CWE-248

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "NuGet",
        "name": "CoreWCF.Kafka"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.8.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "NuGet",
        "name": "CoreWCF.Kafka"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "1.9.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.9.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-54775"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-248",
      "CWE-754",
      "CWE-755"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-06-19T20:46:49Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Impact\nA CoreWCF service is running and listening on a Kafka topic receiving a null-value record will stop processing new records from that topic.\n\n#### Preconditions\nThe attacker has produce/write permission on a topic that CoreWCF is consuming from. If the broker permits anonymous publishes, no authentication is required. \n\n### Patches\nFixed in CoreWCF v1.8.1 and v1.9.1\n\n### Workarounds\nOnly allow authenticated writes to a topic",
  "id": "GHSA-m744-jhq9-ppw6",
  "modified": "2026-06-19T20:46:49Z",
  "published": "2026-06-19T20:46:49Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/CoreWCF/CoreWCF/security/advisories/GHSA-m744-jhq9-ppw6"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/CoreWCF/CoreWCF"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "CoreWCF: Kafka consume pump halts permanently on a Kafka tombstone (null-value record), causing persistent endpoint denial of service."
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "crates.io",
        "name": "wasmtime"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "24.0.7"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "crates.io",
        "name": "wasmtime"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "25.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "36.0.7"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "crates.io",
        "name": "wasmtime"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "37.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "42.0.2"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "crates.io",
        "name": "wasmtime"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "43.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "43.0.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ],
      "versions": [
        "43.0.0"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-34943"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-248"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-04-09T20:22:34Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-04-09T19:16:24Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Impact\n\nWasmtime contains a possible panic which can happen when a `flags`-typed component model value is lifted with the `Val` type. If bits are set outside of the set of flags the component model specifies that these bits should be ignored but Wasmtime will panic when this value is lifted. This panic only affects wasmtime\u0027s implementation of lifting into `Val`, not when using the `flags!` macro. This additionally only affects `flags`-typed values which are part of a WIT interface. \n\nThis has the risk of being a guest-controlled panic within the host which Wasmtime considers a DoS vector.\n\n### Patches\n\nWasmtime 24.0.7, 36.0.7, 42.0.2, and 43.0.1 have been issued to fix this bug. Users are recommended to update to these patched versions of Wasmtime.\n\n### Workarounds\n\nThere is no workaround for this bug if a host meets the criteria to be affected. To be affected a host must be using `wasmtime::component::Val` and possibly work with a `flags` type in the component model.",
  "id": "GHSA-m758-wjhj-p3jq",
  "modified": "2026-04-24T21:03:43Z",
  "published": "2026-04-09T20:22:34Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/bytecodealliance/wasmtime/security/advisories/GHSA-m758-wjhj-p3jq"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-34943"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/bytecodealliance/wasmtime"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://rustsec.org/advisories/RUSTSEC-2026-0085.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:P/PR:H/UI:A/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Wasmtime has a possible panic when lifting `flags` component value"
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "getgrav/grav"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.8.0-beta.27"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-66305"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-248"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2025-12-02T00:46:05Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-12-01T22:15:50Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "**Endpoint**: `admin/config/system`  \n**Submenu**: `Languages`  \n**Parameter**: `Supported`  \n**Application**: Grav v 1.7.48\n\n---\n\n## Summary\n\nA Denial of Service (DoS) vulnerability was identified in the **\"Languages\"** submenu of the Grav **admin configuration panel** (`/admin/config/system`). Specifically, the `Supported` parameter fails to properly validate user input. If a malformed value is inserted\u2014such as a single forward slash (`/`) or an XSS test string\u2014it causes a fatal regular expression parsing error on the server.\n\nThis leads to application-wide failure due to the use of the `preg_match()` function with an **improperly constructed regular expression**, resulting in the following error:\n\n`preg_match(): Unknown modifier \u0027o\u0027 File: /system/src/Grav/Common/Language/Language.php line 244`\n\nOnce triggered, the site becomes completely unavailable to all users.\n\n---\n\n## Details\n\n- **Vulnerable Endpoint**: `POST /admin/config/system`\n    \n- **Submenu**: `Languages`\n    \n- **Parameter**: `Supported`  \n    \n\nThe application dynamically constructs a regular expression using the contents of the `Supported` field without escaping the input using `preg_quote()` or proper validation. This allows attackers to inject invalid syntax into the regex engine, crashing the application during language resolution.\n\n**Stack trace excerpt**:\n\n`Whoops \\ Exception \\ ErrorException (E_WARNING) preg_match(): Unknown modifier \u0027o\u0027 /system/src/Grav/Common/Language/Language.php244`\n\n---\n\n## Proof of Concept (PoC)\n\n### Payloads:\n\n`/ `\n\n### Steps to Reproduce:\n\n1. Log into the Grav Admin Panel.\n    \n2. Navigate to: **Configuration** \u2192 **System** \u2192 **Languages**.\n    \n3. Locate the `Supported` field.\n    \n4. Insert one of the payloads above (e.g., a single slash `/`).\n    \n5. Click **Save**.\n\n\u003cimg width=\"1897\" height=\"639\" alt=\"Pasted image 20250719183223\" src=\"https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/d3a54a20-d30d-46c6-9015-722f80701cfb\" /\u003e\n\n1. Observe: All pages in the application begin throwing a fatal error and become inaccessible.\n\n\u003cimg width=\"1802\" height=\"998\" alt=\"Pasted image 20250719175229\" src=\"https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/b16750c2-507f-4c30-a9bb-d07fa92bb777\" /\u003e\n\n---\n\n## Impact\n\n- Application-wide Denial of Service (DoS)\n    \n- All login and admin views crash with the same error\n    \n- Potentially exploitable by:\n    \n    - Admin panel users\n        \n    - CSRF if misconfigured        \n    \n\n---\n\n## References\n\n- **CWE-1333**: Improper Regular Expression\n    \n- **CWE-20**: Improper Input Validation\n\n\n## Discoverer\n\n[Marcelo Queiroz](www.linkedin.com/in/marceloqueirozjr) \n\nby [CVE-Hunters](https://github.com/Sec-Dojo-Cyber-House/cve-hunters)",
  "id": "GHSA-m8vh-v6r6-w7p6",
  "modified": "2025-12-02T00:46:05Z",
  "published": "2025-12-02T00:46:05Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/getgrav/grav/security/advisories/GHSA-m8vh-v6r6-w7p6"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-66305"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/getgrav/grav/commit/ed640a13143c4177af013cf001969ed2c5e197ee"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/getgrav/grav"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Grav vulnerable to Denial of Service via Improper Input Handling in \u0027Supported\u0027 Parameter"
}

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-20664"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-248"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-04-07T04:15:20Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "In wlan AP driver, there is a possible information disclosure due to an uncaught exception. This could lead to remote (proximal/adjacent) information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation. Patch ID: WCNCR00406217; Issue ID: MSV-2773.",
  "id": "GHSA-m9x3-4g44-fw28",
  "modified": "2025-04-07T15:31:16Z",
  "published": "2025-04-07T06:30:27Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-20664"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://corp.mediatek.com/product-security-bulletin/April-2025"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-15796"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-248"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2020-12-14T21:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability has been identified in SIMATIC ET 200SP Open Controller (incl. SIPLUS variants) (V20.8), SIMATIC S7-1500 Software Controller (V20.8). The web server of the affected products contains a vulnerability that could allow a remote attacker to trigger a denial-of-service condition by sending a specially crafted HTTP request.",
  "id": "GHSA-mffw-j524-mrjp",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T17:36:16Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:36:16Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-15796"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/pdf/ssa-700697.pdf"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-49705"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-248"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-04-14T12:15:15Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Internet Starter, one of SoftCOM iKSORIS system modules, is vulnerable to client-side Denial of Servise (DoS) attacks. An attacker might trick a user into using an URL with a d parameter set to an unhandled value. All the subsequent requests will not be accepted as the server returns an error message. Since this parameter is sent as part of a session cookie, the issue persists until the session expires or the user deletes cookies manually.\u00a0\nSimilar effect might be achieved when\u00a0a user tries to change platform language to an unimplemented one.\nThis vulnerability has been patched in version 79.0",
  "id": "GHSA-mhgm-r3r5-6cwp",
  "modified": "2025-10-28T18:30:25Z",
  "published": "2025-04-14T12:30:36Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-49705"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cert.pl/en/posts/2025/04/CVE-2024-10087"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.iksoris.pl/system-rezerwacji-i-sprzedazy-biletow-iksoris.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-20663"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-248"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-04-07T04:15:20Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "In wlan AP driver, there is a possible information disclosure due to an uncaught exception. This could lead to remote (proximal/adjacent) information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation. Patch ID: WCNCR00408868; Issue ID: MSV-3031.",
  "id": "GHSA-mjv8-w698-v8wq",
  "modified": "2025-04-07T15:31:16Z",
  "published": "2025-04-07T06:30:27Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-20663"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://corp.mediatek.com/product-security-bulletin/April-2025"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "crates.io",
        "name": "phonenumber"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0.3.4"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "0.3.6"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-39697"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1284",
      "CWE-248",
      "CWE-392"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2024-07-09T14:13:48Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-07-09T15:15:11Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "### Impact\nThe phonenumber parsing code may panic due to a reachable `assert!` guard on the phonenumber string.\n\nIn a typical deployment of rust-phonenumber, this may get triggered by feeding a maliciously crafted phonenumber, e.g. over the network, specifically strings of the form `+dwPAA;phone-context=AA`, where the \"number\" part potentially parses as a number larger than 2^56.\n\nSince f69abee1/0.3.4/#52.\n\n0.2.x series is not affected.\n\n### Patches\nUpgrade to 0.3.6 or higher.\n\n### Workarounds\nn/a\n\n### References\nWhereas https://github.com/whisperfish/rust-phonenumber/issues/69 did not provide an example code path, property testing found a few: `+dwPAA;phone-context=AA`.\n",
  "id": "GHSA-mjw4-jj88-v687",
  "modified": "2024-11-18T16:26:50Z",
  "published": "2024-07-09T14:13:48Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/whisperfish/rust-phonenumber/security/advisories/GHSA-mjw4-jj88-v687"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-39697"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/whisperfish/rust-phonenumber/issues/69"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/whisperfish/rust-phonenumber/pull/52"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/whisperfish/rust-phonenumber/commit/b792151b17fc90231c232a23935830c2266f3203"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/whisperfish/rust-phonenumber/commit/f69abee1481fac0d6d531407bae90020e39c6407"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/whisperfish/rust-phonenumber"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://rustsec.org/advisories/RUSTSEC-2024-0369.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "panic on parsing crafted phonenumber inputs"
}

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-20754"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-248"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-12-02T03:16:16Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "In Modem, there is a possible system crash due to an incorrect bounds check. This could lead to remote denial of service, if a UE has connected to a rogue base station controlled by the attacker, with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation. Patch ID: MOLY01689251; Issue ID: MSV-4840.",
  "id": "GHSA-mr7r-m37j-hfqc",
  "modified": "2025-12-02T15:30:30Z",
  "published": "2025-12-02T03:31:44Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-20754"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://corp.mediatek.com/product-security-bulletin/December-2025"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "crates.io",
        "name": "nimiq-primitives"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.5.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-46545"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-248"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-05-21T19:50:31Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-06-10T00:16:54Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "### Impact\n\nA remote, unauthenticated denial-of-service vulnerability in `MerkleRadixTrie::put_chunk` allows any state-sync peer to crash any node performing state synchronization (freshly joining nodes and recovering nodes).\n\nA malicious peer can respond to a `RequestChunk` with a `ResponseChunk::Chunk` whose first `TrieItem.key` is the empty (ROOT) key. The chunk passes sorting, range, and Merkle-proof validation, but when `put_raw` tries to store a value at the root node, it calls `TrieNode::put_value(...).unwrap()`, which returns `Err(RootCantHaveValue)` and panics, aborting the node process. The panic fires on the first malicious chunk the victim commits; no rate limit or authentication gate caps the attack.\n\nImpacted: any node running state sync against untrusted peers \u2014 this includes fresh nodes performing initial download and existing nodes recovering from data loss. Honest nodes never construct ROOT-keyed items, so non-syncing operation is unaffected.\n\n### Patches\n\nSee [PR](https://github.com/nimiq/core-rs-albatross/pull/3762).\n\n### Workarounds\n\nThere is no safe in-process workaround: any peer serving state-sync data can trigger the crash and the code path is not guarded by a feature flag.\n\n### Resources\n\n- Fix commit: (link to the merged PR commit, once merged)\n- Affected code: [`primitives/trie/src/trie.rs`](https://github.com/nimiq/core-rs-albatross/blob/albatross/primitives/trie/src/trie.rs) \u2014 `put_chunk` (around line 819) and `put_raw` (around line 351)",
  "id": "GHSA-mw3q-r9wh-h2ff",
  "modified": "2026-06-10T13:41:41Z",
  "published": "2026-05-21T19:50:31Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/nimiq/core-rs-albatross/security/advisories/GHSA-mw3q-r9wh-h2ff"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-46545"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/nimiq/core-rs-albatross/pull/3762"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/nimiq/core-rs-albatross/commit/0fb8766adea91e038af00e635a6eb92756e50172"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/nimiq/core-rs-albatross"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/nimiq/core-rs-albatross/releases/tag/v1.5.0"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "nimiq-primitives: Panic DoS in trie chunk processing via ROOT-keyed item"
}