ChirpStack's SQLite-backend device tag filtering (chirpstack/src/storage/device.rs, in both get_count and list) interpolates the user-supplied tag KEY directly into a raw SQL fragment via Rust's format! macro , while only the tag VALUE is safely parameter-bound via Diesel's .bind.

ChirpStack's SQLite-backend device tag filtering (chirpstack/src/storage/device.rs, in both get_count() and list()) interpolates the user-supplied tag KEY directly into a raw SQL fragment via Rust's format!() macro (`dsl::sql::<Bool>(&format!("device.tags->>'{}' =", k)).bind::<Text, _>(v)`), while only the tag VALUE is safely parameter-bound via Diesel's .bind(). An authenticated user with device-list access can inject SQL via a crafted tag key when the SQLite backend (chirpstack-sqlite package) is in use; the PostgreSQL backend is unaffected as it uses Diesel's native JSONB containment operator instead of raw SQL string formatting.