Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-352

Allowed

Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF)

Abstraction: Compound · Status: Stable

The web application does not, or cannot, sufficiently verify whether a request was intentionally provided by the user who sent the request, which could have originated from an unauthorized actor.

14228 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-5536-VJQW-29VH

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-07-26 00:01 – Updated: 2022-08-02 00:00
VLAI
Details

A vulnerability exists in the HTTP web interface where the web interface does not sufficiently verify if a well-formed, valid, consistent request was intentionally provided by the user who submitted the request. This cause a Cross Site Request Forgery (CSRF), which if exploited could lead an attacker to gain unauthorized access to the web application and perform an unwanted operation on it without the knowledge of the legitimate user. An attacker, who successfully makes an MSM user who has already established a session to MSM web interface clicks a forged link to the MSM web interface, e.g., link is sent per E-Mail, could perform harmful command on MSM through its web server interface. This issue affects: Hitachi Energy MSM V2.2 and prior versions.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-40335"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-352"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-07-25T15:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability exists in the HTTP web interface where the web interface does not sufficiently verify if a well-formed, valid, consistent request was intentionally provided by the user who submitted the request. This cause a Cross Site Request Forgery (CSRF), which if exploited could lead an attacker to gain unauthorized access to the web application and perform an unwanted operation on it without the knowledge of the legitimate user. An attacker, who successfully makes an MSM user who has already established a session to MSM web interface clicks a forged link to the MSM web interface, e.g., link is sent per E-Mail, could perform harmful command on MSM through its web server interface. This issue affects: Hitachi Energy MSM V2.2 and prior versions.",
  "id": "GHSA-5536-vjqw-29vh",
  "modified": "2022-08-02T00:00:25Z",
  "published": "2022-07-26T00:01:05Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-40335"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://search.abb.com/library/Download.aspx?DocumentID=8DBD000085\u0026LanguageCode=en\u0026DocumentPartId=\u0026Action=Launch"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-553Q-P66Q-XFMV

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-19 18:31 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:32
VLAI
Details

Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in jcmlmorav Advanced PDF Generator allows Stored XSS.This issue affects Advanced PDF Generator: from n/a through 0.4.0.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-51641"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-352"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-11-19T17:15:20Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in jcmlmorav Advanced PDF Generator allows Stored XSS.This issue affects Advanced PDF Generator: from n/a through 0.4.0.",
  "id": "GHSA-553q-p66q-xfmv",
  "modified": "2026-04-01T18:32:29Z",
  "published": "2024-11-19T18:31:01Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-51641"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/advanced-pdf-generator/vulnerability/wordpress-advanced-pdf-generator-plugin-0-4-0-csrf-to-stored-xss-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/advanced-pdf-generator/wordpress-advanced-pdf-generator-plugin-0-4-0-csrf-to-stored-xss-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-556Q-H4VR-PGH2

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 02:47 – Updated: 2023-01-14 05:30
VLAI
Summary
CakePHP might allow remote attackers to bypass CSRF protection mechanism via the _method parameter
Details

CakePHP 2.x and 3.x before 3.1.5 might allow remote attackers to bypass the CSRF protection mechanism via the _method parameter.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "cakephp/cakephp"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "2.0.0-alpha"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "3.1.5"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2015-8379"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-352"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2023-01-14T05:30:24Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2016-01-26T19:59:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "CakePHP 2.x and 3.x before 3.1.5 might allow remote attackers to bypass the CSRF protection mechanism via the `_method` parameter.",
  "id": "GHSA-556q-h4vr-pgh2",
  "modified": "2023-01-14T05:30:24Z",
  "published": "2022-05-14T02:47:10Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2015-8379"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/cakephp/cakephp/commit/0f818a23a876c01429196bf7623e1e94a50230f0"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/cakephp/cakephp"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://bakery.cakephp.org/2015/11/29/cakephp_315_released.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://blog.mindedsecurity.com/2016/01/request-parameter-method-may-lead-to.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://karmainsecurity.com/KIS-2016-01"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/135301/CakePHP-3.2.0-CSRF-Bypass.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2016/Jan/42"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/1/537317/100/0/threaded"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "CakePHP might allow remote attackers to bypass CSRF protection mechanism via the _method parameter"
}

GHSA-557P-6HF2-6Q66

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-03-16 03:30 – Updated: 2026-04-28 21:34
VLAI
Details

Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in Pixelemu TerraClassifieds.This issue affects TerraClassifieds: from n/a through 2.0.3.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-51474"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-352"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-03-16T02:15:07Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in Pixelemu TerraClassifieds.This issue affects TerraClassifieds: from n/a through 2.0.3.",
  "id": "GHSA-557p-6hf2-6q66",
  "modified": "2026-04-28T21:34:05Z",
  "published": "2024-03-16T03:30:59Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-51474"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/terraclassifieds/wordpress-terraclassifieds-plugin-2-0-3-cross-site-request-forgery-csrf-to-account-takeover-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-558H-HVGQ-6V4X

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:02 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:02
VLAI
Details

Intelbras Router RF 301K Firmware 1.1.2 is vulnerable to Cross Site Request Forgery (CSRF) due to lack of security mechanisms for token protection and unsafe inputs and modules.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-32403"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-352"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-05-17T13:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Intelbras Router RF 301K Firmware 1.1.2 is vulnerable to Cross Site Request Forgery (CSRF) due to lack of security mechanisms for token protection and unsafe inputs and modules.",
  "id": "GHSA-558h-hvgq-6v4x",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T19:02:38Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T19:02:38Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-32403"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Ed-2xBFG3M"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/163023/Intelbras-Router-RF-301K-Cross-Site-Request-Forgery.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-558V-R8M2-HMJM

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-02 00:31 – Updated: 2026-04-02 00:31
VLAI
Details

IBM DataPower Gateway 10.6CD 10.6.1.0 through 10.6.5.0 and IBM DataPower Gateway 10.5.0 10.5.0.0 through 10.5.0.20 and IBM DataPower Gateway 10.6.0 10.6.0.0 through 10.6.0.8 IBM DataPower Gateway is vulnerable to cross-site request forgery which could allow an attacker to execute malicious and unauthorized actions transmitted from a user that the website trusts.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-36375"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-352"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-04-01T23:17:01Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "IBM DataPower Gateway 10.6CD 10.6.1.0 through 10.6.5.0 and IBM DataPower Gateway 10.5.0 10.5.0.0 through 10.5.0.20 and IBM DataPower Gateway 10.6.0 10.6.0.0 through 10.6.0.8 IBM DataPower Gateway is vulnerable to cross-site request forgery which could allow an attacker to execute malicious and unauthorized actions transmitted from a user that the website trusts.",
  "id": "GHSA-558v-r8m2-hmjm",
  "modified": "2026-04-02T00:31:04Z",
  "published": "2026-04-02T00:31:04Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-36375"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7268034"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-55CQ-CX6M-HV36

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-09 18:30 – Updated: 2026-01-20 15:32
VLAI
Details

Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in kubiq PDF Thumbnail Generator pdf-thumbnail-generator allows Cross Site Request Forgery.This issue affects PDF Thumbnail Generator: from n/a through <= 1.4.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-67469"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-352"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-12-09T16:18:23Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in kubiq PDF Thumbnail Generator pdf-thumbnail-generator allows Cross Site Request Forgery.This issue affects PDF Thumbnail Generator: from n/a through \u003c= 1.4.",
  "id": "GHSA-55cq-cx6m-hv36",
  "modified": "2026-01-20T15:32:05Z",
  "published": "2025-12-09T18:30:41Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-67469"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/pdf-thumbnail-generator/vulnerability/wordpress-pdf-thumbnail-generator-plugin-1-4-cross-site-request-forgery-csrf-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vdp.patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/pdf-thumbnail-generator/vulnerability/wordpress-pdf-thumbnail-generator-plugin-1-4-cross-site-request-forgery-csrf-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-55FH-CHPW-5Q5R

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 00:48 – Updated: 2022-05-17 00:48
VLAI
Details

Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in IBM Security Identity Manager 5.1, 6.0, and 7.0 allows remote attackers to hijack the authentication of users for requests that can cause cross-site scripting attacks, web cache poisoning, or other unspecified impacts via unknown vectors.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2014-6106"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-352"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2017-09-18T15:29:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in IBM Security Identity Manager 5.1, 6.0, and 7.0 allows remote attackers to hijack the authentication of users for requests that can cause cross-site scripting attacks, web cache poisoning, or other unspecified impacts via unknown vectors.",
  "id": "GHSA-55fh-chpw-5q5r",
  "modified": "2022-05-17T00:48:29Z",
  "published": "2022-05-17T00:48:29Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2014-6106"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/96145"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg21698020"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/73167"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-55Q7-VV45-8QX5

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 03:58 – Updated: 2022-05-17 03:58
VLAI
Details

Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability on BUFFALO BHR-4GRV2 devices with firmware 1.04 and earlier, WEX-300 devices with firmware 1.90 and earlier, WHR-1166DHP devices with firmware 1.90 and earlier, WHR-300HP2 devices with firmware 1.90 and earlier, WHR-600D devices with firmware 1.90 and earlier, WMR-300 devices with firmware 1.90 and earlier, WMR-433 devices with firmware 1.01 and earlier, and WSR-1166DHP devices with firmware 1.01 and earlier allows remote attackers to hijack the authentication of arbitrary users.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2016-1134"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-352"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2016-01-22T11:59:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability on BUFFALO BHR-4GRV2 devices with firmware 1.04 and earlier, WEX-300 devices with firmware 1.90 and earlier, WHR-1166DHP devices with firmware 1.90 and earlier, WHR-300HP2 devices with firmware 1.90 and earlier, WHR-600D devices with firmware 1.90 and earlier, WMR-300 devices with firmware 1.90 and earlier, WMR-433 devices with firmware 1.01 and earlier, and WSR-1166DHP devices with firmware 1.01 and earlier allows remote attackers to hijack the authentication of arbitrary users.",
  "id": "GHSA-55q7-vv45-8qx5",
  "modified": "2022-05-17T03:58:17Z",
  "published": "2022-05-17T03:58:17Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-1134"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://jvn.jp/en/jp/JVN09268287/index.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://jvndb.jvn.jp/jvndb/JVNDB-2016-000005"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-55QG-F678-JCG9

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-15 15:30 – Updated: 2024-10-15 18:30
VLAI
Details

Phpgurukul User Registration & Login and User Management System 3.2 is vulnerable to Cross Site Request Forgery (CSRF) via /edit-profile.php.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-48278"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-352"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-10-15T13:15:11Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Phpgurukul User Registration \u0026 Login and User Management System 3.2 is vulnerable to Cross Site Request Forgery (CSRF) via /edit-profile.php.",
  "id": "GHSA-55qg-f678-jcg9",
  "modified": "2024-10-15T18:30:49Z",
  "published": "2024-10-15T15:30:54Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-48278"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/m14r41/Writeups/blob/main/CVE/phpGurukul/User%20Registration%20%26%20Login%20and%20User%20Management%20System%20With%20admin%20panel/CSRF%20-%20Profile.md"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

Mitigation MIT-4
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

  • Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
  • For example, use anti-CSRF packages such as the OWASP CSRFGuard. [REF-330]
  • Another example is the ESAPI Session Management control, which includes a component for CSRF. [REF-45]
Mitigation
Implementation

Ensure that the application is free of cross-site scripting issues (CWE-79), because most CSRF defenses can be bypassed using attacker-controlled script.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Generate a unique nonce for each form, place the nonce into the form, and verify the nonce upon receipt of the form. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330). [REF-332]

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Identify especially dangerous operations. When the user performs a dangerous operation, send a separate confirmation request to ensure that the user intended to perform that operation.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • Use the "double-submitted cookie" method as described by Felten and Zeller:
  • When a user visits a site, the site should generate a pseudorandom value and set it as a cookie on the user's machine. The site should require every form submission to include this value as a form value and also as a cookie value. When a POST request is sent to the site, the request should only be considered valid if the form value and the cookie value are the same.
  • Because of the same-origin policy, an attacker cannot read or modify the value stored in the cookie. To successfully submit a form on behalf of the user, the attacker would have to correctly guess the pseudorandom value. If the pseudorandom value is cryptographically strong, this will be prohibitively difficult.
  • This technique requires Javascript, so it may not work for browsers that have Javascript disabled. [REF-331]
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Do not use the GET method for any request that triggers a state change.

Mitigation
Implementation

Check the HTTP Referer header to see if the request originated from an expected page. This could break legitimate functionality, because users or proxies may have disabled sending the Referer for privacy reasons.

CAPEC-111: JSON Hijacking (aka JavaScript Hijacking)

An attacker targets a system that uses JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) as a transport mechanism between the client and the server (common in Web 2.0 systems using AJAX) to steal possibly confidential information transmitted from the server back to the client inside the JSON object by taking advantage of the loophole in the browser's Same Origin Policy that does not prohibit JavaScript from one website to be included and executed in the context of another website.

CAPEC-462: Cross-Domain Search Timing

An attacker initiates cross domain HTTP / GET requests and times the server responses. The timing of these responses may leak important information on what is happening on the server. Browser's same origin policy prevents the attacker from directly reading the server responses (in the absence of any other weaknesses), but does not prevent the attacker from timing the responses to requests that the attacker issued cross domain.

CAPEC-467: Cross Site Identification

An attacker harvests identifying information about a victim via an active session that the victim's browser has with a social networking site. A victim may have the social networking site open in one tab or perhaps is simply using the "remember me" feature to keep their session with the social networking site active. An attacker induces a payload to execute in the victim's browser that transparently to the victim initiates a request to the social networking site (e.g., via available social network site APIs) to retrieve identifying information about a victim. While some of this information may be public, the attacker is able to harvest this information in context and may use it for further attacks on the user (e.g., spear phishing).

CAPEC-62: Cross Site Request Forgery

An attacker crafts malicious web links and distributes them (via web pages, email, etc.), typically in a targeted manner, hoping to induce users to click on the link and execute the malicious action against some third-party application. If successful, the action embedded in the malicious link will be processed and accepted by the targeted application with the users' privilege level. This type of attack leverages the persistence and implicit trust placed in user session cookies by many web applications today. In such an architecture, once the user authenticates to an application and a session cookie is created on the user's system, all following transactions for that session are authenticated using that cookie including potential actions initiated by an attacker and simply "riding" the existing session cookie.