Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-532

Allowed

Insertion of Sensitive Information into Log File

Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete

The product writes sensitive information to a log file.

1930 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-P26C-M2C6-49F2

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-18 18:30 – Updated: 2025-12-18 18:30
VLAI
Details

IBM App Connect Enterprise Certified Container CD: 9.2.0 through 11.6.0, 12.1.0 through 12.14.0, and 12.0 LTS: 12.0.0 through 12.0.14stores potentially sensitive information in log files during installation that could be read by a local user on the container.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-36133"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-532"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-09-01T12:15:31Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "IBM App Connect Enterprise Certified Container CD: 9.2.0 through 11.6.0, 12.1.0 through 12.14.0, and\u00a012.0 LTS: 12.0.0 through 12.0.14stores potentially sensitive information in log files during installation that could be read by a local user on the container.",
  "id": "GHSA-p26c-m2c6-49f2",
  "modified": "2025-12-18T18:30:28Z",
  "published": "2025-12-18T18:30:28Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-36133"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7243690"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-P36Q-CC77-7334

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:09 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:09
VLAI
Details

A Session ID leak in the audit log in Graylog before 4.1.2 allows attackers to escalate privileges (to the access level of the leaked session ID).

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-37760"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-532"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-07-31T18:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "A Session ID leak in the audit log in Graylog before 4.1.2 allows attackers to escalate privileges (to the access level of the leaked session ID).",
  "id": "GHSA-p36q-cc77-7334",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T19:09:28Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T19:09:28Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-37760"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.graylog.org/post/announcing-graylog-v4-1-2"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-P3WR-7QRC-FWP9

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-11-04 06:31 – Updated: 2025-11-04 06:31
VLAI
Details

The CE21 Suite plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Sensitive Information Exposure in all versions up to, and including, 2.3.1 via the log file. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to extract sensitive data including authentication credentials, which can be used to log in as other users as long as they have used the plugin's custom authentication feature before. This may include administrators, which makes a complete site takeover possible.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-11008"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-532"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-11-04T04:15:37Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "The CE21 Suite plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Sensitive Information Exposure in all versions up to, and including, 2.3.1 via the log file. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to extract sensitive data including authentication credentials, which can be used to log in as other users as long as they have used the plugin\u0027s custom authentication feature before. This may include administrators, which makes a complete site takeover possible.",
  "id": "GHSA-p3wr-7qrc-fwp9",
  "modified": "2025-11-04T06:31:10Z",
  "published": "2025-11-04T06:31:10Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-11008"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://wordpress.org/plugins/ce21-suite"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/91aa86d9-8e42-4deb-b6ca-c3b388fefcb1?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-P47J-XX8M-FJR9

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:35 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:35
VLAI
Details

IBM Business Automation Workflow 19.0.0.3 stores potentially sensitive information in log files that could be read by a local user. IBM X-Force ID: 190991.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-4900"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-532"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2020-11-30T16:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "IBM Business Automation Workflow 19.0.0.3 stores potentially sensitive information in log files that could be read by a local user. IBM X-Force ID: 190991.",
  "id": "GHSA-p47j-xx8m-fjr9",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T17:35:19Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:35:19Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-4900"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/190991"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/6373004"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-P529-VRPR-9P36

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-05 09:31 – Updated: 2026-05-05 09:31
VLAI
Details

An issue was discovered in the PaperCut Hive Ricoh embedded application. When the "Deep Logging" (diagnostic) mode is enabled, the application inadvertently records administrative credentials in plain text within the log files.

An attacker with administrative access to the PaperCut Hive management portal could remotely enable deep logging and subsequently retrieve sensitive device passwords from the logs after an authorized user authenticates at the device. This exposure allows for the lateral movement or unauthorized configuration of the physical print hardware.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-7824"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-532"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-05-05T07:16:01Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "An issue was discovered in the PaperCut Hive Ricoh embedded application. When the \"Deep Logging\" (diagnostic) mode is enabled, the application inadvertently records administrative credentials in plain text within the log files.\n\n\n\nAn attacker with administrative access to the PaperCut Hive management portal could remotely enable deep logging and subsequently retrieve sensitive device passwords from the logs after an authorized user authenticates at the device. This exposure allows for the lateral movement or unauthorized configuration of the physical print hardware.",
  "id": "GHSA-p529-vrpr-9p36",
  "modified": "2026-05-05T09:31:55Z",
  "published": "2026-05-05T09:31:55Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-7824"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.papercut.com/kb/Main/papercut-ng-mf-and-papercut-hive-security-bulletin-may-2026"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:H/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-P5FP-56MJ-RXM3

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-09-25 18:31 – Updated: 2024-10-01 21:31
VLAI
Details

An information exposure in Devolutions Remote Desktop Manager 2024.2.20.0 and earlier on Windows allows local attackers with access to system logs to obtain session credentials via passwords included in command-line arguments when launching WinSCP sessions

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-7421"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-532"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-09-25T16:15:11Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "An information exposure in Devolutions Remote Desktop Manager 2024.2.20.0 and earlier on Windows allows local attackers with access to system logs to obtain session credentials via passwords included in command-line arguments when launching WinSCP sessions",
  "id": "GHSA-p5fp-56mj-rxm3",
  "modified": "2024-10-01T21:31:33Z",
  "published": "2024-09-25T18:31:20Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-7421"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://devolutions.net/security/advisories/DEVO-2024-0014"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-P632-5P4V-9HH3

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-03-08 00:00 – Updated: 2022-03-17 00:03
VLAI
Details

The CorreosExpress WordPress plugin through 2.6.0 generates log files which are publicly accessible, and contain sensitive information such as sender/receiver names, phone numbers, physical and email addresses

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-25009"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-200",
      "CWE-532"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-03-07T09:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The CorreosExpress WordPress plugin through 2.6.0 generates log files which are publicly accessible, and contain sensitive information such as sender/receiver names, phone numbers, physical and email addresses",
  "id": "GHSA-p632-5p4v-9hh3",
  "modified": "2022-03-17T00:03:03Z",
  "published": "2022-03-08T00:00:30Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-25009"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://wpscan.com/vulnerability/ce2e3503-9a06-4f5c-ae0f-f40e7dfb2903"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-P6MM-27GQ-9V3P

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-08-06 05:29 – Updated: 2022-08-06 05:29
VLAI
Summary
next-auth before v4.10.2 and v3.29.9 leaks excessive information into log
Details

Impact

An information disclosure vulnerability in next-auth before v4.10.2 and v3.29.9 allows an attacker with log access privilege to obtain excessive information such as an identity provider's secret in the log (which is thrown during OAuth error handling) and use it to leverage further attacks on the system, like impersonating the client to ask for extensive permissions.

Patches

We patched this vulnerability in v4.10.2 and v3.29.9 by moving the log for provider information to the debug level. In addition, we added a warning for having the debug: true option turned on in production and documented it here.

You have enabled the debug option. It is meant for development only, to help you catch issues in your authentication flow and you should consider removing this option when deploying to production. One way of only allowing debugging while not in production is to set debug: process.env.NODE_ENV !== "production", so you can commit this without needing to change the value.

If you want to log debug messages during production anyway, we recommend setting the logger option with proper sanitization of potentially sensitive user information.

To upgrade:

npm i next-auth@latest
# or
yarn add next-auth@latest
# or
pnpm add next-auth@latest

(This will update to the latest v4 version, but you can change latest to 3 if you want to stay on v3. This is not recommended. v3 is unmaintained.)

Workarounds

If for some reason you cannot upgrade, you can user the logger configuration option by sanitizing the logs:

// Example
import log from "your-logging-service"
export const authOptions: NextAuthOptions = {
  debug: process.env.NODE_ENV !== "production",
  logger: {
    error: (code, metadata) => {
      if (!(metadata instanceof Error) &&  metadata.provider) {
        // redact the provider secret here
        delete metadata.provider
        log.error(code, metadata)
      } else {
        log.error(code, metadata)
      }
    }
  },
}

References

Related documentation: - https://next-auth.js.org/warnings#debug_enabled - https://next-auth.js.org/configuration/options#logger - https://next-auth.js.org/getting-started/upgrade-v4

For more information

If you have any concerns, we request responsible disclosure, outlined here: https://next-auth.js.org/security#reporting-a-vulnerability

Timeline

The issue was reported 18th of July, a response was sent out in less than 20 minutes and after identifying the issue a patch was published within a week.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "next-auth"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "3.29.9"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "next-auth"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "4.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "4.10.2"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-31186"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-532"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2022-08-06T05:29:45Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-08-01T20:15:00Z",
    "severity": "LOW"
  },
  "details": "### Impact\nAn information disclosure vulnerability in `next-auth` before `v4.10.2` and `v3.29.9` allows an attacker with log access privilege to obtain excessive information such as an identity provider\u0027s secret in the log (which is thrown during OAuth error handling) and use it to leverage further attacks on the system, like impersonating the client to ask for extensive permissions.\n\n### Patches\nWe patched this vulnerability in `v4.10.2` and `v3.29.9` by moving the log for `provider` information to the debug level. In addition, we added a warning for having the `debug: true` option turned on in production and documented it [here](https://next-auth.js.org/warnings#debug_enabled).\n\u003e You have enabled the debug option. It is meant for development only, to help you catch issues in your authentication flow and you should consider removing this option when deploying to production. One way of only allowing debugging while not in production is to set debug: process.env.NODE_ENV !== \"production\", so you can commit this without needing to change the value.\n\u003e \n\u003e If you want to log debug messages during production anyway, we recommend setting the [logger option](https://next-auth.js.org/configuration/options#logger) with proper sanitization of potentially sensitive user information.\n\nTo upgrade:\n\n```sh\nnpm i next-auth@latest\n# or\nyarn add next-auth@latest\n# or\npnpm add next-auth@latest\n```\n(This will update to the latest v4 version, but you can change `latest` to 3 if you want to stay on v3. This is not recommended. v3 is unmaintained.)\n\n### Workarounds\n\nIf for some reason you cannot upgrade, you can user the `logger` configuration option by sanitizing the logs:\n```ts\n// Example\nimport log from \"your-logging-service\"\nexport const authOptions: NextAuthOptions = {\n  debug: process.env.NODE_ENV !== \"production\",\n  logger: {\n    error: (code, metadata) =\u003e {\n      if (!(metadata instanceof Error) \u0026\u0026  metadata.provider) {\n        // redact the provider secret here\n        delete metadata.provider\n        log.error(code, metadata)\n      } else {\n        log.error(code, metadata)\n      }\n    }\n  },\n}\n```\n\n### References\nRelated documentation:\n- https://next-auth.js.org/warnings#debug_enabled\n- https://next-auth.js.org/configuration/options#logger \n- https://next-auth.js.org/getting-started/upgrade-v4\n\n### For more information\nIf you have any concerns, we request responsible disclosure, outlined here: https://next-auth.js.org/security#reporting-a-vulnerability\n\n### Timeline\nThe issue was reported 18th of July, a response was sent out in less than 20 minutes and after identifying the issue a patch was published within a week.",
  "id": "GHSA-p6mm-27gq-9v3p",
  "modified": "2022-08-06T05:29:45Z",
  "published": "2022-08-06T05:29:45Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/nextauthjs/next-auth/security/advisories/GHSA-p6mm-27gq-9v3p"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-31186"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/nextauthjs/next-auth"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://next-auth.js.org/configuration/options#logger"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://next-auth.js.org/getting-started/upgrade-v4"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://next-auth.js.org/warnings#debug_enabled"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "next-auth before v4.10.2 and v3.29.9 leaks excessive information into log"
}

GHSA-P737-P57G-4CPR

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-03-25 19:20 – Updated: 2022-03-25 19:20
VLAI
Summary
Insertion of Sensitive Information into Log File in Jupyter notebook
Details

Impact

What kind of vulnerability is it?

Anytime a 5xx error is triggered, the auth cookie and other header values are recorded in Jupyter Server logs by default. Considering these logs do not require root access, an attacker can monitor these logs, steal sensitive auth/cookie information, and gain access to the Jupyter server.

Patches

Has the problem been patched? What versions should users upgrade to?

Upgrade to Jupyter Server version 1.15.4

For more information

If you have any questions or comments about this advisory, or vulnerabilities to report, please email our security list security@ipython.org.

Credit: @3coins for reporting. Thank you!

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "jupyter-server"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.15.4"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-24757"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-532"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2022-03-25T19:20:39Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-03-23T21:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "### Impact\n_What kind of vulnerability is it?_\n\nAnytime a 5xx error is triggered, the auth cookie and other header values are recorded in Jupyter Server logs by default. Considering these logs do not require root access, an attacker can monitor these logs, steal sensitive auth/cookie information, and gain access to the Jupyter server.\n\n### Patches\n_Has the problem been patched? What versions should users upgrade to?_\n\nUpgrade to Jupyter Server version 1.15.4\n\n### For more information\n\nIf you have any questions or comments about this advisory, or vulnerabilities to report, please email our security list [security@ipython.org](mailto:security@ipython.org).\n\nCredit: @3coins for reporting. Thank you!\n\n",
  "id": "GHSA-p737-p57g-4cpr",
  "modified": "2022-03-25T19:20:39Z",
  "published": "2022-03-25T19:20:39Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/jupyter-server/jupyter_server/security/advisories/GHSA-p737-p57g-4cpr"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-24757"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/jupyter-server/jupyter_server/commit/a5683aca0b0e412672ac6218d09f74d44ca0de5a"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/jupyter-server/jupyter_server"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/jupyter-server/PYSEC-2022-179.yaml"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Insertion of Sensitive Information into Log File in Jupyter notebook"
}

GHSA-P77H-Q5M6-CRXC

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-02-16 21:30 – Updated: 2023-02-24 21:30
VLAI
Details

An insertion of sensitive information into log file vulnerability [CWE-532] in the FortiPortal management interface 7.0.0 through 7.0.2 may allow a remote authenticated attacker to read other devices' passwords in the audit log page.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-43954"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-532"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-02-16T19:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "An insertion of sensitive information into log file vulnerability [CWE-532] in the FortiPortal management interface 7.0.0 through 7.0.2 may allow a remote authenticated attacker to read other devices\u0027 passwords in the audit log page.",
  "id": "GHSA-p77h-q5m6-crxc",
  "modified": "2023-02-24T21:30:17Z",
  "published": "2023-02-16T21:30:28Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-43954"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://fortiguard.com/psirt/FG-IR-22-430"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design Implementation

Consider seriously the sensitivity of the information written into log files. Do not write secrets into the log files.

Mitigation
Distribution

Remove debug log files before deploying the application into production.

Mitigation
Operation

Protect log files against unauthorized read/write.

Mitigation
Implementation

Adjust configurations appropriately when software is transitioned from a debug state to production.

CAPEC-215: Fuzzing for application mapping

An attacker sends random, malformed, or otherwise unexpected messages to a target application and observes the application's log or error messages returned. The attacker does not initially know how a target will respond to individual messages but by attempting a large number of message variants they may find a variant that trigger's desired behavior. In this attack, the purpose of the fuzzing is to observe the application's log and error messages, although fuzzing a target can also sometimes cause the target to enter an unstable state, causing a crash.