Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-352

Allowed

Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF)

Abstraction: Compound · Status: Stable

API response cwe.mitre.org

The web application does not, or cannot, sufficiently verify whether a request was intentionally provided by the user who sent the request, which could have originated from an unauthorized actor.

14159 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-6W47-R8R6-RG62

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-06-14 06:34 – Updated: 2024-07-03 18:45
VLAI
Details

The Inquiry cart WordPress plugin through 3.4.2 does not have CSRF check in some places, and is missing sanitisation as well as escaping, which could allow attackers to make logged in admin add Stored XSS payloads via a CSRF attack

Severity
6.1 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-5155"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-352"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-06-14T06:15:13Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The Inquiry cart WordPress plugin through 3.4.2 does not have CSRF check in some places, and is missing sanitisation as well as escaping, which could allow attackers to make logged in admin add Stored XSS payloads via a CSRF attack",
  "id": "GHSA-6w47-r8r6-rg62",
  "modified": "2024-07-03T18:45:19Z",
  "published": "2024-06-14T06:34:49Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-5155"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://wpscan.com/vulnerability/f1e90a8a-d959-4316-a5d4-e183854944bd"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-6W48-349X-P9MC

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-08-10 09:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 06:46
VLAI
Details

The Realia plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Cross-Site Request Forgery in versions up to, and including, 1.4.0. This is due to missing nonce validation on the 'process_change_profile_form' function. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to change user email via a forged request granted they can trick a site administrator into performing an action such as clicking on a link.

Severity
8.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-4277"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-352"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-08-10T07:15:37Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The Realia plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Cross-Site Request Forgery in versions up to, and including, 1.4.0. This is due to missing nonce validation on the \u0027process_change_profile_form\u0027 function. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to change user email via a forged request granted they can trick a site administrator into performing an action such as clicking on a link.",
  "id": "GHSA-6w48-349x-p9mc",
  "modified": "2024-04-04T06:46:46Z",
  "published": "2023-08-10T09:30:51Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-4277"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/realia/tags/1.4.0/includes/post-types/class-realia-post-type-user.php#L112"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/06f33e18-0bdd-4c56-a8df-fc1969b9ecf8?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-6W4J-QM3C-H3VJ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-11-24 21:31 – Updated: 2025-11-24 21:31
VLAI
Details

Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in the OAuth implementation of the Tuya SDK 6.5.0 for Android and iOS, affects the Tuya Smart and Smartlife mobile applications, as well as other third-party applications that integrate the SDK, allows an attacker to link their own Amazon Alexa account to a victim's Tuya account. The applications fail to validate the OAuth state parameter during the account linking flow, enabling a cross-site request forgery (CSRF)-like attack. By tricking the victim into clicking a crafted authorization link, an attacker can complete the OAuth flow on the victim's behalf, resulting in unauthorized Alexa access to the victim's Tuya-connected devices. This affects users regardless of prior Alexa linkage and does not require the Tuya application to be active at the time. Successful exploitation may allow remote control of devices such as cameras, doorbells, door locks, or alarms.

Severity
8.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-56400"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-352"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-11-24T20:15:49Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in the OAuth implementation of the Tuya SDK 6.5.0 for Android and iOS, affects the Tuya Smart and Smartlife mobile applications, as well as other third-party applications that integrate the SDK, allows an attacker to link their own Amazon Alexa account to a victim\u0027s Tuya account. The applications fail to validate the OAuth state parameter during the account linking flow, enabling a cross-site request forgery (CSRF)-like attack. By tricking the victim into clicking a crafted authorization link, an attacker can complete the OAuth flow on the victim\u0027s behalf, resulting in unauthorized Alexa access to the victim\u0027s Tuya-connected devices. This affects users regardless of prior Alexa linkage and does not require the Tuya application to be active at the time. Successful exploitation may allow remote control of devices such as cameras, doorbells, door locks, or alarms.",
  "id": "GHSA-6w4j-qm3c-h3vj",
  "modified": "2025-11-24T21:31:00Z",
  "published": "2025-11-24T21:31:00Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-56400"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://src.tuya.com/announcement/30"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://tuya.com"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-6W4P-849Q-7MR4

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-02 03:27 – Updated: 2025-04-09 04:09
VLAI
Details

Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in IPplan 4.91a allows remote attackers to hijack the authentication of administrators for requests that (1) change the password, (2) add users, or (3) delete users via unknown vectors.

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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2009-1733"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-352"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2009-05-20T19:30:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in IPplan 4.91a allows remote attackers to hijack the authentication of administrators for requests that (1) change the password, (2) add users, or (3) delete users via unknown vectors.",
  "id": "GHSA-6w4p-849q-7mr4",
  "modified": "2025-04-09T04:09:57Z",
  "published": "2022-05-02T03:27:54Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2009-1733"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/50632"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://holisticinfosec.org/content/view/113/45"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://osvdb.org/54601"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/34985"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-6W4X-GCX3-8P7V

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-01-14 15:25 – Updated: 2025-05-20 21:06
VLAI
Summary
TYPO3 Cross-Site Request Forgery in Backend User Module
Details

Problem

A vulnerability has been identified in the backend user interface functionality involving deep links. Specifically, this functionality is susceptible to Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF). Additionally, state-changing actions in downstream components incorrectly accepted submissions via HTTP GET and did not enforce the appropriate HTTP method.

Successful exploitation of this vulnerability requires the victim to have an active session on the backend user interface and to be deceived into interacting with a malicious URL targeting the backend, which can occur under the following conditions:

  • the user opens a malicious link, such as one sent via email.
  • the user visits a compromised or manipulated website while the following settings are misconfigured:
  • security.backend.enforceReferrer feature is disabled,
  • BE/cookieSameSite configuration is set to lax or none

The vulnerability in the affected downstream component “Backend User Module” allows attackers to initiate password resets for other backend users or to terminate their user sessions.

Solution

Update to TYPO3 versions 11.5.42 ELTS, 12.4.25 LTS, 13.4.3 LTS that fix the problem described.

Credits

Thanks to Gabriel Dimitrov who reported this issue and to TYPO3 core and security members Benjamin Franzke, Oliver Hader, Andreas Kienast, Torben Hansen, Elias Häußler who fixed the issue.

Severity
4.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 10.4.47"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "typo3/cms-beuser"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "10.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "10.4.48"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 11.5.41"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "typo3/cms-beuser"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "11.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "11.5.42"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 12.4.24"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "typo3/cms-beuser"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "12.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "12.4.25"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 13.4.2"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "typo3/cms-beuser"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "13.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "13.4.3"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-55894"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-352",
      "CWE-749"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2025-01-14T15:25:04Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-01-14T20:15:29Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Problem\nA vulnerability has been identified in the backend user interface functionality involving deep links. Specifically, this functionality is susceptible to Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF). Additionally, state-changing actions in downstream components incorrectly accepted submissions via HTTP GET and did not enforce the appropriate HTTP method.\n\nSuccessful exploitation of this vulnerability requires the victim to have an active session on the backend user interface and to be deceived into interacting with a malicious URL targeting the backend, which can occur under the following conditions:\n\n* the user opens a malicious link, such as one sent via email.\n* the user visits a compromised or manipulated website while the following settings are misconfigured:\n  + `security.backend.enforceReferrer` feature is disabled,\n  + `BE/cookieSameSite` configuration is set to `lax` or `none`\n\nThe vulnerability in the affected downstream component \u201cBackend User Module\u201d allows attackers to initiate password resets for other backend users or to terminate their user sessions.\n\n### Solution\nUpdate to TYPO3 versions 11.5.42 ELTS, 12.4.25 LTS, 13.4.3 LTS that fix the problem described.\n\n### Credits\nThanks to Gabriel Dimitrov who reported this issue and to TYPO3 core and security members Benjamin Franzke, Oliver Hader, Andreas Kienast, Torben Hansen, Elias H\u00e4u\u00dfler who fixed the issue.",
  "id": "GHSA-6w4x-gcx3-8p7v",
  "modified": "2025-05-20T21:06:02Z",
  "published": "2025-01-14T15:25:04Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/TYPO3/typo3/security/advisories/GHSA-6w4x-gcx3-8p7v"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-55894"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/TYPO3-CMS/beuser/commit/18603efc3a66d3255fdd04eb6bda6b4d6a95abea"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/TYPO3-CMS/beuser/commit/1bb317cb2bc0b2f6ba4f758a088f060b36c67f9d"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/TYPO3-CMS/beuser/commit/4142112a878f8805234729751bc6b9c0091560ab"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/TYPO3-CMS/beuser"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://typo3.org/security/advisory/typo3-core-sa-2025-004"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "TYPO3 Cross-Site Request Forgery in Backend User Module"
}

GHSA-6W59-97J9-2J3X

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-02-07 12:31 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:33
VLAI
Details

Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in blackus3r WP Keyword Monitor allows Stored XSS. This issue affects WP Keyword Monitor: from n/a through 1.0.5.

Severity
7.1 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:L
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-25088"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-352"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-02-07T10:15:14Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in blackus3r WP Keyword Monitor allows Stored XSS. This issue affects WP Keyword Monitor: from n/a through 1.0.5.",
  "id": "GHSA-6w59-97j9-2j3x",
  "modified": "2026-04-01T18:33:34Z",
  "published": "2025-02-07T12:31:17Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-25088"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/wp-keyword-monitor/vulnerability/wordpress-wp-keyword-monitor-plugin-1-0-5-csrf-to-stored-xss-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-6W75-VQQ2-8CJX

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-11-13 00:30 – Updated: 2023-11-16 21:30
VLAI
Details

Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in Amit Agarwal Google XML Sitemap for Images plugin <= 2.1.3 versions.

Severity
4.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-28173"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-352"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-11-12T23:15:09Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in Amit Agarwal Google XML Sitemap for Images plugin \u003c=\u00a02.1.3 versions.",
  "id": "GHSA-6w75-vqq2-8cjx",
  "modified": "2023-11-16T21:30:46Z",
  "published": "2023-11-13T00:30:18Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-28173"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/google-image-sitemap/wordpress-google-xml-sitemap-for-images-plugin-2-1-3-cross-site-request-forgery-csrf-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-6W9V-343P-V4QM

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-11 21:30 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:33
VLAI
Details

Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in Rajesh Kumar WP Bulk Post Duplicator allows Cross Site Request Forgery. This issue affects WP Bulk Post Duplicator: from n/a through 1.2.

Severity
4.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-28884"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-352"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-03-11T21:15:45Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in Rajesh Kumar WP Bulk Post Duplicator allows Cross Site Request Forgery. This issue affects WP Bulk Post Duplicator: from n/a through 1.2.",
  "id": "GHSA-6w9v-343p-v4qm",
  "modified": "2026-04-01T18:33:56Z",
  "published": "2025-03-11T21:30:39Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-28884"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/wp-bulk-post-duplicator/vulnerability/wordpress-wp-bulk-post-duplicator-plugin-1-2-cross-site-request-forgery-csrf-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-6WF6-QG7H-HJM4

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:44 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:44
VLAI
Details

Lack of CSRF checks in the ActiveCampaign WordPress plugin, versions before 8.0.2, on its Settings form, which could allow attacker to make a logged-in administrator change API Credentials to attacker's account.

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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-24133"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-352"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-03-18T15:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Lack of CSRF checks in the ActiveCampaign WordPress plugin, versions before 8.0.2, on its Settings form, which could allow attacker to make a logged-in administrator change API Credentials to attacker\u0027s account.",
  "id": "GHSA-6wf6-qg7h-hjm4",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T17:44:49Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:44:49Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-24133"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://wpscan.com/vulnerability/a72a5be4-654b-496f-94cd-3814c0e40120"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-6WG5-MM2M-G6R6

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-08-14 12:30 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:35
VLAI
Details

Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in motov.net Ebook Store allows Cross Site Request Forgery. This issue affects Ebook Store: from n/a through 5.8013.

Severity
4.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-54702"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-352"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-08-14T11:15:52Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in motov.net Ebook Store allows Cross Site Request Forgery. This issue affects Ebook Store: from n/a through 5.8013.",
  "id": "GHSA-6wg5-mm2m-g6r6",
  "modified": "2026-04-01T18:35:51Z",
  "published": "2025-08-14T12:30:26Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-54702"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/ebook-store/vulnerability/wordpress-ebook-store-plugin-plugin-5-8013-cross-site-request-forgery-csrf-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}
Mitigation MIT-4
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

  • Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
  • For example, use anti-CSRF packages such as the OWASP CSRFGuard. [REF-330]
  • Another example is the ESAPI Session Management control, which includes a component for CSRF. [REF-45]
Mitigation
Implementation

Ensure that the application is free of cross-site scripting issues (CWE-79), because most CSRF defenses can be bypassed using attacker-controlled script.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Generate a unique nonce for each form, place the nonce into the form, and verify the nonce upon receipt of the form. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330). [REF-332]

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Identify especially dangerous operations. When the user performs a dangerous operation, send a separate confirmation request to ensure that the user intended to perform that operation.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • Use the "double-submitted cookie" method as described by Felten and Zeller:
  • When a user visits a site, the site should generate a pseudorandom value and set it as a cookie on the user's machine. The site should require every form submission to include this value as a form value and also as a cookie value. When a POST request is sent to the site, the request should only be considered valid if the form value and the cookie value are the same.
  • Because of the same-origin policy, an attacker cannot read or modify the value stored in the cookie. To successfully submit a form on behalf of the user, the attacker would have to correctly guess the pseudorandom value. If the pseudorandom value is cryptographically strong, this will be prohibitively difficult.
  • This technique requires Javascript, so it may not work for browsers that have Javascript disabled. [REF-331]
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Do not use the GET method for any request that triggers a state change.

Mitigation
Implementation

Check the HTTP Referer header to see if the request originated from an expected page. This could break legitimate functionality, because users or proxies may have disabled sending the Referer for privacy reasons.

CAPEC-111: JSON Hijacking (aka JavaScript Hijacking)

An attacker targets a system that uses JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) as a transport mechanism between the client and the server (common in Web 2.0 systems using AJAX) to steal possibly confidential information transmitted from the server back to the client inside the JSON object by taking advantage of the loophole in the browser's Same Origin Policy that does not prohibit JavaScript from one website to be included and executed in the context of another website.

CAPEC-462: Cross-Domain Search Timing

An attacker initiates cross domain HTTP / GET requests and times the server responses. The timing of these responses may leak important information on what is happening on the server. Browser's same origin policy prevents the attacker from directly reading the server responses (in the absence of any other weaknesses), but does not prevent the attacker from timing the responses to requests that the attacker issued cross domain.

CAPEC-467: Cross Site Identification

An attacker harvests identifying information about a victim via an active session that the victim's browser has with a social networking site. A victim may have the social networking site open in one tab or perhaps is simply using the "remember me" feature to keep their session with the social networking site active. An attacker induces a payload to execute in the victim's browser that transparently to the victim initiates a request to the social networking site (e.g., via available social network site APIs) to retrieve identifying information about a victim. While some of this information may be public, the attacker is able to harvest this information in context and may use it for further attacks on the user (e.g., spear phishing).

CAPEC-62: Cross Site Request Forgery

An attacker crafts malicious web links and distributes them (via web pages, email, etc.), typically in a targeted manner, hoping to induce users to click on the link and execute the malicious action against some third-party application. If successful, the action embedded in the malicious link will be processed and accepted by the targeted application with the users' privilege level. This type of attack leverages the persistence and implicit trust placed in user session cookies by many web applications today. In such an architecture, once the user authenticates to an application and a session cookie is created on the user's system, all following transactions for that session are authenticated using that cookie including potential actions initiated by an attacker and simply "riding" the existing session cookie.

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