Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-532

Allowed

Insertion of Sensitive Information into Log File

Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete

The product writes sensitive information to a log file.

1922 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-Q77Q-33V2-M8HR

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-07-31 18:32 – Updated: 2024-07-31 18:32
VLAI
Details

A vulnerability in Cato Networks SDP Client on Windows allows the insertion of sensitive information into the log file, which can lead to an account takeover. However, the attack requires bypassing protections on modifying the tunnel token on a the attacker's system.This issue affects SDP Client: before 5.10.34.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-6977"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-532"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-07-31T17:15:11Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability in Cato Networks SDP Client on Windows allows the insertion of sensitive information into the log file, which can lead to an account takeover. However, the attack requires bypassing protections on modifying the tunnel token on a the attacker\u0027s system.This issue affects SDP Client: before 5.10.34.",
  "id": "GHSA-q77q-33v2-m8hr",
  "modified": "2024-07-31T18:32:01Z",
  "published": "2024-07-31T18:32:01Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-6977"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.catonetworks.com/hc/en-us/articles/19766795729437-CVE-2024-6977-Windows-SDP-Client-Sensitive-data-in-trace-logs-can-lead-to-account-takeover"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-Q7JR-643H-VPC8

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-15 15:32 – Updated: 2026-09-22 18:33
VLAI
Details

An issue was discovered in Keyfactor SignServer before 7.6.0. The attribute ATTRIBUTESFILE in PKCS11CryptoToken can be set to a readable file but not an accepted file (i.e., recognized with attributes). In this case, an error is thrown which - together with the error - also prints the content of the file to the application server log. This gives a user that has both SignServer admin access and access to read the output of the server log (i.e., if remote syslog shipping is configured), the possibility to read the content of files accessible by the local user JBoss.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-25826"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-532"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-09-15T15:17:14Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "An issue was discovered in Keyfactor SignServer before 7.6.0. The attribute ATTRIBUTESFILE in PKCS11CryptoToken can be set to a readable file but not an accepted file (i.e., recognized with attributes). In this case, an error is thrown which - together with the error - also prints the content of the file to the application server log. This gives a user that has both SignServer admin access and access to read the output of the server log (i.e., if remote syslog shipping is configured), the possibility to read the content of files accessible by the local user JBoss.",
  "id": "GHSA-q7jr-643h-vpc8",
  "modified": "2026-09-22T18:33:15Z",
  "published": "2026-09-15T15:32:11Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-25826"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://keyfactor.com"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.keyfactor.com/hc/en-us/articles/46345260842779-SignServer-CVE-2026-25826-Exposure-of-Sensitive-Information-to-an-Unauthorized-Actor"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-Q83P-H7PJ-3M3P

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-12 21:31 – Updated: 2026-08-12 21:31
VLAI
Details

IBM Db2 11.5.0 through 11.5.9, and 12.1.0 through 12.1.5 for Linux, UNIX and Windows (includes DB2 Connect Server) could allow a local attacker to obtain sensitive information due to the logging of plain text passwords in trace files.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-18097"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-532"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-08-12T21:17:36Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "IBM Db2 11.5.0 through 11.5.9, and 12.1.0 through 12.1.5 for Linux, UNIX and Windows (includes DB2 Connect Server) could allow a local attacker to obtain sensitive information due to the logging of plain text passwords in trace files.",
  "id": "GHSA-q83p-h7pj-3m3p",
  "modified": "2026-08-12T21:31:44Z",
  "published": "2026-08-12T21:31:44Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-18097"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7282952"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-Q87W-HJGF-6VFW

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-01-29 12:30 – Updated: 2024-01-29 12:30
VLAI
Details

Insertion of debug information into log file during building the elastic search index allows reading of sensitive information from articles.This issue affects OTRS: from 7.0.X through 7.0.48, from 8.0.X through 8.0.37, from 2023.X through 2023.1.1.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-23791"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-532"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-01-29T10:15:08Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Insertion of debug information into log file during building the elastic search index allows reading of sensitive information from articles.This issue affects OTRS: from 7.0.X through 7.0.48, from 8.0.X through 8.0.37, from 2023.X through 2023.1.1.\n\n",
  "id": "GHSA-q87w-hjgf-6vfw",
  "modified": "2024-01-29T12:30:20Z",
  "published": "2024-01-29T12:30:20Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-23791"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://otrs.com/release-notes/otrs-security-advisory-2024-02"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-Q8CJ-789H-VG24

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-28 17:52 – Updated: 2026-05-28 17:52
VLAI
Summary
OpenBao's Inline Auth Incorrectly Redacted Headers
Details

Impact

OpenBao's inline auth functionality incorrectly redacted audit log entries, resulting in non-auth headers being removed and auth-related headers being retained in cleartext. This requires an attacker to compromise access to the audit device. Operators should review leaked source authentication material and rotate it as appropriate.

Patches

This is fixed in OpenBao v2.5.4.

Resources

https://github.com/openbao/openbao/issues/3074

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 2.5.3"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "github.com/openbao/openbao"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2.5.4"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-46358"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-532"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-05-28T17:52:43Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Impact\n\nOpenBao\u0027s inline auth functionality incorrectly redacted audit log entries, resulting in non-auth headers being removed and auth-related headers being retained in cleartext. This requires an attacker to compromise access to the audit device. Operators should review leaked source authentication material and rotate it as appropriate.\n\n### Patches\n\nThis is fixed in OpenBao v2.5.4.\n\n### Resources\n\nhttps://github.com/openbao/openbao/issues/3074",
  "id": "GHSA-q8cj-789h-vg24",
  "modified": "2026-05-28T17:52:43Z",
  "published": "2026-05-28T17:52:43Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/openbao/openbao/security/advisories/GHSA-q8cj-789h-vg24"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/openbao/openbao/issues/3074"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/openbao/openbao/pull/3076"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/openbao/openbao/commit/131c6966af4dfb4e1906703436eecdb8f2a3e9df"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/openbao/openbao"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/openbao/openbao/releases/tag/v2.5.4"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:P/PR:H/UI:P/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "OpenBao\u0027s Inline Auth Incorrectly Redacted Headers"
}

GHSA-Q8P7-W3VH-WG45

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 01:35 – Updated: 2022-05-14 01:35
VLAI
Details

The Coolpad Canvas device with a build fingerprint of Coolpad/cp3636a/cp3636a:7.0/NRD90M/093031423:user/release-keys contains a platform app with a package name of com.qualcomm.qti.modemtestmode (versionCode=24, versionName=7.0) that contains an exported service app component named com.qualcomm.qti.modemtestmode.MbnTestService that allows any app on the device to set certain system properties as the com.android.phone user. When an app sets the persist.service.logr.enable system property to a value of 1, an app with a package name of com.yulong.logredirect (versionCode=20160622, versionName=5.25_20160622_01) will start writing the system-wide logcat log, kernel log, and a tcpdump network traffic capture to external storage. Furthermore, on the Coolpad Canvas device, the com.android.phone app writes the destination phone number and body of the text message for outgoing text messages. A notification when logging can be avoided if the log is enabled after device startup and disabled prior to device shutdown by setting the system properties using the exported interface of the com.qualcomm.qti.modemtestmode app. Any app with the READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE permission can access the log files.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2018-15004"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-532"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2018-12-28T21:29:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The Coolpad Canvas device with a build fingerprint of Coolpad/cp3636a/cp3636a:7.0/NRD90M/093031423:user/release-keys contains a platform app with a package name of com.qualcomm.qti.modemtestmode (versionCode=24, versionName=7.0) that contains an exported service app component named com.qualcomm.qti.modemtestmode.MbnTestService that allows any app on the device to set certain system properties as the com.android.phone user. When an app sets the persist.service.logr.enable system property to a value of 1, an app with a package name of com.yulong.logredirect (versionCode=20160622, versionName=5.25_20160622_01) will start writing the system-wide logcat log, kernel log, and a tcpdump network traffic capture to external storage. Furthermore, on the Coolpad Canvas device, the com.android.phone app writes the destination phone number and body of the text message for outgoing text messages. A notification when logging can be avoided if the log is enabled after device startup and disabled prior to device shutdown by setting the system properties using the exported interface of the com.qualcomm.qti.modemtestmode app. Any app with the READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE permission can access the log files.",
  "id": "GHSA-q8p7-w3vh-wg45",
  "modified": "2022-05-14T01:35:49Z",
  "published": "2022-05-14T01:35:49Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-15004"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.kryptowire.com/portal/android-firmware-defcon-2018"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.kryptowire.com/portal/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/DEFCON-26-Johnson-and-Stavrou-Vulnerable-Out-of-the-Box-An-Eval-of-Android-Carrier-Devices-WP-Updated.pdf"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-Q9F6-Q6M5-F5H2

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-17 12:32 – Updated: 2026-08-17 12:32
VLAI
Details

openssl_encrypt (pip) versions <= 1.4.7 contain an information exposure vulnerability where the 'hsm fido2-test' and 'hsm onlykey-test' diagnostic commands unconditionally print the full derived hardware pepper as hex to stdout/stderr (crypt_cli.py, handle_hsm_command). The printed value can persist in terminal scrollback, session recordings, or CI logs. Impact is limited because the pepper is derived from a random per-invocation test salt and is salt-bound, so the leaked value cannot be used to decrypt real files. A related plugin issue logged raw prf_data outside the secret-redaction path. Fixed in 1.4.8 (and 1.5.0) by removing the hex dumps and routing plugin debug output through the redaction layer.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-74870"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-532"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-08-17T11:16:41Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "openssl_encrypt (pip) versions \u003c= 1.4.7 contain an information exposure vulnerability where the \u0027hsm fido2-test\u0027 and \u0027hsm onlykey-test\u0027 diagnostic commands unconditionally print the full derived hardware pepper as hex to stdout/stderr (crypt_cli.py, handle_hsm_command). The printed value can persist in terminal scrollback, session recordings, or CI logs. Impact is limited because the pepper is derived from a random per-invocation test salt and is salt-bound, so the leaked value cannot be used to decrypt real files. A related plugin issue logged raw prf_data outside the secret-redaction path. Fixed in 1.4.8 (and 1.5.0) by removing the hex dumps and routing plugin debug output through the redaction layer.",
  "id": "GHSA-q9f6-q6m5-f5h2",
  "modified": "2026-08-17T12:32:21Z",
  "published": "2026-08-17T12:32:21Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/jahlives/openssl_encrypt/security/advisories/GHSA-p9g8-wvh4-2jmx"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-74870"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openssl-encrypt-before-hardware-pepper-information-disclosure"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-Q9JJ-JM6W-FPGF

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-06 09:30 – Updated: 2026-08-06 09:30
VLAI
Details

When an Event Publisher output adapter is configured with irrelevant properties, the affected products log these properties. This logging occurs without sufficient validation or sanitization of the property values.

A malicious actor with access to the 'wso2carbon' log files could retrieve sensitive information, such as user credentials or other confidential data, that was inadvertently logged due to misconfiguration, potentially leading to unauthorized access.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-0637"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-532"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-08-06T08:16:29Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "When an Event Publisher output adapter is configured with irrelevant properties, the affected products log these properties. This logging occurs without sufficient validation or sanitization of the property values.\n\nA malicious actor with access to the \u0027wso2carbon\u0027 log files could retrieve sensitive information, such as user credentials or other confidential data, that was inadvertently logged due to misconfiguration, potentially leading to unauthorized access.",
  "id": "GHSA-q9jj-jm6w-fpgf",
  "modified": "2026-08-06T09:30:31Z",
  "published": "2026-08-06T09:30:31Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-0637"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.docs.wso2.com/en/latest/security-announcements/security-advisories/2026/WSO2-2025-4897"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-Q9V8-HHCR-3G53

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-06-16 00:00 – Updated: 2025-01-02 21:31
VLAI
Details

Windows Desired State Configuration (DSC) Information Disclosure Vulnerability.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-30148"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-532"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-06-15T22:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Windows Desired State Configuration (DSC) Information Disclosure Vulnerability.",
  "id": "GHSA-q9v8-hhcr-3g53",
  "modified": "2025-01-02T21:31:37Z",
  "published": "2022-06-16T00:00:18Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-30148"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2022-30148"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://portal.msrc.microsoft.com/en-US/security-guidance/advisory/CVE-2022-30148"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-QCJ3-H27M-MP9X

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:07 – Updated: 2024-10-07 21:32
VLAI
Summary
Openstack Octavia allows Insertion of Sensitive Information into Log File
Details

In a default Red Hat Openstack Platform Director installation, openstack-octavia before versions openstack-octavia 2.0.2-5 and openstack-octavia-3.0.1-0.20181009115732 creates log files that are readable by all users. Sensitive information such as private keys can appear in these log files allowing for information exposure.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "octavia"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2.1.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "octavia"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "3.0.0.0b1"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "3.1.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2018-16856"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-532"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2024-04-29T11:08:44Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2019-03-26T18:29:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "In a default Red Hat Openstack Platform Director installation, openstack-octavia before versions openstack-octavia 2.0.2-5 and openstack-octavia-3.0.1-0.20181009115732 creates log files that are readable by all users. Sensitive information such as private keys can appear in these log files allowing for information exposure.",
  "id": "GHSA-qcj3-h27m-mp9x",
  "modified": "2024-10-07T21:32:17Z",
  "published": "2022-05-13T01:07:34Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-16856"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/openstack/octavia/commit/ae7c87f54a6c5483a608d5e9fe51ea1966ea1f7e"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=CVE-2018-16856"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/openstack/octavia"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/openstack/octavia/commits/3.1.0"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/octavia/PYSEC-2019-193.yaml"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Openstack Octavia allows Insertion of Sensitive Information into Log File"
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design Implementation

Consider seriously the sensitivity of the information written into log files. Do not write secrets into the log files.

Mitigation
Distribution

Remove debug log files before deploying the application into production.

Mitigation
Operation

Protect log files against unauthorized read/write.

Mitigation
Implementation

Adjust configurations appropriately when software is transitioned from a debug state to production.

CAPEC-215: Fuzzing for application mapping

An attacker sends random, malformed, or otherwise unexpected messages to a target application and observes the application's log or error messages returned. The attacker does not initially know how a target will respond to individual messages but by attempting a large number of message variants they may find a variant that trigger's desired behavior. In this attack, the purpose of the fuzzing is to observe the application's log and error messages, although fuzzing a target can also sometimes cause the target to enter an unstable state, causing a crash.