Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-22
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Stable
The product uses external input to construct a pathname that is intended to identify a file or directory that is located underneath a restricted parent directory, but the product does not properly neutralize special elements within the pathname that can cause the pathname to resolve to a location that is outside of the restricted directory.
13128 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-9145 (GCVE-0-2026-9145)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-02 09:32 – Updated: 2026-07-02 15:54
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Database for Contact Form 7, WPforms, Elementor forms <= 1.5.1 - Unauthenticated Arbitrary File Copy/Upload via Elementor Pro Form Upload Field 'raw_value'
Summary
The Database for Contact Form 7, WPforms, Elementor forms plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Arbitrary File Copy via the create_entry_el() function in versions up to, and including, 1.5.1. The function reads raw_value from Elementor Pro's Form_Record object for upload-type fields and passes it directly to PHP's copy() without validating that the value corresponds to a legitimately uploaded file — when no file is present in $_FILES, raw_value reflects the attacker-controlled POST string. copy() accepts both local filesystem paths and URL sources, so the attacker can target any file readable by the PHP process or supply an attacker-controlled remote URL. Elementor Pro is a prerequisite for triggering the code path (it owns the elementor_pro/forms/new_record hook and populates the Form_Record object), but the bug itself is entirely in Contact Form Entries' handler. This could allow unauthenticated attackers to disclose arbitrary files on the affected site's server. The file is copied to a directory unknown to the attacker; the hashed directory name provides defense-in-depth but is generated from non-cryptographic sources (uniqid() + rand()) and should not be relied upon as the primary mitigation.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| crmperks | Database for Contact Form 7, WPforms, Elementor forms |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 1.5.1
(semver)
|
Credits
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CVE-2026-9129 (GCVE-0-2026-9129)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-20 18:05 – Updated: 2026-05-20 19:28
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Path Traversal in Altium Enterprise Server Viewer StorageController Allows Arbitrary File Read
Summary
A path traversal vulnerability exists in the Altium Enterprise Server Viewer StorageController due to improper handling of file path route parameters. On on-premise deployments that use local filesystem storage, a regular authenticated user can supply a URL-encoded absolute path (such as an encoded drive letter) in a Viewer storage API request, causing the configured storage root to be discarded and allowing arbitrary files to be read from the server filesystem.
Because the readable files include the server's master configuration, which stores database credentials, signing key locations, certificate passwords, and OAuth secrets, exploitation can lead to disclosure of all server secrets and full compromise of the server and its data. Cloud deployments are not affected, as they use object storage and do not enable this component.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Altium | Altium Enterprise Server |
Affected:
0 , < 8.0.4
(semver)
|
Date Public
2026-05-20 21:00
Credits
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CVE-2026-9108 (GCVE-0-2026-9108)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-14 15:09 – Updated: 2026-07-14 15:54
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Studio 5000 Logix Designer® – Multiple Vulnerabilities
Summary
A path traversal security issue exists within Studio 5000 Logix Designer® due to improper limitation of file paths within ACD project files. The software does not sanitize or validate file names embedded in the ACD file structure during the project opening procedure, allowing path traversal sequences to escape the intended extraction directory. If exploited, an attacker could craft a malicious ACD project file that results in arbitrary files being written to attacker-controlled locations on the file system, potentially leading to code execution.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rockwell Automation | Studio 5000 Logix Designer |
Affected:
V36.00, 35.00,35.01, 34.00-34.03, 33.00-33.03, 32.00-32.04 and older
|
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CVE-2026-9102 (GCVE-0-2026-9102)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-20 17:48 – Updated: 2026-05-20 19:30
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Path Traversal in Altium Enterprise Server ComparisonService Allows Arbitrary File Write
Summary
A path traversal vulnerability exists in the Altium Enterprise Server ComparisonService due to missing filename sanitization in the Gerber file upload APIs. A regular authenticated workspace user can supply a crafted filename in the multipart Content-Disposition header to escape the intended temporary upload directory and write arbitrary files to any location on the server filesystem.
Because content-controlled files can be written to web-accessible directories, this can be escalated to remote code execution in the context of the service account. It can also be used to overwrite application binaries or configuration files, leading to service takeover or denial of service.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Altium | Altium Enterprise Server |
Affected:
0 , < 8.0.4
(semver)
|
Date Public
2026-05-20 21:00
Credits
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CVE-2026-9083 (GCVE-0-2026-9083)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-25 16:17 – Updated: 2026-06-26 06:46
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Keycloak: keycloak: information disclosure through arbitrary filesystem path probing
Summary
A flaw was found in Keycloak. A realm administrator with the "manage-realm" role can exploit this vulnerability by submitting an arbitrary filesystem path as a keystore parameter when creating a key provider component. This allows the administrator to probe arbitrary filesystem paths, determining which files exist and are readable by the Keycloak process. This information disclosure could be used to identify high-value targets for follow-on attacks.
Severity
4.9 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:30049 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:30050 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:30083 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:30084 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-9083 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2480168 | issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT |
Impacted products
6 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Red Hat | Red Hat build of Keycloak 26.4 |
Unaffected:
26.4.13-1 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:build_keycloak:26.4::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat build of Keycloak 26.4 |
Unaffected:
26.4-19 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:build_keycloak:26.4::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat build of Keycloak 26.4.13 |
cpe:/a:redhat:build_keycloak:26.4::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat build of Keycloak 26.6 |
Unaffected:
26.6.4-2 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:build_keycloak:26.6::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat build of Keycloak 26.6 |
Unaffected:
26.6-8 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:build_keycloak:26.6::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat build of Keycloak 26.6.4 |
cpe:/a:redhat:build_keycloak:26.6::el9 |
Date Public
2026-06-25 15:58
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CVE-2026-9035 (GCVE-0-2026-9035)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-27 13:21 – Updated: 2026-05-27 14:47
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Multiple vulnerabilities in Aspera applications.
Summary
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Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7273615 | vendor-advisorypatch |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| IBM | Aspera High-Speed Transfer Endpoint |
Affected:
3.7.4 , ≤ 4.4.7 Fix Pack 1
(semver)
cpe:2.3:a:ibm:aspera_high_speed_transfer_endpoint:3.7.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:aspera_high_speed_transfer_endpoint:4.4.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| IBM | Aspera High-Speed Transfer Server |
Affected:
3.7.4 , ≤ 4.4.7 Fix Pack 1
(semver)
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CVE-2026-8859 (GCVE-0-2026-8859)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-17 18:58 – Updated: 2026-07-20 13:24
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Path Traversal in APIRequest Component via Content-Disposition Header
Summary
IBM Langflow OSS 1.0.0 through 1.10.0 Langflow could allow an attacker to write arbitrary files to unintended locations due to improper input validation in the APIRequest component. A path traversal vulnerability exists when the "Save to File" feature is enabled, where filenames extracted from HTTP response Content-Disposition headers are not sanitized before being joined to the temporary directory path. An attacker controlling an external HTTP server can supply crafted filename values containing path traversal sequences (e.g., ../), enabling arbitrary file writes to locations accessible by the Langflow process.
Severity
9.9 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7278924 | vendor-advisorypatch |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| IBM | Langflow OSS |
Affected:
1.0.0 , ≤ 1.10.0
(semver)
cpe:2.3:a:ibm:langflow_oss:1.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:ibm:langflow_oss:1.10.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-8811 (GCVE-0-2026-8811)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-18 09:05 – Updated: 2026-06-18 12:14
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Path traversal in PDF generation module
Summary
SEPPmail versions before 15.0.5 allow improper handling of attachment filenames during encrypted PDF generation. An attacker can exploit this to create new files outside the intended directory, potentially placing files in web-accessible locations.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| SEPPmail AG | Secure Email Gateway |
Affected:
0 , < 15.0.5
(custom)
|
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CVE-2026-8802 (GCVE-0-2026-8802)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-18 10:00 – Updated: 2026-05-18 13:12 X_Open Source
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
opensourcepos Open Source Point of Sale Items.php getPicThumb path traversal
Summary
A vulnerability was detected in opensourcepos Open Source Point of Sale up to 3.4.2. This issue affects the function getPicThumb of the file app/Controllers/Items.php. The manipulation of the argument pic_filename results in path traversal. The attack may be launched remotely. The patch is identified as def0c27a0e252668df8d942fc31e16d1edfd7323. A patch should be applied to remediate this issue. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-22 - Path Traversal
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/364435 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/364435/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/802559 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/opensourcepos/opensourcepos/se… | broken-link |
| https://github.com/opensourcepos/opensourcepos/pu… | issue-trackingpatch |
| https://github.com/opensourcepos/opensourcepos/co… | patch |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| opensourcepos | Open Source Point of Sale |
Affected:
3.4.0
Affected: 3.4.1 Affected: 3.4.2 cpe:2.3:a:opensourcepos:open_source_point_of_sale:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-8770 (GCVE-0-2026-8770)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-17 23:15 – Updated: 2026-05-18 19:53
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
continuedev continue JSON-RPC Server lsTool.ts lsTool path traversal
Summary
A vulnerability was identified in continuedev continue up to 1.2.22. This affects the function lsTool of the file core/tools/implementations/lsTool.ts of the component JSON-RPC Server. Such manipulation of the argument dirPath leads to path traversal. An attack has to be approached locally. The exploit is publicly available and might be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-22 - Path Traversal
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/364395 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/364395/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/811428 | third-party-advisory |
| https://gist.github.com/YLChen-007/da04e032993a4b… | exploit |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| continuedev | continue |
Affected:
1.2.0
Affected: 1.2.1 Affected: 1.2.2 Affected: 1.2.3 Affected: 1.2.4 Affected: 1.2.5 Affected: 1.2.6 Affected: 1.2.7 Affected: 1.2.8 Affected: 1.2.9 Affected: 1.2.10 Affected: 1.2.11 Affected: 1.2.12 Affected: 1.2.13 Affected: 1.2.14 Affected: 1.2.15 Affected: 1.2.16 Affected: 1.2.17 Affected: 1.2.18 Affected: 1.2.19 Affected: 1.2.20 Affected: 1.2.21 Affected: 1.2.22 cpe:2.3:a:continuedev:continue:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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"value": "A vulnerability was identified in continuedev continue up to 1.2.22. This affects the function lsTool of the file core/tools/implementations/lsTool.ts of the component JSON-RPC Server. Such manipulation of the argument dirPath leads to path traversal. An attack has to be approached locally. The exploit is publicly available and might be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way."
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV4_0": {
"baseScore": 4.8,
"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
"vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P",
"version": "4.0"
}
},
{
"cvssV3_1": {
"baseScore": 3.3,
"baseSeverity": "LOW",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N/E:P/RL:X/RC:R",
"version": "3.1"
}
},
{
"cvssV3_0": {
"baseScore": 3.3,
"baseSeverity": "LOW",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N/E:P/RL:X/RC:R",
"version": "3.0"
}
},
{
"cvssV2_0": {
"baseScore": 1.7,
"vectorString": "AV:L/AC:L/Au:S/C:P/I:N/A:N/E:POC/RL:ND/RC:UR",
"version": "2.0"
}
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-22",
"description": "Path Traversal",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-05-17T23:15:15.257Z",
"orgId": "1af790b2-7ee1-4545-860a-a788eba489b5",
"shortName": "VulDB"
},
"references": [
{
"name": "VDB-364395 | continuedev continue JSON-RPC Server lsTool.ts lsTool path traversal",
"tags": [
"vdb-entry",
"technical-description"
],
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/364395"
},
{
"name": "VDB-364395 | CTI Indicators (IOB, IOC, TTP, IOA)",
"tags": [
"signature",
"permissions-required"
],
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/364395/cti"
},
{
"name": "Submit #811428 | continuedev continue v1.2.22-vscode Path Traversal (CWE-22)",
"tags": [
"third-party-advisory"
],
"url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/811428"
},
{
"tags": [
"exploit"
],
"url": "https://gist.github.com/YLChen-007/da04e032993a4b2324df915f9ecf9831"
}
],
"timeline": [
{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2026-05-17T00:00:00.000Z",
"value": "Advisory disclosed"
},
{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2026-05-17T02:00:00.000Z",
"value": "VulDB entry created"
},
{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2026-05-17T11:35:21.000Z",
"value": "VulDB entry last update"
}
],
"title": "continuedev continue JSON-RPC Server lsTool.ts lsTool path traversal"
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "1af790b2-7ee1-4545-860a-a788eba489b5",
"assignerShortName": "VulDB",
"cveId": "CVE-2026-8770",
"datePublished": "2026-05-17T23:15:15.257Z",
"dateReserved": "2026-05-17T09:30:17.576Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-05-18T19:53:49.716Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2"
}
Mitigation MIT-5.1
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- When validating filenames, use stringent allowlists that limit the character set to be used. If feasible, only allow a single "." character in the filename to avoid weaknesses such as CWE-23, and exclude directory separators such as "/" to avoid CWE-36. Use a list of allowable file extensions, which will help to avoid CWE-434.
- Do not rely exclusively on a filtering mechanism that removes potentially dangerous characters. This is equivalent to a denylist, which may be incomplete (CWE-184). For example, filtering "/" is insufficient protection if the filesystem also supports the use of "\" as a directory separator. Another possible error could occur when the filtering is applied in a way that still produces dangerous data (CWE-182). For example, if "../" sequences are removed from the ".../...//" string in a sequential fashion, two instances of "../" would be removed from the original string, but the remaining characters would still form the "../" string.
Mitigation MIT-15
Architecture and Design
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
Mitigation MIT-20.1
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
- Inputs should be decoded and canonicalized to the application's current internal representation before being validated (CWE-180). Make sure that the application does not decode the same input twice (CWE-174). Such errors could be used to bypass allowlist validation schemes by introducing dangerous inputs after they have been checked.
- Use a built-in path canonicalization function (such as realpath() in C) that produces the canonical version of the pathname, which effectively removes ".." sequences and symbolic links (CWE-23, CWE-59). This includes:
- realpath() in C
- getCanonicalPath() in Java
- GetFullPath() in ASP.NET
- realpath() or abs_path() in Perl
- realpath() in PHP
Mitigation MIT-4
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
Mitigation MIT-29
Operation
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
Mitigation MIT-17
Architecture and Design
Operation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.
Mitigation MIT-21.1
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "inbox.txt" and ID 2 could map to "profile.txt". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-185] provide this capability.
Mitigation MIT-22
Architecture and Design
Operation
Strategy: Sandbox or Jail
- Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
- OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
- This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
- Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
Mitigation MIT-34
Architecture and Design
Operation
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Store library, include, and utility files outside of the web document root, if possible. Otherwise, store them in a separate directory and use the web server's access control capabilities to prevent attackers from directly requesting them. One common practice is to define a fixed constant in each calling program, then check for the existence of the constant in the library/include file; if the constant does not exist, then the file was directly requested, and it can exit immediately.
- This significantly reduces the chance of an attacker being able to bypass any protection mechanisms that are in the base program but not in the include files. It will also reduce the attack surface.
Mitigation MIT-39
Implementation
- Ensure that error messages only contain minimal details that are useful to the intended audience and no one else. The messages need to strike the balance between being too cryptic (which can confuse users) or being too detailed (which may reveal more than intended). The messages should not reveal the methods that were used to determine the error. Attackers can use detailed information to refine or optimize their original attack, thereby increasing their chances of success.
- If errors must be captured in some detail, record them in log messages, but consider what could occur if the log messages can be viewed by attackers. Highly sensitive information such as passwords should never be saved to log files.
- Avoid inconsistent messaging that might accidentally tip off an attacker about internal state, such as whether a user account exists or not.
- In the context of path traversal, error messages which disclose path information can help attackers craft the appropriate attack strings to move through the file system hierarchy.
Mitigation MIT-16
Operation
Implementation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
When using PHP, configure the application so that it does not use register_globals. During implementation, develop the application so that it does not rely on this feature, but be wary of implementing a register_globals emulation that is subject to weaknesses such as CWE-95, CWE-621, and similar issues.
CAPEC-126: Path Traversal
An adversary uses path manipulation methods to exploit insufficient input validation of a target to obtain access to data that should be not be retrievable by ordinary well-formed requests. A typical variety of this attack involves specifying a path to a desired file together with dot-dot-slash characters, resulting in the file access API or function traversing out of the intended directory structure and into the root file system. By replacing or modifying the expected path information the access function or API retrieves the file desired by the attacker. These attacks either involve the attacker providing a complete path to a targeted file or using control characters (e.g. path separators (/ or \) and/or dots (.)) to reach desired directories or files.
CAPEC-64: Using Slashes and URL Encoding Combined to Bypass Validation Logic
This attack targets the encoding of the URL combined with the encoding of the slash characters. An attacker can take advantage of the multiple ways of encoding a URL and abuse the interpretation of the URL. A URL may contain special character that need special syntax handling in order to be interpreted. Special characters are represented using a percentage character followed by two digits representing the octet code of the original character (%HEX-CODE). For instance US-ASCII space character would be represented with %20. This is often referred as escaped ending or percent-encoding. Since the server decodes the URL from the requests, it may restrict the access to some URL paths by validating and filtering out the URL requests it received. An attacker will try to craft an URL with a sequence of special characters which once interpreted by the server will be equivalent to a forbidden URL. It can be difficult to protect against this attack since the URL can contain other format of encoding such as UTF-8 encoding, Unicode-encoding, etc.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.
CAPEC-78: Using Escaped Slashes in Alternate Encoding
This attack targets the use of the backslash in alternate encoding. An adversary can provide a backslash as a leading character and causes a parser to believe that the next character is special. This is called an escape. By using that trick, the adversary tries to exploit alternate ways to encode the same character which leads to filter problems and opens avenues to attack.
CAPEC-79: Using Slashes in Alternate Encoding
This attack targets the encoding of the Slash characters. An adversary would try to exploit common filtering problems related to the use of the slashes characters to gain access to resources on the target host. Directory-driven systems, such as file systems and databases, typically use the slash character to indicate traversal between directories or other container components. For murky historical reasons, PCs (and, as a result, Microsoft OSs) choose to use a backslash, whereas the UNIX world typically makes use of the forward slash. The schizophrenic result is that many MS-based systems are required to understand both forms of the slash. This gives the adversary many opportunities to discover and abuse a number of common filtering problems. The goal of this pattern is to discover server software that only applies filters to one version, but not the other.