required annotation. Add this to your Dockerfile: LABEL io.modelcontextprotocol.server.name=\\\"%s\\\"\", pkg.Identifier, serverName)\n}\n\nmcpName, exists := configFile.Config.Labels[\"io.modelcontextprotocol.server.name\"]\nif !exists {\n    return fmt.Errorf(\"OCI image \u0027%s\u0027 is missing required annotation. Add this to your Dockerfile: LABEL io.modelcontextprotocol.server.name=\\\"%s\\\"\", pkg.Identifier, serverName)\n}\n\nif mcpName != serverName {\n    return fmt.Errorf(\"OCI image ownership validation failed. Expected annotation \u0027io.modelcontextprotocol.server.name\u0027 = \u0027%s\u0027, got \u0027%s\u0027\", serverName, mcpName)\n}\n```\n\nThe fail-open returns before any of the three label-match guards run.\n\nThe validator is reached on every publish per `internal/service/registry_service.go:151-158`, gated by\n`cfg.EnableRegistryValidation`, which defaults to `true` in `internal/config/config.go:18`.\n\n## Reachability and authorization\n\n`POST /v0/publish` (and `/v0.1/publish`) is registered with bearer-JWT auth in\n`internal/api/handlers/v0/publish.go:30-50`. JWTs are issued by `/v0/auth/github-at`\n(`internal/api/handlers/v0/auth/github_at.go:46-67`), which exchanges any GitHub OAuth access token for\na 5-minute registry JWT carrying `Permission{Action: Publish, ResourcePattern: \"io.github.\u003clogin\u003e/*\"}`.\nAny free GitHub account can mint such a JWT, so the publish path is reachable to anyone on the\ninternet at the cost of a GitHub account.\n\n## Trigger conditions\n\n- `internal/validators/registries/oci.go:97`: anonymous Docker Hub auth, subject to the 100\n  manifest-pulls/6h/IP unauthenticated rate limit Docker Hub publishes.\n- `deploy/pkg/k8s/registry.go:330-331`: production NGINX limits incoming requests to 180/minute\n  per source IP with a 3\u00d7 burst multiplier (540).\n- A single source IP at 3 RPS exhausts the registry\u0027s anonymous Docker Hub quota in roughly 33\n  seconds. Each `/publish` against an allowlisted OCI identifier in\n  `internal/validators/registries/oci.go:29-42` (docker.io / registry-1.docker.io / index.docker.io\n  / ghcr.io / quay.io / mcr.microsoft.com / `*.pkg.dev` / `*.azurecr.io`) consumes one slot,\n  including publishes that go on to fail with the missing-annotation error after the manifest is\n  fetched.\n- Once Docker Hub starts returning 429, every subsequent publish hits the fail-open branch until\n  the quota replenishes.\n\n## Attacker chain\n\n1. Free GitHub account `attacker` \u2192 `POST /v0/auth/github-at` \u2192 registry JWT with\n   `Permission{Action: Publish, ResourcePattern: \"io.github.attacker/*\"}`.\n2. From a single IP, send ~100 publishes whose `packages[].identifier` references real public\n   Docker Hub images that lack the `io.modelcontextprotocol.server.name` label\n   (e.g. `docker.io/library/alpine:latest`, `docker.io/library/nginx:latest`, \u2026). Each publish\n   fails with \"OCI image is missing required annotation\" but consumes one anonymous-quota slot\n   from the registry\u0027s shared egress IP.\n3. While the egress IP is rate-limited by Docker Hub, submit the final publish:\n   `name = \"io.github.attacker/\u003ctypo-squat-name\u003e\"`,\n   `packages[].registryType = \"oci\"`,\n   `packages[].identifier = \"docker.io/\u003creputable-org\u003e/\u003creputable-image\u003e:\u003ctag\u003e\"`.\n4. `ValidateOCI` calls `remote.Image(ref, authn.Anonymous, \u2026)`; Docker Hub returns 429;\n   `transportErr.StatusCode == http.StatusTooManyRequests` matches the fail-open branch;\n   `ValidateOCI` returns `nil`; `ValidatePackage` returns `nil`;\n   `validateRegistryOwnership` returns `nil`; the publish proceeds and `CreateServer` writes the\n   record. The registry now publishes a server record under `io.github.attacker/\u003ctypo-squat-name\u003e`\n   that asserts the reputable image as its package payload, without ever inspecting that image\u0027s\n   labels.\n\n## Boundary delta\n\n| | Starting capability | After exploit |\n|---|---|---|\n| Identity | Holder of a fresh `io.github.\u003cattacker\u003e` GitHub account | Same |\n| Publish scope | `io.github.\u003cattacker\u003e/*` only | `io.github.\u003cattacker\u003e/*` only (unchanged) |\n| OCI claim scope | OCI images the attacker controls and has labelled with `io.modelcontextprotocol.server.name = io.github.\u003cattacker\u003e/\u003cname\u003e` | **Any public OCI image** at any allowlisted registry, regardless of label |\n\nThe attacker\u0027s namespace stays bounded. What changes is that the registry\u0027s claim \"this OCI image is\nthe package payload of this MCP server\" is no longer backed by any cross-system proof. The label\ncheck at `oci.go:122-141` is the only ownership proof for OCI packages; bypassing it lets a\npublisher under `io.github.attacker/*` bind a server record to an unrelated image such as\n`docker.io/microsoft/\u003csome-tool\u003e:latest` without ever touching that image. Combined with how MCP\nclients render server-list entries \u2014 image identifier shown next to the namespace \u2014 the result is\ntypo-squat / impersonation in registry search and discovery surfaces, with the actual image content\ndelivered untouched from its real owner.\n\nThe same fail-open is reached without any attacker action whenever Docker Hub rate-limits the\nregistry\u0027s egress IP for organic reasons. In that mode, the OCI ownership check is effectively\nnon-functional for the duration of the limit window, even for legitimate publishers.\n\n## Cross-validator comparison (negative control)\n\nThe other registry-type validators do not fail-open on rate-limit responses:\n\n- `internal/validators/registries/npm.go:72-74` \u2014 `if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK { return error }`.\n- `internal/validators/registries/pypi.go:76-78` \u2014 same shape; 429 surfaces as\n  `\"PyPI package \u0027%s\u0027 not found (status: %d)\"`.\n- `internal/validators/registries/nuget.go:253` \u2014 non-OK response paths return\n  `\"NuGet README request returned status %d\"`, the publish fails closed.\n- `internal/validators/registries/mcpb.go:84-91` \u2014 a HEAD that does not return 200 or a 3xx with\n  `Location` is treated as inaccessible.\n\nOCI is the only validator that converts an upstream rate-limit into a successful ownership\nattestation.\n\n## Suggested fix\n\nTwo options, either alone, or both for defence-in-depth:\n\n1. Remove the fail-open. Replace\n   ```go\n   case http.StatusTooManyRequests:\n       log.Printf(\"Skipping OCI validation for %s due to rate limiting\", pkg.Identifier)\n       return nil\n   ```\n   with an error of the same shape the other validators use (`return fmt.Errorf(\"OCI registry is\n   currently rate-limiting validations for \u0027%s\u0027; please retry shortly\", pkg.Identifier)`). The\n   handler call sites in `validateRegistryOwnership` already propagate the error to a 400 response.\n2. Replace `authn.Anonymous` at `internal/validators/registries/oci.go:97` with an authenticated\n   token whose quota is isolated from organic anonymous traffic to the registry\u0027s egress IP. Docker\n   Hub authenticated pulls are 200/6h per token; ghcr.io / quay.io / `*.pkg.dev` / `*.azurecr.io`\n   each have their own auth flows. This removes the easy attacker-side trigger and reduces organic\n   fail-open windows.\n\nIf a fail-open path is retained for UX reasons, queue the publish for re-validation when the\nupstream registry recovers, instead of marking it accepted on first attempt.\n\n## Proof of concept\n\nThe refreshed PoC drives the publish path, not only the validator branch:\n\n```text\nservice.CreateServer\n  -\u003e validators.ValidatePublishRequest\n  -\u003e registries.ValidateOCI\n  -\u003e database.CreateServer\n```\n\nIt runs inside the checked-out module, uses the real service and validator code, and substitutes only\nthe database with a minimal in-memory implementation so the proof can run without a local Postgres\nstack. To keep the proof localhost-only, the runner temporarily adds the in-process mock OCI host to\nthe unexported OCI allowlist. It does not contact Docker Hub, the production registry, or any\nexternal service.\n\nTo run:\n\n```bash\nbash outputs/poc-evidence/2026-05-12-mcp-registry-publish-path/run.sh\n```\n\nCaptured transcript:\n\n```text\n=== modelcontextprotocol/registry publish-path OCI 429 fail-open PoC ===\nPath exercised: service.CreateServer -\u003e validators.ValidatePublishRequest -\u003e registries.ValidateOCI -\u003e DB CreateServer\n\n--- negative control: upstream 404 ---\n[setup] temporarily allowlisted mock OCI host 127.0.0.1:39067 for localhost-only proof\n[setup] publish identifier=127.0.0.1:39067/reputable-org/reputable-image:latest\n[mock-oci] GET /v2/ -\u003e 404\n[publish] rejected: registry validation failed for package 0 (127.0.0.1:39067/reputable-org/reputable-image:latest): OCI image \u0027127.0.0.1:39067/reputable-org/reputable-image:latest\u0027 does not exist in the registry\n\n--- BUG: upstream 429 ---\n[setup] temporarily allowlisted mock OCI host 127.0.0.1:40487 for localhost-only proof\n[setup] publish identifier=127.0.0.1:40487/reputable-org/reputable-image:latest\n[mock-oci] GET /v2/ -\u003e 429\n[memdb] AcquirePublishLock(io.github.attacker/typosquat-tool)\n[memdb] CreateServer stored name=io.github.attacker/typosquat-tool version=1.0.1 package=127.0.0.1:40487/reputable-org/reputable-image:latest\n[publish] accepted/stored packages=[{\"registryType\":\"oci\",\"identifier\":\"127.0.0.1:40487/reputable-org/reputable-image:latest\",\"transport\":{\"type\":\"stdio\"}}]\nPUBLISH_PATH_RESULT: ACCEPTED_UNVERIFIED_OCI_PACKAGE_AFTER_429\n```\n\nExit code 0. SHA-256 values:\n\n```text\nacf7121111c19acaca1c99a3c08079213794ffc4feb63e545ec814bd6cd85984  transcript.txt\n340e7a81740e9f14cadc144d4e640a1d497ce3e6696a3d9ea99d63e05c5edd71  publish_path_runner.go\nc970f08d6b79852308ad931da85dd64a65fe373d3c988018de09a7e4c7c345a4  run.sh\n```\n\nThe end-to-end attacker flow against production was not executed. No publish was sent against\n`registry.modelcontextprotocol.io`. No attacker namespace was registered on the live service. The\nlocal proof shows the critical property: when the actual publish validator sees an OCI 429, the\nservice proceeds to create a server record containing the unverified OCI package identifier.\n\n## Severity rationale\n\n**Maintainer triage (2026-05-13):** after review the maintainer settled on Low (3.5, `CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N`). Impact stays within the attacker\u0027s own namespace and image bytes delivered to clients are unchanged. See the comment thread for reasoning. Reporter\u0027s original write-up preserved below.\n\nMedium. Auth-bypass class \u2014 the attacker bypasses the only ownership proof for OCI packages, and the\nfail-open trigger is attacker-controllable from a single IP at modest cost. The blast radius is\nbounded to publication misrepresentation under the attacker\u0027s own namespace; the actual image\ncontent stays under its rightful owner. Combined with normal MCP-client search and discovery\nsurfaces, this is sufficient for impersonation / typo-squat where the rendered image identifier\nimplies authorship the registry could not actually attest.\n\nThe fail-open also activates under normal traffic when Docker Hub rate-limits the egress IP, so the\nOCI ownership check is in practice intermittent rather than absent \u2014 both modes are bug states.\n\n## Disclosure preferences\n\nReport through the GitHub Security Advisory process per repo SECURITY.md. Happy to keep details\nprivate until a fix is in motion. If a public GHSA / CVE / release note is published, please credit\nthe report to **Ryan Vonbrubeck / @dodge1218**.",
  "id": "GHSA-2v5f-5r6w-p67r",
  "modified": "2026-05-19T15:39:56Z",
  "published": "2026-05-19T15:39:55Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/registry/security/advisories/GHSA-2v5f-5r6w-p67r"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-45781"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/registry"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "MCP Registry: OCI validator skips ownership check on upstream rate limits"
}